Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Renin Angiotensin System and Aging

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Renin Angiotensin System and Cardiovascular Disease

Part of the book series: Contemporary Cardiology ((CONCARD))

Abstract

We advance herein the hypothesis that aging and its consequences, including cardiac hypertrophy, result from actions of Angiotensin II (AII). Experimental findings indicate that hypertension and aging have similar effects on the structure and function of blood vessels, the heart, and, presumably, the kidney.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Lindeman, R.D., Tobin, J., and Shock, N.W. (1985) Longitudinal studies on the rate of decline in renal function with age. J Am Geriatr Soc 33(4), 278–285.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ferder, L.F., Inserra, F., and Basso, N (2002) Advances in our understanding of aging: role of the renin-angiotensin system. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2(2), 189–194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Sandberg, K., Ji, H., Clark, A.J., Shapira, H., and Catt, K.J. (1992) Cloning and expression of a novel angiotensin II receptor subtype. J Biol Chem 267(14), 9455–9458.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Mauzy, C.A., Hwang, O., Egloff, A.M., Wu, L.H., and Chung, F.Z. (1992) Cloning, expression, and characterization of a gene encoding the human angiotensin II type 1A receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 186(1), 277–284.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Dudley, D.T., Panek, R.L., Major, T.C., Lu, G.H., Bruns, R.F., Klinkefus, B.A., Hodges, J.C., and Weishaar, R.E. (1990) Subclasses of angiotensin II binding sites and their functional significance. Mol Pharmacol 38(3), 370–377.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Grady, E.F., Sechi, L.A., Griffin, C.A., Schambelan, M., and Kalinyak, J.E. (1991) Expression of AT2 receptors in the developing rat fetus. J Clin Invest 88(3), 921–933.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Naftilan, A.J., Pratt, R.E., and Dzau, V.J. (1989) Induction of platelet-derived growth factor A-chain and c-myc gene expressions by angiotensin II in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 83(4), 1419–1424.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Iwai, N., and Inagami, T. (1992) Identification of two subtypes in the rat type I angiotensin II receptor. FEBS Lett 298(2–3), 257–260.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Iwai, N., Inagami, T., Ohmichi, N., Nakamura, Y., Saeki, Y., and Kinoshita, M. (1992) Differential regulation of rat AT1a and AT1b receptor mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 188(1), 298–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kambayashi, Y., Bardhan, S., Takahashi, K., Tsuzuki, S., Inui, H., Hamakubo, T., and Inagami, T. (1993) Molecular cloning of a novel angiotensin II receptor isoform involved in phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibition. J Biol Chem 268(33), 24543–24546.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kakar, S.S., Sellers, J.C., Devor, D.C., Musgrove, L.C., and Neill, J.D. (1992) Angiotensin II type-1 receptor subtype cDNAs: differential tissue expression and hormonal regulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 183(3), 1090–1096.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Tsutsumi, K., Stromberg, C., Viswanathan, M., and Saavedra, J.M. (1991) Angiotensin-II receptor subtypes in fetal tissue of the rat: autoradiography, guanine nucleotide sensitivity, and association with phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Endocrinology 129(2), 1075–1082.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bouscarel, B., Wilson, P.B., Blackmore, P.F., Lynch, C.J., and Exton, J.H. (1988) Agonist-induced down-regulation of the angiotensin II receptor in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 263(29), 14920–14924.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bouvier, M., Hnatowich, M., Collins, S., Kobilka, B.K., Deblasi, A., Lefkowitz, R.J., and Caron, M.G. (1988) Expression of a human cDNA encoding the beta 2-adrenergic receptor in Chinese hamster fibroblasts (CHW): functionality and regulation of the expressed receptors. Mol Pharmacol 33(2), 133–139.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Hadcock, J.R., and Malbon, C.C. (1988) Down-regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors: agonist-induced reduction in receptor mRNA levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85(14), 5021–5025.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Collins, S., Bouvier, M., Lohse, M.J., Benovic, J.L., Caron, M.G., and Lefkowitz, R.J. (1990) Mechanisms involved in adrenergic receptor desensitization. Biochem Soc Trans 18(4), 541–544.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Makita, N., Iwai, N., Inagami, T., and Badr, K.F. (1992) Two distinct pathways in the down-regulation of type-1 angiotension II receptor gene in rat glomerular mesangial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 185(1), 142–146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Iwai, N., and Inagami, T. (1992) Regulation of the expression of the rat angiotensin II receptor mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 182(3), 1094–1099.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Pimentel, J.L., Jr., Sundell, C.L., Wang, S., Kopp, J.B., Montero, A., and Martinez-Maldonado, M. (1995) Role of angiotensin II in the expression and regulation of transforming growth factor-beta in obstructive nephropathy. Kidney Int 48(4), 1233–1246.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Pimentel, J.L., Jr., Wang, S., and Martinez-Maldonado, M. (1994) Regulation of the renal angiotensin II receptor gene in acute unilateral ureteral obstruction. Kidney Int 45(6), 1614–1621.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Dzau, V.J., Gibbons, G.H., and Pratt, R.E. (1991) Molecular mechanisms of vascular renin-angiotensin system in myointimal hyperplasia. Hypertension 18(4 Suppl), II100–105.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kitami, Y., Okura, T., Marumoto, K., Wakamiya, R., and Hiwada, K. (1992) Differential gene expression and regulation of type-1 angiotensin II receptor subtypes in the rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 188(1), 446–452.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Crabos, M., Bertschin, S., Buhler, F.R., Rogg, H., Evequoz, D., Eberhard, M., and Erne, P. (1993) Identification of AT1 receptors on human platelets and decreased angiotensin II binding in hypertension. J Hypertens Suppl 11(5), S230–S231.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Duggan, J., Kilfeather, S., O'Brien, E., O'Malley, K., and Nussberger, J. (1992) Effects of aging and hypertension on plasma angiotensin II and platelet angiotensin II receptor density. Am J Hypertens 5(10), 687–693.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Yu, X.Q., Wu, L.L., Huang, X.R., Yang, N., Gilbert, R.E., Cooper, M.E., Johnson, R.J., Lai, K.N., and Lan, H.Y.(2000) Osteopontin expression in progressive renal injury in remnant kidney: role of angiotensin II. Kidney Int 58(4), 1469–1480.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Baylis, C. (1993) Renal responses to acute angiotensin II inhibition and administered angiotensin II in the aging, conscious, chronically catheterized rat. Am J Kidney Dis 22(6), 842–850.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. de Cavanagh, E.M., Piotrkowski, B., Basso, N., Stella, I., Inserra, F., Ferder, L., and Fraga, C.G. (2003) Enalapril and losartan attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction in aged rats. Faseb J 17(9), 1096–1098.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Quiroz, Y., Bravo, J., Herrera-Acosta, J., Johnson, R.J., and Rodriguez-Iturbe, B. (2003) Apoptosis and NFkappaB activation are simultaneously induced in renal tubulointerstitium in experimental hypertension. Kidney Int Suppl (86), S27–S32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Klahr, S., and Morrissey, J.J. (2000) The role of vasoactive compounds, growth factors and cytokines in the progression of renal disease. Kidney Int Suppl 75, S7–S14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Ghafourifar, P., and Cadenas, E. (2005) Mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase. Trends Pharmacol Sci 26(4), 190–195.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Grishko, V., Pastukh, V., Solodushko, V., Gillespie, M., Azuma, J., and Schaffer, S. (2003) Apoptotic cascade initiated by angiotensin II in neonatal cardiomyocytes: role of DNA damage. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285(6), H2364–H2372.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Purdom, S., and Chen, Q.M. (2003) p66(Shc): at the crossroad of oxidative stress and the genetics of aging. Trends Mol Med 9(5), 206–210.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Orsini, F., Migliaccio, E., Moroni. M., Contursi, C., Raker, V.A., Piccini, D., Martin-Padura, I., Pelliccia, G., Trinei, M., Bono, M., et al. (2004) The life span determinant p66Shc localizes to mitochondria where it associates with mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 and regulates trans-membrane potential. J Biol Chem 279(24), 25689–25695.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Booz, G.W. (2005) Growing old, angiotensin II, cardiac hypertrophy, and death: making the connection with p66Shc. Hypertension 46(2), 259–260.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ferder, L., Inserra, F., Romano, L., Ercole, L., and Pszenny, V. (1993) Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on mitochondrial number in the aging mouse. Am J Physiol 265(1 Pt 1), C15–C18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ferder, L., Inserra, F., Romano, L., Ercole, L., and Pszenny, V. (1994) Decreased glomerulosclerosis in aging by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Am Soc Nephrol 5(4), 1147–1152.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kasper, S.O., Basso, N., Kurnjek, M.L., Paglia, N., Ferrario, C.M., Ferder, L.F., and Diz, D.I. (2005) Divergent regulation of circulating and intrarenal renin-angiotensin systems in response to long-term blockade. Am J Nephrol 25(4), 335–341.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lassègue, B., Griendling, K., and Alexander, R. (1994) Molecular biology of angiotensin II receptors. In: Angiotensin Receptors. Edited by Saavedra, J.M., Timmermans, P.B.M.W.M. New York: Plenum Press, Chapter 17, 17–48.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Meggs, L.G., Coupet, J., Huang, H., Cheng, W., Li, P., Capasso, J.M., Homcy, C.J., and Anversa, P. (1993) Regulation of angiotensin II receptors on ventricular myocytes after myocardial infarction in rats. Circ Res 72(6), 1149–1162.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Brilla, C.G., Zhou, G., Matsubara, L., and Weber, K.T. (1994) Collagen metabolism in cultured adult rat cardiac fibroblasts: response to angiotensin II and aldosterone. J Mol Cell Cardiol 26(7), 809–820.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Stoll, M., Steckelings, U.M., Paul, M., Bottari, S.P., Metzger, R., and Unger, T. (1995) The angiotensin AT2-receptor mediates inhibition of cell proliferation in coronary endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 95(2), 651–657.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Yamada, T., Horiuchi, M., and Dzau, V.J. (1996) Angiotensin II type 2 receptor mediates programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93(1), 156–160.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Sabri, A., Levy, B.I., Poitevin, P., Caputo, L., Faggin, E., Marotte, F., Rappaport, L., and Samuel, J.L. (1997) Differential roles of AT1 and AT2 receptor subtypes in vascular trophic and phenotypic changes in response to stimulation with angiotensin II. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17(2), 257–264.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Janiak, P., Pillon, A., Prost, J.F., and Vilaine, J.P. (1992) Role of angiotensin subtype 2 receptor in neointima formation after vascular injury. Hypertension 20(6), 737–745.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Lopez, J.J., Lorell, B.H., Ingelfinger, J.R., Weinberg, E.O., Schunkert, H., Diamant, D., and Tang, S.S. (1994) Distribution and function of cardiac angiotensin AT1- and AT2-receptor subtypes in hypertrophied rat hearts. Am J Physiol 267(2 Pt 2), H844–H852.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Millan, M.A., Carvallo, P., Izumi, S., Zemel, S., Catt, K.J., and Aguilera, G. (1989) Novel sites of expression of functional angiotensin II receptors in the late gestation fetus. Science, 244(4910), 1340–1342.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Sechi, L.A., Griffin, C.A., and Schambelan, M. (1994) The cardiac renin–angiotensin system in STZ-induced diabetes. Diabetes 43(10), 1180–1184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Wu, J.N., Edwards, D., and Berecek, K.H. (1994) Changes in renal angiotensin II receptors in spontaneously hypertensive rats by early treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril. Hypertension 23(6 Pt 2), 819–822.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Heymes, C., Silvestre, J.S., Llorens-Cortes, C., Chevalier, B., Marotte, F., Levy, B.I., Swynghedauw, B., and Samuel, J.L. (1998) Cardiac senescence is associated with enhanced expression of angiotensin II receptor subtypes. Endocrinology 139(5), 2579–2587.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Wollert, K.C., and Drexler, H. (1999) The renin-angiotensin system and experimental heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 43(4), 838–849.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lindpaintner, K., Jin, M.W., Niedermaier, N., Wilhelm, M.J., and Ganten, D. (1990) Cardiac angiotensinogen and its local activation in the isolated perfused beating heart. Circ Res 67(3), 564–573.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Campbell, D.J. (1987) Circulating and tissue angiotensin systems. J Clin Invest 79(1), 1–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Lakatta, E.G. (1993) Cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms in advanced age. Physiol Rev 73(2), 413–467.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Besse, S., Robert, V., Assayag, P., Delcayre, C., and Swynghedauw, B. (1994) Nonsynchronous changes in myocardial collagen mRNA and protein during aging: effect of DOCA-salt hypertension. Am J Physiol 267(6 Pt 2), H2237–H2244.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Hachamovitch, R., Wicker, P., Capasso, J.M., and Anversa, P. (1989) Alterations of coronary blood flow and reserve with aging in Fischer 344 rats. Am J Physiol 256(1 Pt 2), H66–H73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Carre, F., Lessard, Y., Coumel, P., Ollivier, L., Besse, S., Lecarpentier, Y., and Swynghedauw, B. (1992) Spontaneous arrhythmias in various models of cardiac hypertrophy and senescence of rats. A Holter monitoring study. Cardiovasc Res 26(7), 698–705.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Michel, J.B., Heudes, D., Michel, O., Poitevin, P., Philippe, M., Scalbert, E., Corman, B., and Levy, B.I. (1994) Effect of chronic ANG I-converting enzyme inhibition on aging processes. II. Large arteries. Am J Physiol 267(1 Pt 2), R124–R135.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Heymes, C., Swynghedauw, B., and Chevalier, B. (1994) Activation of angiotensinogen and angiotensin-converting enzyme gene expression in the left ventricle of senescent rats. Circulation 90(3), 1328–1333.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lompre, A.M., Mercadier, J.J., and Schwartz, K. (1991) Changes in gene expression during cardiac growth. Int Rev Cytol 124, 137–186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Chien, K.R., Knowlton, K.U., Zhu, H., and Chien, S. (1991) Regulation of cardiac gene expression during myocardial growth and hypertrophy: molecular studies of an adaptive physiologic response. Faseb J 5(15), 3037–3046.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hunt, R.A., Ciuffo, G.M., Saavedra, J.M., and Tucker, D.C. (1995) Quantification and localisation of angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin converting enzyme in the developing rat heart. Cardiovasc Res 29(6), 834–840.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Matsubara, H., Kanasaki, M., Murasawa, S., Tsukaguchi, Y., Nio, Y., and Inada, M. (1994) Differential gene expression and regulation of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in rat cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes in culture. J Clin Invest 93(4), 1592–1601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Everett, A.D., Fisher, A., Tufro-McReddie, A., and Harris, M. (1997) Developmental regulation of angiotensin type 1 and 2 receptor gene expression and heart growth. J Mol Cell Cardiol 29(1), 141–148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Sato, A., Suzuki, H., Murakami, M., Nakazato, Y., Iwaita, Y., and Saruta, T. (1994) Glucocorticoid increases angiotensin II type 1 receptor and its gene expression. Hypertension 23(1), 25–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ullian, M.E., Schelling, J.R., and Linas, S.L. (1992) Aldosterone enhances angiotensin II receptor binding and inositol phosphate responses. Hypertension 20(1), 67–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Nio, Y., Matsubara, H., Murasawa, S., Kanasaki, M., and Inada, M. (1995) Regulation of gene transcription of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 95(1), 46–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Suzuki, J., Matsubara, H., Urakami, M., and Inada, M. (1993) Rat angiotensin II (type 1A) receptor mRNA regulation and subtype expression in myocardial growth and hypertrophy. Circ Res 73(3), 439–447.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kijima, K., Matsubara, H., Murasawa, S., Maruyama, K., Mori, Y., Ohkubo, N., Komuro, I., Yazaki, Y., Iwasaka, T., and Inada, M. (1996) Mechanical stretch induces enhanced expression of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Circ Res 79(4), 887–897.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Rodeheffer, R.J., Gerstenblith, G., Becker, L.C., Fleg, J.L., Weisfeldt, M.L., and Lakatta, E.G. (1984) Exercise cardiac output is maintained with advancing age in healthy human subjects: cardiac dilatation and increased stroke volume compensate for a diminished heart rate. Circulation 69(2), 203–213.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Assayag, P., Charlemagne, D., de Leiris, J., Boucher, F., Valere, P.E., Lortet, S., Swynghedauw, B., and Besse, S. (1997) Senescent heart compared with pressure overload-induced hypertrophy. Hypertension 29(1 Pt 1), 15–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Baker, K.M., Booz, G.W., and Dostal, D.E. (1992) Cardiac actions of angiotensin II: role of an intracardiac renin-angiotensin system. Annu Rev Physiol 54, 227–241.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Weinberg, E.O., Lee, M.A., Weigner, M., Lindpaintner, K., Bishop, S.P., Benedict, C.R., Ho, K.K., Douglas, P.S., Chafizadeh, E., and Lorell, B.H. (1997) Angiotensin AT1 receptor inhibition. Effects on hypertrophic remodeling and ACE expression in rats with pressure-overload hypertrophy due to ascending aortic stenosis. Circulation 95(6), 1592–1600.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Correa, F.M., Viswanathan, M., Ciuffo, G.M., Tsutsumi, K., and Saavedra, J.M. (1995) Kidney angiotensin II receptors and converting enzyme in neonatal and adult Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Peptides 16(1), 19–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Walsh, D.A., Catravas, J., and Wharton, J. (2000) Angiotensin converting enzyme in human synovium: increased stromal [(125)I]351A binding in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 59(2), 125–131.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Lemmer, B., Rueff, T., Reiter, S., Huser, L., Hauptfleisch, S., and Witte, K. (2001) Influence of circadian time and age on glomerular angiotensin II receptors in normotensive Sprague-Dawley and transgenic hypertensive TGR(mREN2)27 rats. Chronobiol Int 18(3), 447–459.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology and Medicine, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, PR, USA

    León F. Ferder

Authors
  1. León F. Ferder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to León F. Ferder .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, 00936, U.S.A.

    Walmor C. DeMello

  2. Ochsner Clinic Foundation, Jefferson Highway 1514 , New Orleans, 70121, U.S.A.

    Edward D. Frohlich

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ferder, L.F. (2009). Renin Angiotensin System and Aging. In: DeMello, W., Frohlich, E. (eds) Renin Angiotensin System and Cardiovascular Disease. Contemporary Cardiology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-186-8_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-186-8_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-185-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-186-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation