Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Parkinson’s Disease and Nonmotor Dysfunction pp 45–61Cite as

Dementia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 2699 Accesses

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Neurology ((CCNEU))

Abstract

With an estimated prevalence of about 24%, dementia is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) [Aarsland D, Zaccai J, Brayne C. Mov Disord 20(10):1255–1263, 2005]. Postmortem studies have not found distinct associations between PD, PD with dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The varying syndromes may represent a spectrum in which individuals exhibit differences in the type, sequence, or time-course of degeneration of dopaminergic and other neurochemical pathways. Dementia in PD is clinically associated most frequently with older age and more severe motor symptoms, which may have a combined effect.

Environmental and genetic risk factors have been proposed, but they have yet to be demonstrated consistently. Early features of dementia in PD are executive dysfunction, impaired verbal fluency, and visuospatial disturbances, making it clinically distinct from AD. Memory impairment can occur early or late, and diagnostic criteria that require memory impairment may lead to delayed diagnosis. Depression, medication-induced psychosis, and apathy are more common in cognitively impaired individuals and may herald dementia. Dementia in PD is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality, and treatment should begin with the reduction or elimination of anticholinergic medications and amantadine, followed by the reduction of dopaminergic medications. Cholinesterase inhibitors may help to preserve function in mild to moderate Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD). Effects of deep-brain stimulation (DBS) on cognitive decline appear to be modest in carefully selected patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Parkinson J. An Essay on the Shaking Palsy. In: Wilkins RH, Brody I, editors. Neurological classics. Park Ridge, IL: American Association of Neurological Surgeons; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Martin WE, Loewenson RB, Resch JA, Baker AB. Parkinson’s disease. Clinical analysis of 100 patients. Neurology. 1973;23(8):783–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Mayeux R, Chen J, Mirabello E, et al. An estimate of the incidence of dementia in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1990;40(10):1513–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Tison F, Dartigues JF, Auriacombe S, Letenneur L, Boller F, Alperovitch A. Dementia in Parkinson’s disease: a population-based study in ambulatory and institutionalized individuals. Neurology. 1995;45(4):705–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Marder K, Tang MX, Cote L, Stern Y, Mayeux R. The frequency and associated risk factors for dementia in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(7):695–701.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Levy G, Schupf N, Tang MX, et al. Combined effect of age and severity on the risk of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2002;51(6):722–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A, Nielsen H, Kragh-Sorensen P. Risk of dementia in Parkinson’s disease: a community-based, prospective study. Neurology. 2001;56(6):730–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Emre M, Aarsland D, Brown R, et al. Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22(12):1689–707.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Caviness JN, Driver-Dunckley E, Connor DJ, et al. Defining mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22(9):1272–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Janvin CC, Larsen JP, Aarsland D, Hugdahl K. Subtypes of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: progression to dementia. Mov Disord. 2006;21(9):1343–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Jacobs DM, Marder K, Cote LJ, Sano M, Stern Y, Mayeux R. Neuropsychological characteristics of preclinical dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1995;45(9):1691–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Levy G, Jacobs DM, Tang MX, et al. Memory and executive function impairment predict dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2002;17(6):1221–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Weintraub D, Moberg PJ, Culbertson WC, Duda JE, Stern MB. Evidence for impaired encoding and retrieval memory profiles in Parkinson disease. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2004;17(4):195–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Tandberg E, Laake K. Predictors of nursing home placement in Parkinson’s disease: a population-based, prospective study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(8):938–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Levy G, Tang MX, Louis ED, et al. The association of incident dementia with mortality in PD. Neurology. 2002;59(11):1708–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Louis ED, Marder K, Cote L, Tang M, Mayeux R. Mortality from Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 1997;54(3):260–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Maidment I, Fox C, Boustani M. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Parkinson’s disease dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD004747.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A, et al. Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(24):2509–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ravina B, Putt M, Siderowf A, et al. Donepezil for dementia in Parkinson’s disease: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(7):934–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Miyasaki JM, Shannon K, Voon V, et al. Practice Parameter: evaluation and treatment of depression, psychosis, and dementia in Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006;66(7):996–1002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Leroi I, Overshott R, Byrne EJ, Daniel E, Burns A. Randomized controlled trial of memantine in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2009;24(8):1217–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Aarsland D, Ballard C, Walker Z, et al. Memantine in patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(7):613–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Brown RG, Marsden CD. How common is dementia in Parkinson’s disease? Lancet. 1984;2(8414):1262–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Cummings JL. The dementias of Parkinson’s disease: prevalence, characteristics, neurobiology, and comparison with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Eur Neurol. 1988;28 Suppl 1:15–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Marder K, Mayeux R. The epidemiology of dementia in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1991;295:439–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Aarsland D, Zaccai J, Brayne C. A systematic review of prevalence studies of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2005;20(10):1255–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Biggins CA, Boyd JL, Harrop FM, et al. A controlled, longitudinal study of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55(7):566–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mahieux F, Fenelon G, Flahault A, Manifacier MJ, Michelet D, Boller F. Neuropsychological prediction of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64(2):178–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hughes TA, Ross HF, Musa S, et al. A 10-year study of the incidence of and factors predicting dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 2000;54(8):1596–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Williams-Gray CH, Foltynie T, Brayne CE, Robbins TW, Barker RA. Evolution of cognitive dysfunction in an incident Parkinson’s disease cohort. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 7):1787–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Marder K, Leung D, Tang M, et al. Are demented patients with Parkinson’s disease accurately reflected in prevalence surveys? A survival analysis. Neurology. 1991;41(8):1240–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Levin BE, Katzen HL, Klein B, Llabre ML. Cognitive decline affects subject attrition in longitudinal research. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2000;22(5):580–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hely MA, Reid WG, Adena MA, Halliday GM, Morris JG. The Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson’s disease: the inevitability of dementia at 20 years. Mov Disord. 2008;23(6):837–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Janvin C, Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Hugdahl K. Neuropsychological profile of patients with Parkinson’s disease without dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2003;15(3):126–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Verbaan D, Marinus J, Visser M, et al. Cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(11):1182–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Foltynie T, Brayne CE, Robbins TW, Barker RA. The cognitive ability of an incident cohort of Parkinson’s patients in the UK. The CamPaIGN study. Brain. 2004;127(Pt 3):550–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Rinne JO, Rummukainen J, Paljarvi L, Rinne UK. Dementia in Parkinson’s disease is related to neuronal loss in the medial substantia nigra. Ann Neurol. 1989;26(1):47–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Braak H, Del TK, Rub U, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24(2):197–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Braak H, Rub U, Del TK. Cognitive decline correlates with neuropathological stage in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2006;248(1–2):255–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Gaspar P, Gray F. Dementia in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. A neuropathological study of 32 cases. Acta Neuropathol. 1984;64(1):43–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Zweig RM, Cardillo JE, Cohen M, Giere S, Hedreen JC. The locus ceruleus and dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1993;43(5):986–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Whitehouse PJ, Hedreen JC, White III CL, Price DL. Basal forebrain neurons in the dementia of Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol. 1983;13(3):243–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Zarow C, Lyness SA, Mortimer JA, Chui HC. Neuronal loss is greater in the locus coeruleus than nucleus basalis and substantia nigra in Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Arch Neurol. 2003;60(3):337–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Halliday G, Hely M, Reid W, Morris J. The progression of pathology in longitudinally followed patients with Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2008;115(4):409–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ballard C, Ziabreva I, Perry R, et al. Differences in neuropathologic characteristics across the Lewy body dementia spectrum. Neurology. 2006;67(11):1931–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Sabbagh MN, Adler CH, Lahti TJ, et al. Parkinson disease with dementia: comparing patients with and without Alzheimer pathology. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2009;23(3):295–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. McKeith IG, Galasko D, Kosaka K, et al. Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): report of the consortium on DLB international workshop. Neurology. 1996;47(5):1113–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Apaydin H, Ahlskog JE, Parisi JE, Boeve BF, Dickson DW. Parkinson disease neuropathology: later-developing dementia and loss of the levodopa response. Arch Neurol. 2002;59(1):102–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Aarsland D, Perry R, Brown A, Larsen JP, Ballard C. Neuropathology of dementia in Parkinson’s disease: a prospective, community-based study. Ann Neurol. 2005;58(5):773–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Mayeux R, Denaro J, Hemenegildo N, et al. A population-based investigation of Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. Relationship to age and gender. Arch Neurol. 1992;49(5):492–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Stern Y, Marder K, Tang MX, Mayeux R. Antecedent clinical features associated with dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1993;43(9):1690–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Ebmeier KP, Calder SA, Crawford JR, Stewart L, Besson JA, Mutch WJ. Clinical features predicting dementia in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: a follow-up study. Neurology. 1990;40(8):1222–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Mindham RH. The place of dementia in Parkinson’s disease: a methodologic saga. Adv Neurol. 1999;80:403–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Alves G, Larsen JP, Emre M, Wentzel-Larsen T, Aarsland D. Changes in motor subtype and risk for incident dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2006;21(8):1123–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Burn DJ, Rowan EN, Allan LM, Molloy S, O’Brien JT, McKeith IG. Motor subtype and cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease, Parkinson’s disease with dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77(5):585–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Williams LN, Seignourel P, Crucian GP, et al. Laterality, region, and type of motor dysfunction correlate with cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22(1):141–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Aarsland D, Kurz MW. The epidemiology of dementia associated with Parkinson disease. J Neurol Sci. 2010;289(1–2):18–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Hobson P, Meara J. Risk and incidence of dementia in a cohort of older subjects with Parkinson’s disease in the United Kingdom. Mov Disord. 2004;19(9):1043–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A, Kragh-Sorensen P. Prevalence and characteristics of dementia in Parkinson disease: an 8-year prospective study. Arch Neurol. 2003;60(3):387–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Allcock LM, Kenny RA, Mosimann UP, et al. Orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease: association with cognitive decline? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21(8):778–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. [Cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of dementia in Parkinson’s disease]. Nervenarzt. 2008;79(9):1076–9.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Aarsland D, Kvaloy JT, Andersen K, et al. The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia. J Neurol. 2007;254(1):38–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Marder K, Flood P, Cote L, Mayeux R. A pilot study of risk factors for dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 1990;5(2):156–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Breteler MM, de Groot RR, van Romunde LK, Hofman A. Risk of dementia in patients with Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and severe head trauma: a register-based follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142(12):1300–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Glatt SL, Hubble JP, Lyons K, et al. Risk factors for dementia in Parkinson’s disease: effect of education. Neuroepidemiology. 1996;15(1):20–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Uc EY, McDermott MP, Marder KS, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for cognitive impairment in an early Parkinson disease clinical trial cohort. Neurology. 2009;73(18):1469–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Alty JE, Clissold BG, McColl CD, Reardon KA, Shiff M, Kempster PA. Longitudinal study of the levodopa motor response in Parkinson’s disease: relationship between cognitive decline and motor function. Mov Disord. 2009;24(16):2337–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Ritz B, Ascherio A, Checkoway H, et al. Pooled analysis of tobacco use and risk of Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2007;64(7):990–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Allam MF, Campbell MJ, Hofman A, Del Castillo AS, Fernandez-Crehuet NR. Smoking and Parkinson’s disease: systematic review of prospective studies. Mov Disord. 2004;19(6):614–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Weisskopf MG, Grodstein F, Ascherio A. Smoking and cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22(5):660–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Levy G, Tang MX, Cote LJ, et al. Do risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease predict dementia in Parkinson’s disease? An exploratory study. Mov Disord. 2002;17(2):250–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Marder K, Tang MX, Alfaro B, et al. Postmenopausal estrogen use and Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. Neurology. 1998;50(4):1141–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Fernandez HH, Lapane KL. Estrogen use among nursing home residents with a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2000;15(6):1119–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Inzelberg R, Bonuccelli U, Schechtman E, et al. Association between amantadine and the onset of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2006;21(9):1375–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Marder K, Tang MX, Alfaro B, et al. Risk of Alzheimer’s disease in relatives of Parkinson’s disease patients with and without dementia. Neurology. 1999;52(4):719–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Levy G, Louis ED, Mejia-Santana H, et al. Lack of familial aggregation of Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(7):1033–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Kurz MW, Larsen JP, Kvaloy JT, Aarsland D. Associations between family history of Parkinson’s disease and dementia and risk of dementia in Parkinson’s disease: a community-based, longitudinal study. Mov Disord. 2006;21(12):2170–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Williams-Gray CH, Evans JR, Goris A, et al. The distinct cognitive syndromes of Parkinson’s disease: 5 year follow-up of the CamPaIGN cohort. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 11):2958–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Marder K, Maestre G, Cote L, et al. The apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele in Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. Neurology. 1994;44(7):1330–1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Koller WC, Glatt SL, Hubble JP, et al. Apolipoprotein E genotypes in Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. Ann Neurol. 1995;37(2):242–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Whitehead AS, Bertrandy S, Finnan F, Butler A, Smith GD, Ben-Shlomo Y. Frequency of the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele in a case-control study of early onset Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;61(4):347–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Parsian A, Racette B, Goldsmith LJ, Perlmutter JS. Parkinson’s disease and apolipoprotein E: possible association with dementia but not age at onset. Genomics. 2002;79(3):458–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Farrer M, Kachergus J, Forno L, et al. Comparison of kindreds with parkinsonism and alpha-synuclein genomic multiplications. Ann Neurol. 2004;55(2):174–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Harhangi BS, de Rijk MC, van Duijn CM, Van BC, Hofman A, Breteler MM. APOE and the risk of PD with or without dementia in a population-based study. Neurology. 2000;54(6):1272–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Huang X, Chen P, Kaufer DI, Troster AI, Poole C. Apolipoprotein E and dementia in Parkinson disease: a meta-analysis. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(2):189–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Zarranz JJ, Alegre J, Gomez-Esteban JC, et al. The new mutation, E46K, of alpha-synuclein causes Parkinson and Lewy body dementia. Ann Neurol. 2004;55(2):164–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Nussbaum RL, Ellis CE. Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(14):1356–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Chen-Plotkin AS, Yuan W, Anderson C, et al. Corticobasal syndrome and primary progressive aphasia as manifestations of LRRK2 gene mutations. Neurology. 2008;70(7):521–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Saunders-Pullman R, Lipton RB, Senthil G, et al. Increased frequency of the LRRK2 G2019S mutation in an elderly Ashkenazi Jewish population is not associated with dementia. Neurosci Lett. 2006;402(1–2):92–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Pastor P, Ezquerra M, Tolosa E, et al. Further extension of the H1 haplotype associated with progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord. 2002;17(3):550–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Verpillat P, Camuzat A, Hannequin D, et al. Association between the extended tau haplotype and frontotemporal dementia. Arch Neurol. 2002;59(6):935–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Wider C, Vilarino-Guell C, Jasinska-Myga B, et al. Association of the MAPT locus with Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:483–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Goris A, Williams-Gray CH, Clark GR, et al. Tau and alpha-synuclein in susceptibility to, and dementia in, Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2007;62(2):145–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Aharon-Peretz J, Rosenbaum H, Gershoni-Baruch R. Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene and Parkinson’s disease in Ashkenazi Jews. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(19):1972–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Goker-Alpan O, Lopez G, Vithayathil J, Davis J, Hallett M, Sidransky E. The spectrum of parkinsonian manifestations associated with glucocerebrosidase mutations. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(10):1353–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Clark LN, Kartsaklis LA, Wolf GR, et al. Association of glucocerebrosidase mutations with dementia with lewy bodies. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(5):578–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Neumann J, Bras J, Deas E, et al. Glucocerebrosidase mutations in clinical and pathologically proven Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 7):1783–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Sidransky E, Nalls MA, Aasly JO, et al. Multicenter analysis of glucocerebrosidase mutations in Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(17):1651–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Isoe-Wada K, Maeda M, Yong J, et al. Positive association between an estrogen receptor gene polymorphism and Parkinson’s disease with dementia. Eur J Neurol. 1999;6(4):431–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Mattila KM, Rinne JO, Roytta M, Laippala P, Lehtimaki T. Lack of association between an estrogen receptor 1 gene polymorphism and Parkinson’s disease with dementia. Acta Neurol Scand. 2002;106(3):128–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Hubble JP, Kurth JH, Glatt SL, et al. Gene-toxin interaction as a putative risk factor for Parkinson’s disease with dementia. Neuroepidemiology. 1998;17(2):96–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Aarsland D, Tandberg E, Larsen JP, Cummings JL. Frequency of dementia in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 1996;53(6):538–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23:56–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Starkstein SE, Bolduc PL, Mayberg HS, Preziosi TJ, Robinson RG. Cognitive impairments and depression in Parkinson’s disease: a follow up study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53(7):597–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Elizan TS, Sroka H, Maker H, Smith H, Yahr MD. Dementia in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Variables associated with its occurrence in 203 patients. J Neural Transm. 1986;65(3–4):285–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Pagonabarraga J, Llebaria G, Garcia-Sanchez C, Pascual-Sedano B, Gironell A, Kulisevsky J. A prospective study of delusional misidentification syndromes in Parkinson’s disease with dementia. Mov Disord. 2008;23(3):443–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Pluck GC, Brown RG. Apathy in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73(6):636–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Ballard CG, Aarsland D, McKeith I, et al. Fluctuations in attention: PD dementia vs DLB with parkinsonism. Neurology. 2002;59(11):1714–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Stern Y, Tang MX, Jacobs DM, et al. Prospective comparative study of the evolution of probable Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1998;4(3):279–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Pillon B, Dubois B, Ploska A, Agid Y. Severity and specificity of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s diseases and progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology. 1991;41(5):634–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Helkala EL, Laulumaa V, Soininen H, Riekkinen PJ. Recall and recognition memory in patients with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Ann Neurol. 1988;24(2):214–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Stern Y, Langston JW. Intellectual changes in patients with MPTP-induced Parkinsonism. Neurology. 1985;35:1506–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Malapani C, Pillon B, Dubois B, Agid Y. Impaired simultaneous cognitive task performance in Parkinson’s disease: a dopamine-related dysfunction. Neurology. 1994;44:319–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Bohnen NI, Kaufer DI, Hendrickson R, et al. Cognitive correlates of cortical cholinergic denervation in Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonian dementia. J Neurol. 2006;253(2):242–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Bohnen NI, Albin RL. Cholinergic denervation occurs early in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2009;73(4):256–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Mayeux R, Stern Y, Sano M, Williams JB, Cote LJ. The relationship of serotonin to depression in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 1988;3(3):237–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Sano M, Stern Y, Williams J, Cote L, Rosenstein R, Mayeux R. Coexisting dementia and depression in Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol. 1989;46(12):1284–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Dubois B, Burn D, Goetz C, et al. Diagnostic procedures for Parkinson’s disease dementia: recommendations from the movement disorder society task force. Mov Disord. 2007;22(16):2314–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Kulisevsky J, Pagonabarraga J. Cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: tools for diagnosis and assessment. Mov Disord. 2009;24(8):1103–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Spampinato U, Habert MO, Mas JL, et al. (99mTc)-HM-PAO SPECT and cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: a comparison with dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54(9):787–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Sawada H, Udaka F, Kameyama M, et al. SPECT findings in Parkinson’s disease associated with dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55(10):960–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Pizzolato G, Dam M, Borsato N, et al. [99mTc]-HM-PAO SPECT in Parkinson’s disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1988;8(6):S101–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Summerfield C, Gomez-Anson B, Tolosa E, et al. Dementia in Parkinson disease: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Arch Neurol. 2002;59(9):1415–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Hu MT, Taylor-Robinson SD, Chaudhuri KR, et al. Cortical dysfunction in non-demented Parkinson’s disease patients: a combined (31)P-MRS and (18)FDG-PET study. Brain. 2000;123(Pt 2):340–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Ito K, Nagano-Saito A, Kato T, et al. Striatal and extrastriatal dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease with dementia: a 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa PET study. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 6):1358–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Burton EJ, McKeith IG, Burn DJ, O’Brien JT. Brain atrophy rates in Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia using serial magnetic resonance imaging. Mov Disord. 2005;20(12):1571–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Bohnen NI, Kaufer DI, Ivanco LS, et al. Cortical cholinergic function is more severely affected in parkinsonian dementia than in Alzheimer disease: an in vivo positron emission tomographic study. Arch Neurol. 2003;60(12):1745–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Hilker R, Thomas AV, Klein JC, et al. Dementia in Parkinson disease: functional imaging of cholinergic and dopaminergic pathways. Neurology. 2005;65(11):1716–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Poewe W, Wolters E, Emre M, et al. Long-term benefits of rivastigmine in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease: an active treatment extension study. Mov Disord. 2006;21(4):456–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Burn D, Emre M, McKeith I, et al. Effects of rivastigmine in patients with and without visual hallucinations in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2006;21(11):1899–907.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Aarsland D, Laake K, Larsen JP, Janvin C. Donepezil for cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: a randomised controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72(6):708–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Werber EA, Rabey JM. The beneficial effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease and dementia. J Neural Transm. 2001;108(11):1319–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Bullock R, Cameron A. Rivastigmine for the treatment of dementia and visual hallucinations associated with Parkinson’s disease: a case series. Curr Med Res Opin. 2002;18(5):258–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. McKeith IG. Spectrum of Parkinson’s disease, Parkinson’s dementia, and Lewy body dementia. Neurol Clin. 2000;18(4):865–902.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Gurevich TY, Shabtai H, Korczyn AD, Simon ES, Giladi N. Effect of rivastigmine on tremor in patients with Parkinson’s disease and dementia. Mov Disord. 2006;21(10):1663–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Sano M, Stern Y, Marder K, Mayeux R. A controlled trial of piracetam in intellectually impaired patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 1990;5(3):230–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Marsh L, Lyketsos C, Reich SG. Olanzapine for the treatment of psychosis in patients with Parkinson’s disease and dementia. Psychosomatics. 2001;42(6):477–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Kieburtz K, McDermott M, Como P, et al. The effect of deprenyl and tocopherol on cognitive performance in early untreated Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson Study Group. Neurology. 1994;44(9):1756–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Vitek JL, Bakay RA, Freeman A, et al. Randomized trial of pallidotomy versus medical therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2003;53(5):558–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Lombardi WJ, Gross RE, Trepanier LL, et al. Relationship of lesion location to cognitive outcome following microelectrode-guided pallidotomy for Parkinson’s disease: support for the existence of cognitive circuits in the human pallidum. Brain. 2000;123:746–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Ardouin C, Pillon B, Peiffer E, et al. Bilateral subthalamic or pallidal stimulation for Parkinson’s disease affects neither memory nor executive functions: a consecutive series of 62 patients. Ann Neurol. 1999;46(2):217–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Saint-Cyr JA, Trepanier LL, Kumar R, Lozano AM, Lang AE. Neuropsychological consequences of chronic bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2000;123(Pt 10):2091–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Aybek S, Gronchi-Perrin A, Berney A, et al. Long-term cognitive profile and incidence of dementia after STN-DBS in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22(7):974–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Ceballos-Baumann A. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson’s disease affects a fronto-temporal network associated with verbal fluency: a PET study. Neurology. 2003;50(Supp 1):A125. Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Contarino MF, Daniele A, Sibilia AH, et al. Cognitive outcome 5 years after bilateral chronic stimulation of subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(3):248–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Parsons TD, Rogers SA, Braaten AJ, Woods SP, Troster AI. Cognitive sequelae of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5(7):578–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Pressley JC, Louis ED, Tang MX, et al. The impact of comorbid disease and injuries on resource use and expenditures in parkinsonism. Neurology. 2003;60(1):87–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Melton III LJ, Leibson CL, Achenbach SJ, et al. Fracture risk after the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease: influence of concomitant dementia. Mov Disord. 2006;21(9):1361–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Aarsland D, Bronnick K, Ehrt U, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease and dementia: frequency, profile and associated care giver stress. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(1):36–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, 1213, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA

    Patricia Kavanagh M.D.

  2. Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA

    Karen Marder M.D.

Authors
  1. Patricia Kavanagh M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Karen Marder M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patricia Kavanagh M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA

    Ronald F. Pfeiffer (Professor and Vice Chair) (Professor and Vice Chair)

  2. Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders Clinic, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA

    Ivan Bodis-Wollner

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kavanagh, P., Marder, K. (2013). Dementia. In: Pfeiffer, R.F., Bodis-Wollner, I. (eds) Parkinson’s Disease and Nonmotor Dysfunction. Current Clinical Neurology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-429-6_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-429-6_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-428-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-429-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation