Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B in Children

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Viral Hepatitis in Children

Part of the book series: Clinical Gastroenterology ((CG))

  • 601 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2007;45:507–539.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Degertekin B, Lok ASF. Indications for therapy in hepatitis B. Hepatology 2009;49:S129–S137.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Tillmann HL, Hadem J, Leifeld L, Zachou K, Canbay A, Eisenbach C, Graziadei I, Encke J, Schmidt H, Vogel W, Schneider A, Spengler U, Gerken G, Dalekos GN. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine in patients with severe acute or fulminant hepatitis B, a multicenter experience. J Viral Hepat 2006;13:256–263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kumar M, Satapathy S, Monga R, Das K, Hissar C, Pande B, Sharma C, Sarin SK. A randomized controllled trial of lamivudine to treat acute hepatitis B. Hepatology 2007;45:97–101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Saldanha J, Gerlich W, Lelie N, Dawson P, Heerman K, Heath A. An international collaborative study to establish a World Health Organization international standard for hepatitis B virus DNA nucleic acid amplification techniques. Vox Sang 2001;80:63–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hoofnagle JH. Challenges in therapy of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2003;39:S230–S235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Iorio R, Pensati P, Botta S, Moschella S, Impagliazzo N, Vajro P, Vegnente A. Side effects of alpha-interferon therapy and impact on health-related quality of life in children with chronic viral hepatitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:984–990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Chang MH, Chen CJ, Lai MS, Hsu HM, Wu TC, Kong MS, Liang DC, Shau WY, Chen DS. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. Taiwan Childhood Hepatoma Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1855–1859.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Andersson KI, Chung RT. Monitoring during and after antiviral therapy for hepatitis B. Hepatology 2009;49:S166–S173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Huang SN, Chen TC, Tsai SL, Liaw YF. Histopathology and pathobiology of hepatropic virus-induced liver injury. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997;12:S195–S217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Knodell RG, Ishak KG, Black WC, Chen TS, Craig R, Kaplowitz N, Kiernan TW, Wollman J. Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 1981;1:431–435.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Batts K, Ludwig J. Chronic hepatitis: an update on terminology and reporting. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:1409–1417.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Rozario R, Ramakrishna B. Histopathological study of chronic hepatitis B and C: a comparison of two scoring systems. J Hepatol 2003;38:223–229.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Sobaniec-Lotowska ME, Lebensztejn D. Histological outcome of chronic hepatitis B in children treated with interferon alpha. World J Gastroenterol 2006;11:7179–7182.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Woynarowski M, Cielecka-Kuszyk J, Kaluzynski A, Omulecka A, Sobaniec-Lotowska M, Stolarczyk J, Szczepanski W. Inter-observer variability in histopathological assessment of liver biopsies taken in a pediatric open label therapeutic program for chronic HBV infection treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:1713–1717.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lebensztejn D, Skiba E, Tobolczyk J, Sobaniec-Lotowska M, Kaczmarski M. Diagnostic accuracy of serum biochemical fibrosis markers in children with chronic hepatitis B ­evaluated but receiver operating characteristics analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2005;11:7192–7196.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lee WM. hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1733–1745.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Greenberg HB, Pollard RB, Lutwick LI, et al. Effects of human leucocyte interferon and hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic active hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1976;295:517–522.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Torre D, Tambini R. Interferon-alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis B in children: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:131–137.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Sokal EM, Conjeevaram HS, Roberts EA, Alvarez F, Bern E, Goyens P, Rosenthal P, Lachaux A, Shelton M, Sarles J, Hoofnagle J. Interferon alfa therapy for chronic hepatitis B in children: a multinational randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1998;114:988–995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Vajro P, Tedesco M, Fontanella A, DeVincenzo A, Vecchione R, Ammendola R, et al. Prolonged and high dose recombinant interferon alpha-2b alone or after prednisone priming accelerates termination of active viral replication in children with chronic hepatitis B infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996;15:223–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Lai CL, Lok AS, Lin HJ, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of recombinant alpha2-interferon in Chinese HBsAg-carrier children. Lancet 1987;2:877–880.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lin SM, Sheen IS, Chien RN, Chu CM, Liaw YF. Long-term beneficial effect of interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 1999;29:971–975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kocak N, Gurakan F, Slatik IN, Ozen H, Yuce A. Long term prognosis of interferon nonresponder children with hepatitis B. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1841.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Vo Thi Diem H, Bourgois A, Bontems P, Goyens P, Buts JP, Nackers F, Tonglet R, Sokal EM. Chronic hepatitis B infection: long term comparison of children receiving interferon alpha and untreated controls. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005;40:141–145.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Soderstrom A, Lindh M, Ekholm K, Conradi N, Horal P, Krantz M, Hultgren C, Norkrans G. Predictive factors and virological response to interferon treatment in children with chronic hepatitis B. Scand J Infect Dis 2005;37:40–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hsu H-Y, Tsai H-Y, Wu T-C, Chiang C-L, Ni y-h, Chen P-J, Chang M-H. Interferon-alpha treatment in children and adults with chronic hepatitis B: a long-term follow-up study in Taiwan. Liver International 2008;28:1288–1297.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Vajro P, Migliaro F, Fontanella A, Orso G. Interferon: a meta-analysis of published studies in pediatric chronic hepatitis B. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1998;61:219–223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. van Zonneveld M, Honkoop P, Hansen BE, Niesters HGM, Darwish Murad S, de Man RA, Schalm SW, Janssen HLA. Long term follow-up of alpha-interferon treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2004;39:804–810.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Sokal EM. Viral hepatitis throughout infancy to adulthood. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1998;61:170–174.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Giacchino R, Main J, Timitilli A, Giambartolomei G, Facco F, Cirillo C, Jacyna MR, Brook MG, Callea F, Kariayannis P, et al. Dual-centre, double-blind, randomised trial of lymphoblastoid interferon alpha with or without steroid pretreatment in children with chronic hepatitis B. Liver 1995;15:143–148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kendirli T, Kismet E, Demirkaya E, Aydin HI, Kesik V, Koseoglu V. Death possibly associated with interferon use in a patient with chronic hepatitis. Acta Paediatr 2005;94:984–985.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Loomba R, Liang TJ. Novel approaches to new therapies for hepatitis B virus infection. Antivir Ther 2006;11:1–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Fontana R. side effects of long-term oral antiviral therapy for hepatitis B. Hepatology 2009;49:S185–S195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Lai C-L, Chien R-N, Leung NWY, Chang T-T, Guan R, Tai D-I, et al. A one-year trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 1998;339:61–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Dienstag JL, Schiff ER, Wright TL, Perillo RP, Hann H-WL, Goodman Z, et al. Lamivudine as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis B in the United States. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1256–1263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Tipples GA, Ma MM, Fischer KP, Bain VG, Kneteman NM, Tyrrell DLJ. Mutation in HBV RNA-dependent DNA polymerase confers resistance to lamivudine in vivo. Hepatology 1996;24:714–717.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Fontana R. Antivirals in hepatitis B. Clin Perspect Gastroenterol 1999:207–213.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Jonas MM, Kelley DA, Mizerski J, Badia IB, Areias JA, Schwarz KB, Little NR, Greensmith MJ, Gardner SD, Bell MS, Sokal EM. Clinical trial of lamivudine in children with chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1706–1713.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Alexander G, Baba CS, Chetri K, Negi TS, Choudhuri G. High rates of early HBeAg seroconversion and relapse in Indian patients of chronic hepatitis B treated with lamivudine: results of an open labeled trial. BMC Gastroenterol 2005;5:29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Sokal EM, Kelly DA, Mizerski J, Badia IB, Areias JA, Schwarz KB, Vegnente A, Little NR, Gardener SD, Jonas MM. Long-term lamivudine therapy for children with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2006;43:225–232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Honkoop P, De Man RA, Niesters HG, Zondervan PE, Schalm SW. Acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection after withdrawal of lamivudine therapy. Hepatology 2000;32:635–639.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. D’Antiga L, Aw M, Atkins M, Moorat A, Vergani D, Mieli-Vergani G. Combined lamivudine/interferon-alpha treatment in “immunotolerant” children perinatally infected with hepatitis B: a pilot study. J Pediatr 2006;148:228–233.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Lau GK, Piratvisuth T, Luo KX, Marcellin P, Thongsawat S, Cooksley G, Gane E, Fried MW, Chow WC, Paik SW, Chang WY, Berg T, Flisiak R, McCloud P, Pluck N. Peginterferon Alfa-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2682–2695.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Zeng M, Mao Y, Yao G, Wang H, Hou J, Wang Y, Ji BN, Chang CN, Barker KF. A double-blind randomized trial of adefovir dipivoxil in Chinese subjects with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2006;44:108–116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hadziyannis SJ, Tassopoulos NC, Heathcote EJ, Chang TT, Kitis G, Rizzetto M, Marcellin P, Lim SG, Goodman Z, Ma J, Arterburn S, Xiong S, Currie G, Brosgart CL. Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2673–2681.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Jonas MM, Kelly DA, Pollack H, Mizerski J, Sorbel J, Frederick D, Mondou E, Rousseau F, Sokal EM. Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil in children and adolescents (age 2 to < 18 years) with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2008;47:1863–1871.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Sokal EM, Kelly DA, Wirth S, Dhawan A, Frederick D. The pharmacokinetics and safety of adefovir dipivoxil in children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Pharmacol 2008;48:512–517.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Lok AS. The maze of treatments for hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2743–2746.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Sherman M, Yurdaydin C, Sollano J, Silva M, Liaw YF, Cianciara J, Boron-Kaczmarska A, Martin P, Goodman Z, Colonno R, Cross A, Denisky G, Kreter B, Hindes R. Entecavir for treatment of lamivudine-refractory, HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2006;130:2039–2049.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Dienstag J. Benefits and risks of nucleoside analog therapy for hepatitis B. Hepatology 2009;49:S112–S121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Colonno R, Rose RE, Pokornowski K, Baldick CJ, Eggers B, Yu D, Cross A, Tenney DJ. Four year assessment of ETV resistance in nucleoside-naive and lamivudine refractory patients. J Hepatology 2007;46:S294.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Chang TT, Lai CL, Yoon SK, Lee SS, Coelho HSM, Carrilho FJ, Poordad F, Halota W, Horsmans Y, Tsai N, Zhang H, Tenney DJ, Tamez R, Iloeje U. Entecavir treatment for up to 5 years in patients hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2010;51:1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Shim JH, Lee HC, Kim KM, Lim Y-S, Chung Y-H, Lee YS, Suh DJ. Efficacy of entecavir in treatment naive patients with hepatitis B virus related decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2010;52:176–182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Fontana R. Entecavir in decompensated HBV cirrhosis: the future is looking brighter. J Hepatol 2010;52:147–149.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Heijtink RA, Kruining J, De Wilde GA, Balzarini J, De Clercq E, Schalm SW. Inhibitory effects of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates on human hepatitis B virus and duck hepatitis B virus infections in tissue culture. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:2180–2182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Delaney WE, Ray AS, Yang H, Qi X, Xiong S, Zhu Y, Miller MD. Intracellular metabolism and in vitro activity of tenofovir against hepatitis B virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:2471–2477.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Marcellin P, Heathcote EJ, Buti M, Gane E, De Man RA, Krastev Z, Germanidis G, Lee SS, Flisiak R, Kaita k, Manns M, Kotzev I, Tchernev K, Buggisch P, Weilert F, Ovung Kurdas O, Shiffman ML, Trinh H, Washington MK, Sorbel J, Anderson J, Snow-Lampart A, Mondou E, Quinn J, Rousseau F. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2442–2455.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. van Bommel F, Zollner B, Sarrazin C, Spengler U, Huppe D, Moller B, Feucht H-H, Wiedenmann B, Berg T. Tenofovir for patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and high HBV DNA level during adefovir therapy. Hepatology 2006;44:318–325.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Van Bommel F, De Man RA, Wedemeter H, Deterding K, Petersen J, Buggisch P, Erhardt A, Huppe D, Stein K, Trojan J, Sarrazin C, Bocher W, Spengler U, Wasmuth HE, Reinders JGP, Moller B, Rhode P, Feucht HH, Wiedenmann B, Berg T. Long term efficacy of tenofovir monotherapy for hepatitis B virus-mono-infected patients after failure of nucleoside/nucleotide analogues. Hepatology 2010;51:73–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Squires R, Shneider B, Bucuvalas J, Alonso E, Sokol R, Narkewicz MR, Dhawan A, Rosenthal P, Baez-Rodriguez N, Murray K, Horslen S, Martin M, Lopez M, Soriano H, McGuire B, Jonas MM, Yazigi N, Shepherd R, Scharz K, Lobritto S, Thomas D, Lavine J, Karpen S, Ng V, Kelly DA, Simonds N, Hynan L. Acute liver failure in children: the first 349 patients in the pediatrics acute liver failure study group. J Pediatr 2006;148:652–658.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lykavieris P, Fabre M, Yvart J, Alvarez F. HBV infection in pediatric liver transplantation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1993;16:321–327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Ostapowicz G, Fontana R, Scholdt F, Larson A, Davem T, Han S, McCashland T, Sahakil A, Hay E, Hynan L, Crippin J, Blei A, Samuel G, Reisch J, Lee W. Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:947–954.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kim WR, Poteruscha JJ, Kremers WK, Ishitani MB, Dickson ER. Outcome for liver transplantation for hepatitis B in the United States. Liver Transpl Surg 2004;10:968–974.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Hoofnagle JH. Reactivation of hepatitis B. Hepatology 2009;49:S156–S165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Lunel F, Cadranel JF, Rosenheim M, Dorent R, Di-Martino V, Payan C, Fretz C, Ghoussoub JJ, Bernard B, Dumont B, Perrin M, Gandjbachkh I, Huraux JM, Stuyver L, Opolon P. Hepatitis virus infections in heart transplant recipients: epidemiology, natural history, characteristics, and impact on survival. Gastroenterology 2000;119:1064–1074.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Shitrit A, Kramer M, Bakal I, Morali G, Ari Z, Ari Z, Shitrit D. Lamivudine prophylaxis for hepatits B virus infection after lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;81:1851–1852.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Huo TI, Yang WC, Wu JC, King KL, Loong CC, Lin CY, Lui WY, Chang FY, Lee SD. Impact of hepatitis B and C virus infection on the outcome of kidney transplantation in Chinese patients. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih (Taipei) 2000;63:93–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Lau S, Tse K, Lai W, Chiu M. Use of prophylactic lamivudine and mycophenolare mofetil in renal transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Pediatr Transplant 2003;7:376–380.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Peters MG. Special populations with hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2009;49:S146–S155.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Coffin CS, Terrault NA. Management of hepatitis B in liver transplant patients. J Viral Hepat 2007;14:37–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Gilbert RD, Wiggelinkhuizen J. The clinical course of hepatitis B associated nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol 1994;8:11–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Lai KN, Li PK, Lui SF, Au TC, Tam JS, Tong KL, Lai FM. Membranous nephropathy related to hepatitis B virus in adults. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1457–1463.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Lin CY. Treatment of hepatitis B virus-associated membranous nephropathy with recombinant alpha-interferon. Kidney Int 1995;47:225–230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Jonas MM, Ragin L, Silva MO. Membranous glomerulonephritis and chronic persistent hepatitis B in a child: treatment with recombinant interferon alfa. J Pediatr 1991;119:818–820.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Connor FL, Rosenberg AR, Kennedy SE, Bohane TD. HBV associated nephrotic syndrome: resolution with oral lamivudine. Arch Dis Child 2003;88:446–449.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Fine RN, Malekzadeh MH, Wright Jr HT. Hepatitis C in a pediatric hemodialysis unit. J Pediatr 1975;86:349–355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Watkins SL, Alexander SR, Brewer ED, Hesley TM, West DJ, Chan ISF, Mendelman P, Bailey SM, Burns JL, Hogg RJ. Response of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in children and adolescents with chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40:365–372.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. (ACIP) ACoIP. Guidelines for vaccinating kidney dialysis patients and patients with chronic kidney disease. Center for disease control 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Szczepanska M, Tobis A, Schneiberg B, Szprynger K, Kobos E, Morawiec-Knysak A. Treatment of chronic hepatitis with interferon in children with kidney diseases. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2005;18:22–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Farci P, Chessa C, Balestrieri C, Serra G, Lai ME. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D. J Viral Hepat 2007;14 (Suppl 1):58–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Di Marco V, Giacchino R, Timitilli A, Bortoletti F, Crivellaro C, Calzia R, Iannuzzi C, Prestoleo T, Vajro P, Nebbia G, Stringhi C, Rosina F, Biassoni D, Callaca F. Long-term interferon-α treatment of children with chronic hepatitis delta: a multicentre study. J Viral Hepat 1996;3:123–128.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Dalekos GN, Galanakis E, Zervou E, Tzoufi M, Latsanis PD, Tsianos EV. Interferon-alpha treatment of children with chronic hepatitis D virus infection; the Greek experience. Hepatogastroenterology 2000;47:1072–1076.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Romeo R, Del Ninno E, Rumi M, Russo A, Sangiovanni A, de Franchis R, Ronchi G, Colombo M. A 28-year study of the course of hepatitis D infection: a risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2009;136:1629–1638.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Niro GA, Rosina F, Rizzetto M. Treatment of hepatitis D. J Viral Hepat 2005;12:2–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Urganci N, Gulec S, Dogan S, Nuhoglu A. Interferon and ribavirin treatment results of patients with HBV-HCV co-infection cured of childhood malignancies. Int J Infect Dis 2006;10:453–457.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Utilli R, Zampino, R, Bellopede P, Marracino M, Ragone E, Adinolfi LE, Ruggiero G, Capasso M, Indolfi P, Casale F, Martini A, Di Tullio MT. Dual or single hepatitis B and C virus infections in childhood cancer survivors: long-term follow-up and effect of Interferon treatment. Blood 1999;94:4046–4052.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Sithebe NP, Kramvis A, Kew MC, Bhimma R, Coovadia HM, Naidoo P. Hepatitis B and C virus co-infection in black children with membranous nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol 2002;17:689–694.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Utili R, Zampino R, Bellopede P, Marracino M, Ragone E, Adinolfi LE, Ruggiero G, Capasso M, Indolfi P, Casale F, Martini A, Di Tullio MT. Dual or single hepatitis B and C virus infections in childhood cancer survivors: long-term follow-up and effect of interferon treatment. Blood 1999;94:4046–4052.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Thio CL, Seaberg EC, Skolasky R, Phair J, Visscher B, Munoz A, Thomas DL. HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liver-related mortality in the multicenter cohort study (MACS). Lancet 2002;360:1921–1926.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Wagner N, Rotthauwe HW, Becker M, Dienes HP, Mertens T, Fodisch HJ, Brackmann HH. Correlation of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection markers in hepatitis B suface antigen positive haemophiliacs and patients without haemophilia with clinical and histopathological outcome of hepatitis. Eur J Pediatr 1992;151:90–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Kebudi R, Aoluo L, Badur S. The seroprevalence of HIV-1 and HBV infections in multitransfused pediatric hematology-oncology patients in Istanbul. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1992;9:389–391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Rouet F, Chaix ML, Inwoley A, Anaky MF, Fassinou P, Kpozehouen C, Blanche S, Msellati P. Frequent occurrence of chronic hepatitis B virus infections among West African HIV type-1 infected children. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:361–366.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Hoffmann CJ, Thio CL. Clinical implications of HIV and hepatitis B co-infections in Asia and Africa. Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7:402–409.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Rockstroh JK, Bhagani S, Benhamou Y, Bruno R, Mauss S, Peters L, Puoti M, Soriano V, Tural C. European AIDS clinical society (EACS) guidelines for the clinical management and treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C co-infection in HIV-infected adults. HIV Med (2008);9:82–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Thibault V, Di Martino V, Caumes E, Bricaire F, Opolon P, Katlama C, Poynard T. Long-term incidence of hepatitis B virus resistance to lamivudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Hepatology 1999;30:1302–1306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Shah U, Kelly DA, Chang M-H, Fujisawa T, Heller S, Gonzalez-Peralta RP, Jara P, Mieli-Vergani G, Mohan N, Murray K. Management of chronic hepatitis B in Children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;48:399–404.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2005;42:1208–1236.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Gurakan F, Kocak N, Ozen H, Yuce A. Comparison of standard and high dosage recombinant interferon alpha 2b for treatment of children with chronic hepatitis B infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:52–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Barbera C, Bortoletti F, Crivellaro C, et al. Recombinant interferon-alpha 2a hastens the rate of HBeAg clearance in children with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 1994;20:287–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Giacchino R, Main J, Timitilli A, Giambartolomei G, Facco F, Cirillo C, et al. Dual-centre, double-blind, randomised trial of lymphoblastoid interferon alpha with or without steroid pretreatment in children with chronic hepatitis B. Liver 1995;15:143–148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Fung SK, Chae HB, Fontana R, Conjeevaram HS, Marrero J, Oberhelman K, Hussain M, Lok AS. Virologic response and resistance to adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2006;44:283–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Colonno RJ, Rose RE, Baldick CJ, Levine S, Pokornowski K, Yu CF, Walsh A, Fang J, Hsu M, Mazzucco C, Eggers B, Zhang S, Plym M, Klesczewski K, Tenney DJ. Entecavir resistance is rare in nucleoside naive patients with hepatitis B. Hepatology 2006;44:1656–1665.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Lai CL, Gane E, Liaw Y-F, Hsu C-W, Thongsawat S, Wang YJ, Chen Y-B, Heathcote EJ, Rasenack J, Bzowej N, Naoumov NV, Di Bisceglie AM, Zeuzem S, Moon YM, Goodman Z, Chao G, Fielman Constance B, Brown NA. Telbivudine versus lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med (2007);357:2576–2587.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Liaw YF, Gane E, Zeuzem S, Wang Y, Heathcote EJ, Manns M, Bzowej N, Niu J, Han SH, Hwang SG, Cakaloglu Y, Tong MJ, Papatheodoridis G, Chen Y, Brown NA, Albanis E, Galil K, Naoumov NV. 2-Year GLOBE trial results: telbivudine is superior to lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2009;136:486–495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland

    Annemarie Broderick

Authors
  1. Annemarie Broderick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Annemarie Broderick .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, 02115, USA

    Maureen M. Jonas

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Broderick, A. (2010). Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B in Children. In: Jonas, M. (eds) Viral Hepatitis in Children. Clinical Gastroenterology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-373-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-373-2_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-372-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-373-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation