Skip to main content

A Critical Analysis of Properties Commonly Ascribed to Stem Cells

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1037 Accesses

Part of the book series: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ((STEMCELL))

Abstract

Quiescence, self-renewal, asymmetric division, and niche dependence are important stem cell properties, but are not stem cell specific. Similarly, multipotency is often found in committed progenitor cells. By contrast, stem cells are unique in their pluripotency and relatively high plasticity. Pluripotent stem cells stand out, and profoundly differ from all other cells that exist in the organism. On the basis of these observations, an alternative definition of stemness is presented in the next chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Fleischman, R.A., Custer, R.P. & Mintz, B. (1982) Totipotent hematopoietic stem cells: normal self-renewal and differentiation after transplantation between mouse fetuses. Cell, 30,351–359.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hara, H., Ohe, Y., Noguchi, K., Nagai, K., Tsuyama, K. & Kitamura, Y. (1982) Presence of pluripotent haemopoietic precursors in vitro (CFU-mix) in haemopoietic tissues from mice of W/Wv genotype. Cell Tissue Kinet, 15, 25–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacMillan, J.R. & Wolf, N.S. (1982) Depletion of reserve in the hemopoietic system. II. Decline in CFU-S self-renewal capacity following prolonged cell cycling. Stem Cells, 2, 45–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemischka, I.R., Raulet, D.H. & Mulligan, R.C. (1986) Developmental potential and dynamic behavior of hematopoietic stem cells. Cell, 45, 917–927.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capel, B., Hawley, R.G. & Mintz, B. (1990) Long- and short-lived murine hematopoietic stem cell clones individually identified with retroviral integration markers. Blood, 75, 2267–2270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zipori, D. (1990) Role of stromal cell factors (restrictins) in microorganization of hemopoietic tissues. Prog Clin Biol Res, 352, 115–122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uchida, N., Aguila, H.L., Fleming, W.H., Jerabek, L. & Weissman, I.L. (1994) Rapid and sustained hematopoietic recovery in lethally irradiated mice transplanted with purified Thy-1.1lo Lin-Sca-1+ hematopoietic stem cells. Blood, 83, 3758–3779.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, S.J., Hemmati, H.D., Wandycz, A.M. & Weissman, I.L. (1995) The purification and characterization of fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92, 10302–10306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osawa, M., Hanada, K., Hamada, H. & Nakauchi, H. (1996) Long-term lymphohematopoietic reconstitution by a single CD34-low/negative hematopoietic stem cell. Science, 273, 242–245.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunisada, T., Yoshida, H., Yamazaki, H., Miyamoto, A., Hemmi, H., Nishimura, E., Shultz, L.D., Nishikawa, S. & Hayashi, S. (1998) Transgene expression of steel factor in the basal layer of epidermis promotes survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration of melanocyte precursors. Development, 125, 2915–2923.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peled, A., Petit, I., Kollet, O., Magid, M., Ponomaryov, T., Byk, T., Nagler, A., Ben-Hur, H., Many, A., Shultz, L., Lider, O., Alon, R., Zipori, D. & Lapidot, T. (1999) Dependence of human stem cell engraftment and repopulation of NOD/SCID mice on CXCR4. Science, 283, 845–848.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ema, H., Takano, H., Sudo, K. & Nakauchi, H. (2000) In vitro self-renewal division of hematopoietic stem cells. J Exp Med, 192, 1281–1288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peled, A., Kollet, O., Ponomaryov, T., Petit, I., Franitza, S., Grabovsky, V., Slav, M.M., Nagler, A., Lider, O., Alon, R., Zipori, D. & Lapidot, T. (2000) The chemokine SDF-1 activates the integrins LFA-1, VLA-4, and VLA-5 on immature human CD34(+) cells: role in transendothelial/stromal migration and engraftment of NOD/SCID mice. Blood, 95, 3289–3296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, R.L., Ernst, R.E., Brunk, B., Ivanova, N., Mahan, M.A., Deanehan, J.K., Moore, K.A., Overton, G.C. & Lemischka, I.R. (2000) The genetic program of hematopoietic stem cells. Science, 288, 1635–1640.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, I.L. (2000) Stem cells: units of development, units of regeneration, and units in evolution. Cell, 100, 157–168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krause, D.S., Theise, N.D., Collector, M.I., Henegariu, O., Hwang, S., Gardner, R., Neutzel, S. & Sharkis, S.J. (2001) Multi-organ, multi-lineage engraftment by a single bone marrow-derived stem cell. Cell, 105, 369–377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zipori, D. & Barda-Saad, M. (2001) Role of activin A in negative regulation of normal and tumor B lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol, 69, 867–873.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barda-Saad, M., Shav-Tal, Y., Rozenszajn, A.L., Cohen, M., Zauberman, A., Karmazyn, A., Parameswaran, R., Schori, H., Ashush, H., Ben-Nun, A. & Zipori, D. (2002) The mesenchyme expresses T cell receptor mRNAs: relevance to cell growth control. Oncogene, 21, 2029–2036.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brinster, R.L. (2002) Germline stem cell transplantation and transgenesis. Science, 296, 2174–2176.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, H.P., Malik, A.K., Solar, G.P., Sherman, D., Liang, X.H., Meng, G., Hong, K., Marsters, J.C. & Ferrara, N. (2002) VEGF regulates haematopoietic stem cell survival by an internal autocrine loop mechanism. Nature, 417, 954–958.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harada, H., Toyono, T., Toyoshima, K., Yamasaki, M., Itoh, N., Kato, S., Sekine, K. & Ohuchi, H. (2002) FGF10 maintains stem cell compartment in developing mouse incisors. Development, 129, 1533–1541.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ivanova, N.B., Dimos, J.T., Schaniel, C., Hackney, J.A., Moore, K.A. & Lemischka, I.R. (2002) A stem cell molecular signature. Science, 298, 601–604. Epub 2002 Sep 2012.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, Y., Jahagirdar, B.N., Reinhardt, R.L., Schwartz, R.E., Keene, C.D., Ortiz-Gonzalez, X.R., Reyes, M., Lenvik, T., Lund, T., Blackstad, M., Du, J., Aldrich, S., Lisberg, A., Low, W.C., Largaespada, D.A. & Verfaillie, C.M. (2002) Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature, 418, 41–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura, E.K., Jordan, S.A., Oshima, H., Yoshida, H., Osawa, M., Moriyama, M., Jackson, I.J., Barrandon, Y., Miyachi, Y. & Nishikawa, S. (2002) Dominant role of the niche in melanocyte stem-cell fate determination. Nature, 416, 854–860.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quesenberry, P.J., Colvin, G.A. & Lambert, J.F. (2002) The chiaroscuro stem cell: a unified stem cell theory. Blood, 100, 4266–4271.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramalho-Santos, M., Yoon, S., Matsuzaki, Y., Mulligan, R.C. & Melton, D.A. (2002) “Stemness”: transcriptional profiling of embryonic and adult stem cells. Science, 298, 597–600. Epub 2002 Sep 2012.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akashi, K., He, X., Chen, J., Iwasaki, H., Niu, C., Steenhard, B., Zhang, J., Haug, J. & Li, L. (2003) Transcriptional accessibility for genes of multiple tissues and hematopoietic lineages is hierarchically controlled during early hematopoiesis. Blood, 101, 383–389.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, E., Kim, S.Y., Carmell, M.A., Murchison, E.P., Alcorn, H., Li, M.Z., Mills, A.A., Elledge, S.J., Anderson, K.V. & Hannon, G.J. (2003) Dicer is essential for mouse development. Nat Genet, 35, 215–217. Epub 2003 Oct 2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Haan, G., Weersing, E., Dontje, B., van Os, R., Bystrykh, L.V., Vellenga, E. & Miller, G. (2003) In vitro generation of long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells by fibroblast growth factor-1. Dev Cell, 4, 241–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, S., Wu, T.Y., Brinker, A., Peters, E.C., Hur, W., Gray, N.S. & Schultz, P.G. (2003) Synthetic small molecules that control stem cell fate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100, 7632–7637. Epub 2003 Jun 7636.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evsikov, A.V. & Solter, D. (2003) Comment on “‘Stemness’: transcriptional profiling of embryonic and adult stem cells” and “a stem cell molecular signature”. Science, 302, 393; authorreply 393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fortunel, N.O., Otu, H.H., Ng, H.H., Chen, J., Mu, X., Chevassut, T., Li, X., Joseph, M., Bailey, C., Hatzfeld, J.A., Hatzfeld, A., Usta, F., Vega, V.B., Long, P.M., Libermann, T.A. & Lim, B. (2003) Comment on “‘Stemness’: transcriptional profiling of embryonic and adult stem cells” and “a stem cell molecular signature”. Science, 302, 393; author reply 393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goolsby, J., Marty, M.C., Heletz, D., Chiappelli, J., Tashko, G., Yarnell, D., Fishman, P.S., Dhib-Jalbut, S., Bever, C.T., Jr., Pessac, B. & Trisler, D. (2003) Hematopoietic progenitors express neural genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100, 14926–14931. Epub 12003 Nov 14921.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanazawa, Y. & Verma, I.M. (2003) Little evidence of bone marrow-derived hepatocytes in the replacement of injured liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100 (Suppl 1), 11850–11853.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lessard, J. & Sauvageau, G. (2003) Bmi-1 determines the proliferative capacity of normal and leukaemic stem cells. Nature, 423, 255–260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazurier, F., Doedens, M., Gan, O.I. & Dick, J.E. (2003) Rapid myeloerythroid repopulation after intrafemoral transplantation of NOD-SCID mice reveals a new class of human stem cells. Nat Med, 9, 959–963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murdoch, B., Chadwick, K., Martin, M., Shojaei, F., Shah, K.V., Gallacher, L., Moon, R.T. & Bhatia, M. (2003) Wnt-5A augments repopulating capacity and primitive hematopoietic development of human blood stem cells in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100, 3422–3427. Epub 2003 Mar 3427.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, I.K., Qian, D., Kiel, M., Becker, M.W., Pihalja, M., Weissman, I.L., Morrison, S.J. & Clarke, M.F. (2003) Bmi-1 is required for maintenance of adult self-renewing haematopoietic stem cells. Nature, 423, 302–305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reya, T., Duncan, A.W., Ailles, L., Domen, J., Scherer, D.C., Willert, K., Hintz, L., Nusse, R. & Weissman, I.L. (2003) A role for Wnt signalling in self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells. Nature, 423, 409–414.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Traver, D., Paw, B.H., Poss, K.D., Penberthy, W.T., Lin, S. & Zon, L.I. (2003) Transplantation and in vivo imaging of multilineage engraftment in zebrafish bloodless mutants. Nat Immunol, 4, 1238–1246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ueno, H., Sakita-Ishikawa, M., Morikawa, Y., Nakano, T., Kitamura, T. & Saito, M. (2003) A stromal cell-derived membrane protein that supports hematopoietic stem cells. Nat Immunol, 4, 457–463.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willert, K., Brown, J.D., Danenberg, E., Duncan, A.W., Weissman, I.L., Reya, T., Yates, J.R., 3rd & Nusse, R. (2003) Wnt proteins are lipid-modified and can act as stem cell growth factors. Nature, 423, 448–452.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Younes, S.A., Yassine-Diab, B., Dumont, A.R., Boulassel, M.R., Grossman, Z., Routy, J.P. & Sekaly, R.P. (2003) HIV-1 viremia prevents the establishment of interleukin 2-producing HIV-specific memory CD4+ T cells endowed with proliferative capacity. J Exp Med, 198, 1909–1922.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Back, J., Dierich, A., Bronn, C., Kastner, P. & Chan, S. (2004) PU.1 determines the self-renewal capacity of erythroid progenitor cells. Blood, 22, 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes, K.J., McKenzie, I.A., Mill, P., Smith, K.M., Akhavan, M., Barnabe-Heider, F., Biernaskie, J., Junek, A., Kobayashi, N.R., Toma, J.G., Kaplan, D.R., Labosky, P.A., Rafuse, V., Hui, C.C. & Miller, F.D. (2004) A dermal niche for multipotent adult skin-derived precursor cells. Nat Cell Biol, 6, 1082–1093.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hock, H., Hamblen, M.J., Rooke, H.M., Schindler, J.W., Saleque, S., Fujiwara, Y. & Orkin, S.H. (2004a) Gfi-1 restricts proliferation and preserves functional integrity of haematopoietic stem cells. Nature, 431, 1002–1007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hock, H., Meade, E., Medeiros, S., Schindler, J.W., Valk, P.J., Fujiwara, Y. & Orkin, S.H. (2004b) Tel/Etv6 is an essential and selective regulator of adult hematopoietic stem cell survival. Genes Dev, 18, 2336–2341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson, C.H., Weissman, I.L. & Passegue, E. (2004) Chronic versus acute myelogenous leukemia: a question of self-renewal. Cancer Cell, 6, 531–533.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jang, Y.Y., Collector, M.I., Baylin, S.B., Diehl, A.M. & Sharkis, S.J. (2004) Hematopoietic stem cells convert into liver cells within days without fusion. Nat Cell Biol, 6, 532–539.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langer, J.C., Henckaerts, E., Orenstein, J. & Snoeck, H.W. (2004) Quantitative Trait Analysis Reveals Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}2 as a Positive Regulator of Early Hematopoietic Progenitor and Stem Cell Function. J Exp Med, 199, 5–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, H.Y., Kleber, M., Hari, L., Brault, V., Suter, U., Taketo, M.M., Kemler, R. & Sommer, L. (2004) Instructive role of Wnt/beta-catenin in sensory fate specification in neural crest stem cells. Science, 303, 1020–1023. Epub 2004 Jan 1028.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller-Sieburg, C.E., Cho, R.H., Karlsson, L., Huang, J.F. & Sieburg, H.B. (2004) Myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells have extensive self-renewal capacity but generate diminished lymphoid progeny with impaired IL-7 responsiveness. Blood, 19, 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, N., Meijer, L., Skaltsounis, L., Greengard, P. & Brivanlou, A.H. (2004) Maintenance of pluripotency in human and mouse embryonic stem cells through activation of Wnt signaling by a pharmacological GSK-3-specific inhibitor. Nat Med, 10, 55–63. Epub 2003Dec 2021.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terunuma, A., Shaya, M.B., Udey, M.C. & Vogel, J.C. (2004) An in vivo competitive repopulation assay system to evaluate human keratinocyte stem cells. J Invest Dermatol, 123, 993–995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trentin, A., Glavieux-Pardanaud, C., Le Douarin, N.M. & Dupin, E. (2004) Self-renewal capacity is a widespread property of various types of neural crest precursor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, 4495–4500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zipori, D. (2004) The nature of stem cells: state rather than entity. Nat Rev Genet, 5, 873–878.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boiani, M. & Scholer, H.R. (2005) Regulatory networks in embryo-derived pluripotent stem cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 6, 872–884.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caussinus, E. & Gonzalez, C. (2005) Induction of tumor growth by altered stem-cell asymmetric division in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Genet, 37, 1125–1129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conti, L., Pollard, S.M., Gorba, T., Reitano, E., Toselli, M., Biella, G., Sun, Y., Sanzone, S., Ying, Q.L., Cattaneo, E. & Smith, A. (2005) Niche-independent symmetrical self-renewal of a mammalian tissue stem cell. PLoS Biol, 3, e283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, A.W., Rattis, F.M., DiMascio, L.N., Congdon, K.L., Pazianos, G., Zhao, C., Yoon, K., Cook, J.M., Willert, K., Gaiano, N. & Reya, T. (2005) Integration of Notch and Wnt signaling in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance. Nat Immunol, 6, 314–322.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golan-Mashiach, M., Dazard, J.E., Gerecht-Nir, S., Amariglio, N., Fisher, T., Jacob-Hirsch, J., Bielorai, B., Osenberg, S., Barad, O., Getz, G., Toren, A., Rechavi, G., Itskovitz-Eldor, J., Domany, E. & Givol, D. (2005) Design principle of gene expression used by human stem cells: implication for pluripotency. Faseb J, 19, 147–149.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakshmipathy, U. & Verfaillie, C. (2005) Stem cell plasticity. Blood Rev, 19, 29–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, J.J., Silins, S.L., Brooks, A.G., Davis, J.E., Misko, I. & Burrows, S.R. (2005) T-cell grit: large clonal expansions of virus-specific CD8+ T cells can dominate in the peripheral circulation for at least 18 years. Blood, 106, 4412–4413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patrawala, L., Calhoun, T., Schneider-Broussard, R., Zhou, J., Claypool, K. & Tang, D.G. (2005) Side population is enriched in tumorigenic, stem-like cancer cells, whereas ABCG2+ and ABCG2- cancer cells are similarly tumorigenic. Cancer Res, 65, 6207–6219.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reya, T. & Clevers, H. (2005) Wnt signalling in stem cells and cancer. Nature, 434, 843–850.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwendemann, J., Choi, C., Schirrmacher, V. & Beckhove, P. (2005) Dynamic differentiation of activated human peripheral blood CD8+ and CD4+ effector memory T cells. J Immunol, 175, 1433–1439.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taussig, D.C., Pearce, D.J., Simpson, C., Rohatiner, A.Z., Lister, T.A., Kelly, G., Luongo, J.L., Danet-Desnoyers, G.A. & Bonnet, D. (2005) Hematopoietic stem cells express multiple myeloid markers: implications for the origin and targeted therapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Blood, 106, 4086–4092.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y., Joe, G., Hexner, E., Zhu, J. & Emerson, S.G. (2005) Host-reactive CD8(+) memory stem cells in graft-versus-host disease. Nat Med, 11, 1299–1305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zipori, D. (2005) The stem state: plasticity is essential, whereas self-renewal and hierarchy are optional. Stem Cells, 23, 719–726.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zwaka, T.P. & Thomson, J.A. (2005) Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells occurs through symmetric cell division. Stem Cells, 23, 146–149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blondheim, N.R., Levy, Y.S., Ben-Zur, T., Burshtein, A., Cherlow, T., Kan, I., Barzilai, R., Bahat-Stromza, M., Barhum, Y., Bulvik, S., Melamed, E. & Offen, D. (2006) Human mesenchymal stem cells express neural genes, suggesting a neural predisposition. Stem Cells Dev, 15, 141–164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebihara, Y., Masuya, M., Larue, A.C., Fleming, P.A., Visconti, R.P., Minamiguchi, H., Drake, C.J. & Ogawa, M. (2006) Hematopoietic origins of fibroblasts: II. In vitro studies of fibroblasts, CFU-F, and fibrocytes. Exp Hematol, 34, 219–229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francois, S., Bensidhoum, M., Mouiseddine, M., Mazurier, C., Allenet, B., Semont, A., Frick, J., Sache, A., Bouchet, S., Thierry, D., Gourmelon, P., Gorin, N.C. & Chapel, A. (2006) Local irradiation not only induces homing of human mesenchymal stem cells at exposed sites but promotes their widespread engraftment to multiple organs: a study of their quantitative distribution after irradiation damage. Stem Cells, 24, 1020–1029.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jadhav, A.P., Cho, S.H. & Cepko, C.L. (2006) Notch activity permits retinal cells to progress through multiple progenitor states and acquire a stem cell property. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103, 18998–19003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, H., Ebihara, Y., Schmiedt, R.A., Minamiguchi, H., Zhou, D., Smythe, N., Liu, L., Ogawa, M. & Schulte, B.A. (2006) Contribution of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells to adult mouse inner ear: mesenchymal cells and fibrocytes. J Comp Neurol, 496, 187–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muguruma, Y., Yahata, T., Miyatake, H., Sato, T., Uno, T., Itoh, J., Kato, S., Ito, M., Hotta, T. & Ando, K. (2006) Reconstitution of the functional human hematopoietic microenvironment derived from human mesenchymal stem cells in the murine bone marrow compartment. Blood, 107, 1878–1887.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Real, C., Glavieux-Pardanaud, C., Le Douarin, N.M. & Dupin, E. (2006) Clonally cultured differentiated pigment cells can dedifferentiate and generate multipotent progenitors with self-renewing potential. Dev Biol, 300, 656–669.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharif, A., Legendre, P., Prevot, V., Allet, C., Romao, L., Studler, J.M., Chneiweiss, H. & Junier, M.P. (2006) Transforming growth factor alpha promotes sequential conversion of mature astrocytes into neural progenitors and stem cells. Oncogene.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, K. & Yamanaka, S. (2006) Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell, 126, 663–676.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yao, S., Chen, S., Clark, J., Hao, E., Beattie, G.M., Hayek, A. & Ding, S. (2006) Long-term self-renewal and directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells in chemically defined conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103, 6907–6912.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aranguren, X.L., Luttun, A., Clavel, C., Moreno, C., Abizanda, G., Barajas, M.A., Pelacho, B., Uriz, M., Arana, M., Echavarri, A., Soriano, M., Andreu, E.J., Merino, J., Garcia-Verdugo, J.M., Verfaillie, C.M. & Prosper, F. (2007) In vitro and in vivo arterial differentiation of human multipotent adult progenitor cells. Blood, 109, 2634–2642.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crigler, L., Kazhanie, A., Yoon, T.J., Zakhari, J., Anders, J., Taylor, B. & Virador, V.M. (2007) Isolation of a mesenchymal cell population from murine dermis that contains progenitors of multiple cell lineages. Faseb J.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Coppi, P., Bartsch, G., Jr., Siddiqui, M.M., Xu, T., Santos, C.C., Perin, L., Mostoslavsky, G., Serre, A.C., Snyder, E.Y., Yoo, J.J., Furth, M.E., Soker, S. & Atala, A. (2007) Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy. Nat Biotechnol, 25, 100–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiel, M.J., He, S., Ashkenazi, R., Gentry, S.N., Teta, M., Kushner, J.A., Jackson, T.L. & Morrison, S.J. (2007) Haematopoietic stem cells do not asymmetrically segregate chromosomes or retain BrdU. Nature, 449, 238–242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lapter, S., Livnat, I., Faerman, A. & Zipori, D. (2007) Structure and implied functions of truncated B-cell receptor mRNAs in early embryo and adult mesenchymal stem cells: Cdelta replaces Cmu in mu heavy chain-deficient mice. Stem Cells, 25, 761–770.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Agosto, J.A., Mikkola, H.K., Hartenstein, V. & Banerjee, U. (2007) The hematopoietic stem cell and its niche: a comparative view. Genes Dev, 21, 3044–3060.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa, T., Nabeshima, Y. & Yoshida, S. (2007) Functional identification of the actual and potential stem cell compartments in mouse spermatogenesis. Dev Cell, 12, 195–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan, G. & Thomson, J.A. (2007) Nanog and transcriptional networks in embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Cell Res, 17, 42–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quesenberry, P.J., Colvin, G., Dooner, G., Dooner, M., Aliotta, J.M. & Johnson, K. (2007) The Stem Cell Continuum: Cell Cycle, Injury, and Phenotype Lability. Ann N Y Acad Sci.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serafini, M., Dylla, S.J., Oki, M., Heremans, Y., Tolar, J., Jiang, Y., Buckley, S.M., Pelacho, B., Burns, T.C., Frommer, S., Rossi, D.J., Bryder, D., Panoskaltsis-Mortari, A., O’Shaughnessy, M.J., Nelson-Holte, M., Fine, G.C., Weissman, I.L., Blazar, B.R. & Verfaillie, C.M. (2007) Hematopoietic reconstitution by multipotent adult progenitor cells: precursors to long-term hematopoietic stem cells. J Exp Med, 204, 129–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Efroni, S., Duttagupta, R., Cheng, J., Dehghani, H., Hoeppner, D.J., Dash, C., Bazett-Jones, D.P., Le Grice, S., McKay, R.D., Buetow, K.H., Gingeras, T.R., Misteli, T. & Meshorer, E. (2008) Global transcription in pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell, 2, 437–447.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kattah, M.G., Coller, J., Cheung, R.K., Oshidary, N. & Utz, P.J. (2008) HIT: a versatile proteomics platform for multianalyte phenotyping of cytokines, intracellular proteins and surface molecules. Nat Med, 14, 1284–1289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, S.J. & Spradling, A.C. (2008) Stem cells and niches: mechanisms that promote stem cell maintenance throughout life. Cell, 132, 598–611.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, F.J., Laurent, L.C., Kostka, D., Ulitsky, I., Williams, R., Lu, C., Park, I.H., Rao, M.S., Shamir, R., Schwartz, P.H., Schmidt, N.O. & Loring, J.F. (2008) Regulatory networks define phenotypic classes of human stem cell lines. Nature, 455, 401–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shani, N., Rubin-Lifshitz, H., Peretz-Cohen, Y., Shkolnik, K., Shinder, V., Cohen-Sfady, M., Shav-Tal, Y., Barda-Saad, M. & Zipori, D. (2008) Incomplete T cell receptor {beta} peptides target the mitochondrion and induce apoptosis. Blood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A., Laurenti, E., Oser, G., van der Wath, R.C., Blanco-Bose, W., Jaworski, M., Offner, S., Dunant, C.F., Eshkind, L., Bockamp, E., Lio, P., Macdonald, H.R. & Trumpp, A. (2008) Hematopoietic stem cells reversibly switch from dormancy to self-renewal during homeostasis and repair. Cell, 135, 1118–1129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dov Zipori .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zipori, D. (2009). A Critical Analysis of Properties Commonly Ascribed to Stem Cells. In: Biology of Stem Cells and the Molecular Basis of the Stem State. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-130-1_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics