Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Arrhythmias in Children

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Management of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Part of the book series: Contemporary Cardiology ((CONCARD))

  • 1685 Accesses

Abstract

Most cardiac arrhythmias may occur in the fetus, infant, child, and adolescent as a result of congenital arrhythmia substrates or in response to hemodynamic perturbations related to structural defects or subsequent surgical treatments. Unrelated to surgery, arrhythmias are especially prevalent in persons having Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve, congenitally corrected transposition, or heterotaxy. Atrial arrhythmias are important following the older atrial redirection operations for d-transposition of the great arteries and following the Fontan operation for single ventricle physiology. Catheter ablation of these substrates is now possible using electroanatomic mapping systems and high output radiofrequency generators. Ventricular tachycardia and sudden death are of concern in some patients following surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Among children having structurally normal hearts, atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia comprise the majority of tachyarrhythmias in infants and teenagers, respectively. Catheter ablation has largely supplanted pharmacological therapy for supraventricular tachycardias in children older than about 5 years, with results comparable to those in adults. Risk of collateral damage to structures in the growing heart makes catheter ablation less attractive as primary therapy in smaller children. Indications for device implantation are being established for the young and may be applied down to newborns (pacemakers) and older infants (implantable cardioverter-defibrillators). Planning such implantations in children and in patients having congenital heart disease requires careful consideration of somatic growth, cardiac anatomy, and venous caliber.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Sacchetti A, Moyer V, Baricella R, Cameron J, Moakes ME (1999) Primary cardiac arrhythmias in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 15:95–98

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Jongbloed MR, Mahtab EA, Blom NA, Schalij MJ, Gittenberger-de Groot AC (2008) Development of the cardiac conduction system and the possible relation to predilection sites of arrhythmogenesis. Scientific World J 8:239–269

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Huhta JC, Maloney JD, Ritter DG, Ilstrup DM, Feldt RH (1983) Complete atrioventricular block in patients with atrioventricular discordance. Circulation 67:1374–1377

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Malhotra S, Patel RN, Mandawat M (2007) A case of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries with rare but life-threatening ventricular tachycardia and a coincidental single coronary ostium. J Invasive Cardiol 19:E139–E141

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Baral VR, Veldtman GR, Yue AM, Duke A, Morgan JM (2004) Successful percutaneous ablation of ventricular tachycardia in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, a case report. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 11:211–215

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Hager A, Zrenner B, Brodherr-Heberlein S, Steinbauer-Rosenthal I, Schreieck J, Hess J (2005) Congenital and surgically acquired Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in patients with tricuspid atresia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130:48–53

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Reich JD, Auld D, Hulse E, Sullivan K, Campbell R (1998) The pediatric radiofrequency ablation registry’s experience with Ebstein’s anomaly. Pediatric electrophysiology society. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 9:1370–1377

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Shah MJ, Jones TK, Cecchin F (2004) Improved localization of right-sided accessory pathways with microcatheter-assisted right coronary artery mapping in children. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 15:1238–1243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Walker RE, Mayer JE, Alexander ME, Walsh EP, Berul CI (2001) Paucity of sinus node dysfunction following repair of sinus venosus defects in children. Am J Cardiol 87:1223–1226

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Roos-Hesselink JW, Meijboom FJ, Spitaels SEC et al (2003) Excellent survival and low incidence of arrhythmias, stroke and heart failure long-term after surgical ASD closure at young age – a prospective follow-up study of 21–33 years. Eur Heart J 24:190–197

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Magnin-Poll I, De Chillou C, Miljoen H, Andronache M, Aliot E (2005) Mechanisms of right atrial tachycardia occurring late after surgical closure of atrial septal defects. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16:681–687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Oliver JM, Gallego P, Gonzalez A, Benito F, Mesa JM, Sobrino JA (2002) Predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation in atrial septal defect with and without operative closure. Am J Cardiol 89:39–43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Suda K, Raboisson MJ, Piette E, Dahdah NS, Miro J (2004) Reversible atrioventricular block associated with closure of atrial septal defects using the amplatzer device. J Am College Cardiol 43:1677–1682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Chessa M, Carminati M, Butera G et al (2002) Early and late complications associated with transcatheter occlusion of secundum atrial septal defect. J Am College Cardiol 39:1061–1065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Silversides CK, Haberer K, Siu SC et al (2008) Predictors of atrial arrhythmias after device closure of secundum type atrial septal defects in adults. Am J Cardiol 101:683–687

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kidd L, Driscoll DJ, Gersony WM et al (1993) Second natural history study of congenital heart defects. Results of treatment of patients with ventricular septal defects. Circulation 87:I38–I51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wolfe RR, Driscoll DJ, Gersony WM et al (1993) Arrhythmias in patients with valvar aortic stenosis, valvar pulmonary stenosis, and ventricular septal defect. Results of 24-hour ECG monitoring. Circulation 87:I89–I101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kalra GS, Verma PK, Dhall A, Singh S, Arora R (1999) Transcatheter device closure of ventricular septal defects: immediate results and intermediate-term follow-up. Am Heart J 138:339–344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Thanopoulos BD, Rigby ML (2005) Outcome of transcatheter closure of muscular ventricular septal defects with the Amplatzer ventricular septal defect occluder. Heart 91:513–516

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. 2Yip WCL, Zimmerman F, Hijazi ZM (2005) Heart block and empirical therapy after transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect. Catheterization Cardiovasc Interventions 66:436–441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Hayes CJ, Gersony WM, Driscoll DJ et al (1993) Second natural history study of congenital heart defects. Results of treatment of patients with pulmonary valvar stenosis. Circulation 87:I28–I37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Silka MJ, Hardy BG, Menashe VD, Morris CD (1998) A population-based prospective evaluation of risk of sudden cardiac death after operation for common congenital heart defects. J Am Coll Cardiol 32:245–251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Khairy P, Landzberg MJ, Lambert J, O’Donnell CP (2004) Long-term outcomes after the atrial switch for surgical correction of transposition: a meta-analysis comparing the Mustard and Senning procedures. Cardiol Young 14:284–292

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Smith SC, Epstein AE, DiMarco JP et al (2008) ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary. Heart Rhythm 5:934–955

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Gewillig M, Cullen S, Mertens B, Lesaffre E, Deanfield J (1991) Risk factors for arrhythmia and death after Mustard operation for simple transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 84:III187–III192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sugimoto S, Takagi N, Hachiro Y, Abe T (2001) High frequency of arrhythmias after Fontan operation indicates earlier anticoagulant therapy. Int J Cardiol 78:33–39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ghai A, Harris L, Harrison DA, Webb GD, Siu SC (2001) Outcomes of late atrial tachyarrhythmias in adults after the Fontan operation. J Am College Cardiol 37:585–592

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Stamm C, Friehs I, Mayer JE et al (2001) Long-term results of the lateral tunnel Fontan operation. J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg 121:28–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Nurnberg JH, Ovroutski S, Alexi-Meskishvili V, Ewert P, Hetzer R, Lange PE (2004) New onset arrhythmias after the extracardiac conduit Fontan operation compared with the intraatrial lateral tunnel procedure: early and midterm results. Ann Thoracic Surg 78:1979–1988

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ovroutski S, Dahnert I, Alexi-Meskishvili V, Nurnberg JH, Hetzer R, Lange PE (2001) Preliminary analysis of arrhythmias after the Fontan operation with extracardiac conduit compared with intra-atrial lateral tunnel. Thoracic Cardiovasc Surgeon 49:334–337

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Varma C, Warr MR, Hendler AL, Paul NS, Webb GD, Therrien J (2003) Prevalence of "silent" pulmonary emboli in adults after the Fontan operation. J Am College Cardiol 41:2252–2258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Walsh EP, Cecchin F (2007) Arrhythmias in adult patients with congenital heart disease. Circulation 115:534–545

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kanter RJ, Papagiannis J, Carboni MP, Ungerleider RM, Sanders WE, Wharton JM (2000) Radiofrequency catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia substrates after mustard and senning operations for d-transposition of the great arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:428–441

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Agnoletti G, Borghi A, Vignati G, Crupi GC (2003) Fontan conversion to total cavopulmonary connection and arrhythmia ablation: clinical and functional results. Heart 89:193–198

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Sheikh AM, Tang AT, Roman K et al (2004) The failing Fontan circulation: successful conversion of atriopulmonary connections. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 128:60–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Mavroudis C, Deal BJ, Backer CL (2004) Surgery for arrhythmias in children. Int J Cardiol 97(Suppl 1):39–51

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Weinstein S, Chan D (2005) Extracardiac Fontan conversion, cryoablation, and pacemaker placement for patients with a failed Fontan. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 17:170–178

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Morales DL, Dibardino DJ, Braud BE et al (2005) Salvaging the failing Fontan: lateral tunnel versus extracardiac conduit. Ann Thorac Surg 80:1445–1451; discussion 1451–1452

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Triedman JK, Alexander ME, Love BA et al (2002) Influence of patient factors and ablative technologies on outcomes of radiofrequency ablation of intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease. J Am College Cardiol 39:1827–1835

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Triedman JK, Alexander ME, Berul CI, Bevilacqua LM, Walsh EP (2001) Electroanatomic mapping of entrained and exit zones in patients with repaired congenital heart disease and intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia. Circulation 103:2060–2065

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Nakagawa H, Shah N, Matsudaira K et al (2001) Characterization of reentrant circuit in macroreentrant right atrial tachycardia after surgical repair of congenital heart disease – isolated channels between scars allow "focal" ablation. Circulation 103:699–709

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Collins KK, Love BA, Walsh EP, Saul JP, Epstein MR, Triedman JK (2000) Location of acutely successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of intraatrial reentrant tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 86:969–74

    Google Scholar 

  43. Kannankeril PJ, Anderson ME, Rottman JN, Wathen MS, Fish FA (2003) Frequency of late recurrence of intra-atrial reentry tachycardia after radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 92:879–881

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Nehgme RA, Carboni MP, Care J, Murphy JD (2006) Transthoracic percutaneous access for electroanatomic mapping and catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia in patients with a lateral tunnel Fontan. Heart Rhythm 3:37–43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Gatzoulis MA, Balaji S, Webber SA et al (2000) Risk factors for arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a multicentre study. Lancet 356:975–981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Khairy P, Landzberg MJ, Gatzoulis MA et al (2004) Value of programmed ventricular stimulation after tetralogy of Fallot repair – a multicenter study. Circulation 109:1994–2000

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Khairy P, Harris L, Landzberg MJ et al (2008) Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation 117:363–370

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Andersen HO, de Leval MR, Tsang VT, Elliott MJ, Anderson RH, Cook AC (2006) Is complete heart block after surgical closure of ventricular septum defects still an issue? Ann Thoracic Surg 82:948–957

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Hokanson JS, Moller JH (2001) Significance of early transient complete heart block as a predictor of sudden death late after operative correction of tetralogy of Fallot. Am J Cardiol 87:1271–1277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Abd El Rahman MY, Hui W, Yigitbasi M et al (2005) Detection of left ventricular asynchrony in patients with right bundle branch block after repair of tetralogy of Fallot using tissue-Doppler imaging-derived strain. J Am College Cardiol 45:915–921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. D’Andrea A, Caso P, Sarubbi B et al (2004) Right ventricular myocardial dysfunction in adult patients late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Int J Cardiol 94:213–220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Qu Y, Xiao GQ, Chen L, Boutjdir M (2001) Autoantibodies from mothers of children with congenital heart block downregulate cardiac L-type Ca channels. J Mol Cell Cardiol 33:1153–1163

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Jay PY, Harris BS, Buerger A et al (2004) Function follows form: cardiac conduction system defects in Nkx2–5 mutation. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 280:966–972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Bossert T, Walther T, Gummert J, Hubald R, Kostelka M, Mohr FW (2002) Cardiac malformations associated with the Holt-Oram syndrome–report on a family and review of the literature. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 50:312–314

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kleinman CS, Nehgme RA (2004) Cardiac arrhythmias in the human fetus. Pediatric Cardiol 25:234–251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Raboisson MJ, Fouron JC, Sonesson SE, Nyman M, Proulx F, Gamache S (2005) Fetal Doppler echocardiographic diagnosis and successful steroid therapy of Luciani-Wenckebach phenomenon and endocardial fibroelastosis related to maternal anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18:375–380

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Jaeggi ET, Silverman ED, Yoo SJ, Kingdom J (2004) Is immune-mediated complete fetal atrioventricular block reversible by transplacental dexamethasone therapy? Ultrasound Obstetrics Gynecol 23:602–605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Fesslova V, Mannarino S, Salice P et al (2003) Neonatal lupus: fetal myocarditis progressing to atrioventricular block in triplets. Lupus 12:775–778

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Askanase AD, Friedman DM, Copel J et al (2002) Spectrum and progression of conduction abnormalities in infants born to mothers with anti-SSA/Ro-SSB/La antibodies. Lupus 11:145–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Breur J, Visser GHA, Kruize AA, Stoutenbeek P, Meijboom EJ (2004) Treatment of fetal heart block with maternal steroid therapy: case report and review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstetrics Gynecol 24:467–472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Matsubara S, Morimatsu Y, Shiraishi H et al (2008) Fetus with heart failure due to congenital atrioventricular block treated by maternally administered ritodrine. Arch Gynecol Obstet 278:85–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA et al (2008) ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on practice guidelines (writing committee to revise the acc/aha/naspe 2002 guideline update for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices) developed in collaboration with the American association for thoracic surgery and society of thoracic surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol 51:e1–e62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Michaelsson M, Jonzon A, Riesenfeld T (1995) Isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block in adult life. A prospective study. Circulation 92:442–449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Moak JP, Barron KS, Hougen TJ et al (2001) Congenital heart block: development of late-onset cardiomyopathy, a previously underappreciated sequela. J Am Coll Cardiol 37:238–242

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Cecchin F, Frangini PA, Brown DW et al (2009) Cardiac resynchronization therapy (and multisite pacing) in pediatrics and congenital heart disease: five years experience in a single institution. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 20:58–65

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Lee PC, Chen SA, Chiang CE, Tai CT, Yu WC, Hwang B (2003) Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics in children with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Pediatr Cardiol 24:6–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Blurton DJ, Dubin AM, Chiesa NA, Van Hare GF, Collins KK (2006) Characterizing dual atrioventricular nodal physiology in pediatric patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 17:638–644

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kannankeril PJ, Fish FA (2006) Sustained slow pathway conduction: superior to dual atrioventricular node physiology in young patients with atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 29:159–163

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Santinelli V, Radinovic A, Manguso F et al (2009) The natural history of asymptomatic ventricular pre-excitation a long-term prospective follow-up study of 184 asymptomatic children. J Am Coll Cardiol 53:275–280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Bromberg BI, Lindsay BD, Cain ME, Cox JL (1996) Impact of clinical history and electrophysiologic characterization of accessory pathways on management strategies to reduce sudden death among children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:690–695

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Bradley DJ, Fischbach PS, Law IH, Serwer GA, Dick M (2001) The clinical course of multifocal atrial tachycardia in infants and children. J Am College Cardiol 38:401–408

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Sarubbi B, Musto B, Ducceschi V et al (2002) Congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia in children and adolescents: a 20 year experience based study. Heart 88:188–190

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Collins KK, Van Hare GF, Kertesz NJ et al (2009) Pediatric nonpost-operative junctional ectopic tachycardia medical management and interventional therapies. J Am Coll Cardiol 53:690–697

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Fukuhara H, Nakamura Y, Ohnishi T (2001) Atrial pacing during radiofrequency ablation of junctional ectopic tachycardia – a useful technique for avoiding atrioventricular bloc. Jpn Circ J 65:242–244

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Bae EJ, Kang SJ, Noh CI, Choi JY, Yun YS (2005) A case of congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia: diagnosis and successful radiofrequency catheter ablation in infancy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 28:254–257

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Batra AS, Chun DS, Johnson TR et al (2006) A prospective analysis of the incidence and risk factors associated with junctional ectopic tachycardia following surgery for congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol 27:51–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Delaney JW, Moltedo JM, Dziura JD, Kopf GS, Snyder CS (2006) Early postoperative arrhythmias after pediatric cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131:1296–300

    Google Scholar 

  78. Andreasen JB, Johnsen SP, Ravn HB (2008) Junctional ectopic tachycardia after surgery for congenital heart disease in children. Intensive Care Med 34:895–902

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Van Hare GF, Carmelli D, Smith WM et al (2002) Prospective assessment after pediatric cardiac ablation: design and implementation of the multicenter study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 25:332–341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Perry JC (2006) State-of-the-art pediatric interventional electrophysiology: transvenous cryoablation establishes its niche. Heart Rhythm 3:259–260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Friedman RA, Walsh EP, Silka MJ et al (2002) NASPE expert consensus conference: radiofrequency catheter ablation in children with and without congenital heart disease. Report of the writing committee. North American society of pacing and electrophysiology. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 25:1000–1017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Al-Ammouri I, Perry JC (2006) Proximity of coronary arteries to the atrioventricular valve annulus in young patients and implications for ablation procedures. Am J Cardiol 97:1752–175

    Google Scholar 

  83. Weiss C, Becker J, Hoffmann M, Willems S (2002) Can radiofrequency current isthmus ablation damage the right coronary artery? Histopathological findings following the use of a long (8 mm) tip electrode. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 25:860–862

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Sassone B, Leone O, Martinelli GN, Di Pasquale G (2004) Acute myocardial infarction after radiofrequency catheter ablation of typical atrial flutter: histopathological findings and etiopathogenetic hypothesis. Ital Heart J 5:403–407

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Lustgarten DL, Bell S, Hardin N, Calame J, Spector PS (2005) Safety and efficacy of epicardial cryoablation in a canine model. Heart Rhythm 2:82–90

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Kolditz DP, Blom NA, Bokenkamp R, Schalij MJ (2005) Low-energy radiofrequency catheter ablation as therapy for supraventricular tachycardia in a premature neonate. Eur J Pediatr 164:559–562

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Blaufox AD, Paul T, Saul JP (2004) Radiofrequency catheter ablation in small children: relationship of complications to application dose. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 27:224–229

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Blaufox AD, Numan MT, Laohakunakorn P, Knick B, Paul T, Saul JP (2002) Catheter tip cooling during radiofrequency ablation of intra-atrial reentry: effects on power, temperature, and impedance. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 13:783–787

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Emmel M, Sreeram N, Pillekamp F, Boehm W, Brockmeier K (2006) Transhepatic approach for catheter interventions in infants and children with congenital heart disease. Clin Res Cardiol 95:329–333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Kilic A, Amasyali B, Kose S, Aytemir K, Kursaklioglu H, Lenk MK (2005) Successful catheter ablation of a right-sided accessory pathway in a child with interruption of the inferior vena cava and azygos continuation. Int Heart J 46:537–541

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Drago F, Silvetti MS, Di Pino A, Grutter G, Bevilacqua M, Leibovich S (2002) Exclusion of fluoroscopy during ablation treatment of right accessory pathway in children. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 13:778–782

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Erb TO, Kanter RJ, Hall JM, Gan TJ, Kern FH, Schulman SR (2002) Comparison of electrophysiologic effects of propofol and isoflurane-based anesthetics in children undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation for supraventricular tachycardia. Anesthesiology 96:1386–1394

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Van Hare GF, Javitz H, Carmelli D et al (2004) Prospective assessment after pediatric cardiac ablation: demographics, medical profiles, and initial outcomes. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 15:759–770

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Van Hare GF, Javitz H, Carmelli D et al (2004) Prospective assessment after pediatric cardiac ablation: recurrence at 1 year after initially successful ablation of supraventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 1:188–196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Bae EJ, Ban JE, Lee JA et al (2005) Pediatric radiofrequency catheter ablation: results of initial 100 consecutive cases including congenital heart anomalies. J Korean Med Sci 20:740–746

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Celiker A, Kafali G, Karagoz T, Ceviz N, Ozer S (2003) The results of electrophysiological study and radio-frequency catheter ablation in pediatric patients with tachyarrhythmia. Turk J Pediatr 45:209–216

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Papez AL, Al-Ahdab M, Dick M 2nd, Fischbach PS (2006) Transcatheter cryotherapy for the treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in children: a single center experience. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 15:191–196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Miyazaki A, Blaufox AD, Fairbrother DL, Saul JP (2005) Cryo-ablation for septal tachycardia substrates in pediatric patients: mid-term results. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:581–588

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Kirsh JA, Gross GJ, O’Connor S, Hamilton RM (2005) Transcatheter cryoablation of tachyarrhythmias in children: initial experience from an international registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:133–136

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Kriebel T, Broistedt C, Kroll M, Sigler M, Paul T (2005) Efficacy and safety of cryoenergy in the ablation of atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia substrates in children and adolescents. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16:960–966

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Drago F, De Santis A, Grutter G, Silvetti MS (2005) Transvenous cryothermal catheter ablation of re-entry circuit located near the atrioventricular junction in pediatric patients: efficacy, safety, and midterm follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:1096–1103

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Bar-Cohen Y, Cecchin F, Alexander ME, Berul CI, Triedman JK, Walsh EP (2006) Cryoablation for accessory pathways located near normal conduction tissues or within the coronary venous system in children and young adults. Heart Rhythm 3:253–258

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Drago F, Silvetti MS, De Santis A, Grutter G, Andrew P (2006) Lengthier cryoablation and a bonus cryoapplication is associated with improved efficacy for cryothermal catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardias in children. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 16:191–198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Moniotte S, Triedman JK, Cecchin F (2008) Successful cryoablation of ventricular tachycardia arising from the proximal right bundle branch in a child. Heart Rhythm 5:142–144

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Janousek J, Vojtovic P, Hucin B et al (2001) Resynchronization pacing is a useful adjunct to the management of acute heart failure after surgery for congenital heart defects. Am J Cardiol 88:145–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Dubin AM, Janousek J, Rhee E et al (2005) Resynchronization therapy in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients – an international multicenter study. J Am College Cardiol 46:2277–2283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Jauvert G, Rousseau-Paziaud J, Villain E et al (2009) Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on echocardiographic indices, functional capacity, and clinical outcomes of patients with a systemic right ventricle. Europace 11:184–190

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Zimmerman FJ, Starr JP, Koenig PR, Smith P, Hijazi ZM, Bacha EA (2003) Acute hemodynamic benefit of multisite ventricular pacing after congenital heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 75:1775–1780

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Silka MJ, Kron J, Dunnigan A, Dick M 2nd (1993) Sudden cardiac death and the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in pediatric patients. The pediatric electrophysiology society. Circulation 87:800–807

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Spirito P, Bellone P, Harris KM, Bernabo P, Bruzzi P, Maron BJ (2000) Magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 342:1778–1785

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Dubin AM, Berul CI, Bevilacqua LM et al (2003) The use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in pediatric patients awaiting heart transplantation. J Card Fail 9:375–379

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Stephenson EA, Batra AS, Knilans TK et al (2006) A multicenter experience with novel implantable cardioverter defibrillator configurations in the pediatric and congenital heart disease population. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 17:41–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Blom NA (2008) Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in children. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 31(Suppl 1):S32–S34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Ten Harkel AD, Blom NA, Reimer AG, Tukkie R, Sreeram N, Bink-Boelkens MT (2005) Implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation in children in The Netherlands. Eur J Pediatr 164:436–441

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Gradaus R, Wollmann C, Kobe J et al (2004) Potential benefit from implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in children and young adolescents. Heart 90:328–329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Stefanelli CB, Bradley DJ, Leroy S, Dick M 2nd, Serwer GA, Fischbach PS (2002) Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy for life-threatening arrhythmias in young patients. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 6:235–244

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Korte T, Koditz H, Niehaus M, Paul T, Tebbenjohanns J (2004) High incidence of appropriate and inappropriate ICD therapies in children and adolescents with implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 27:924–932

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. DeMaso DR, Lauretti A, Spieth L et al (2004) Psychosocial factors and quality of life in children and adolescents with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Am J Cardiol 93:582–587

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Fuster V, O’Rourke RA, Walsh RA, Poole-Wilson P (eds) (2008) Hurst’s the heart, 12th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  120. Mavroudis C, Backer CL, Deal BJ, Johnsrude C, Strasburger J (2001) Total cavopulmonary conversion and maze procedure for patients with failure of the Fontan operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 122:863–871

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pediatric Cardiology and Electrophysiology, Pediatrix Medical Group/Pediatric Cardiology Associates, Tampa, FL, USA

    Bhavya Trivedi MD, PhD

  2. Division of Cardiology, Department of Padiatrics and Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

    Ronald Kanter MD

Authors
  1. Bhavya Trivedi MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ronald Kanter MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Main Line Health Heart Center, 100 Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, 19096, Pennsylvania, USA

    Gan-Xin Yan

  2. Main Line Health Heart Center, 100 Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, 19096, Pennsylvania, USA

    Peter R. Kowey

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Trivedi, B., Kanter, R. (2011). Arrhythmias in Children. In: Yan, GX., Kowey, P. (eds) Management of Cardiac Arrhythmias. Contemporary Cardiology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-161-5_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-161-5_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-160-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-161-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation