Key Points
Gamma delta T cells are cytotoxic lymphocyte cells that kill malignant cells. They also kill macrophages when the immune response is completed and no longer needed. These cells are modified by dietary bioactive compounds in what is known as nonantigen priming. These cells respond faster and to a greater extent after priming. Modification of these cells by diet is hypothesized to prevent cancer because they cannot only kill malignant cells but they can also reduce the inflammation that has been associated with an increased incidence of cancer.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Percival SS, Talcott ST, Chin ST, Mallak AC, Lounds-Singleton A, Pettit-Moore J (2006) Neoplastic transformation of BALB/3T3 cells and cell cycle of HL-60 cells are inhibited by mango (Mangifera indica L.) juice and mango juice extracts. J Nutr 136:1300–1304
Spencer JP, Schroeter H, Rechner AR, Rice-Evans C (2001) Bioavailability of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins: gastrointestinal tract influences and their relevance to bioactive forms in vivo. Antioxid Redox Signal 3:1023–1039
Palmer S (1985) Diet, nutrition, and cancer. Prog Food Nutr Sci 9:283–341
Navarro Silvera SA, Mayne ST, Risch H, Gammon MD, Vaughan TL, Chow WH, Dubrow R, Schoenberg JB, Stanford JL, West AB, Rotterdam H, Blot WJ, Fraumeni JF Jr (2008) Food group intake and risk of subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 123:852–860
Briviba K, Bub A, Moseneder J, Schwerdtle T, Hartwig A, Kulling S, Watzl B (2008) No differences in DNA damage and antioxidant capacity between intervention groups of healthy, nonsmoking men receiving 2, 5, or 8 servings/day of vegetables and fruit. Nutr Cancer 60:164–170
Plummer M, Vivas J, Lopez G, Bravo JC, Peraza S, Carillo E, Cano E, Castro D, Andrade O, Sanchez V, Garcia R, Buiatti E, Aebischer C, Franceschi S, Oliver W, Munoz N (2007) Chemoprevention of precancerous gastric lesions with antioxidant vitamin supplementation: a randomized trial in a high-risk population. J Natl Cancer Inst 99:137–146
Suzuki R, Allen NE, Key TJ, Appleby PN, Tjonneland A, Johnsen NF, Jensen MK, Overvad K, Boeing H, Pischon T, Kaaks R, Rohrmann S, Trichopoulou A, Misirli G, Trichopoulos D, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van DF, Sacerdote C, Pala V, Palli D, Tumino R, Ardanaz E, Quiros JR, Larranaga N, Sanchez MJ, Tormo MJ, Jakszyn P, Johansson I, Stattin P, Berglund G, Manjer J, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Egevad L, Ferrari P, Jenab M, Riboli E (2009) A prospective analysis of the association between dietary fiber intake and prostate cancer risk in EPIC. Int J Cancer 124:245–249
Kirsh VA, Peters U, Mayne ST, Subar AF, Chatterjee N, Johnson CC, Hayes RB (2007) Prospective study of fruit and vegetable intake and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 99:1200–1209
Ambrosini GL, de Klerk NH, Fritschi L, Mackerras D, Musk B (2008) Fruit, vegetable, vitamin A intakes, and prostate cancer risk. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 11:61–66
Nomura AM, Wilkens LR, Murphy SP, Hankin JH, Henderson BE, Pike MC, Kolonel LN (2008) Association of vegetable, fruit, and grain intakes with colorectal cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 88:730–737
Millen AE, Subar AF, Graubard BI, Peters U, Hayes RB, Weissfeld JL, Yokochi LA, Ziegler RG (2007) Fruit and vegetable intake and prevalence of colorectal adenoma in a cancer screening trial. Am J Clin Nutr 86:1754–1764
Koushik A, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Beeson WL, van Den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Calle EE, Cho E, Fraser GE, Freudenheim JL, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Goldbohm RA, Harnack L, Jacobs DR Jr, Kato I, Krogh V, Larsson SC, Leitzmann MF, Marshall JR, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Pietinen P, Rohan TE, Schatzkin A, Sieri S, Virtanen MJ, Wolk A, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Zhang SM, Smith-Warner SA (2007) Fruits, vegetables, and colon cancer risk in a pooled analysis of 14 cohort studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 99:1471–1483
Garcia-Closas R, Garcia-Closas M, Kogevinas M, Malats N, Silverman D, Serra C, Tardon A, Carrato A, Castano-Vinyals G, Dosemeci M, Moore L, Rothman N, Sinha R (2007) Food, nutrient and heterocyclic amine intake and the risk of bladder cancer. Eur J Cancer 43:1731–1740
Sacerdote C, Matullo G, Polidoro S, Gamberini S, Piazza A, Karagas MR, Rolle L, De SP, Casetta G, Morabito F, Vineis P, Guarrera S (2007) Intake of fruits and vegetables and polymorphisms in DNA repair genes in bladder cancer. Mutagenesis 22:281–285
Lunet N, Valbuena C, Vieira AL, Lopes C, Lopes C, David L, Carneiro F, Barros H (2007) Fruit and vegetable consumption and gastric cancer by location and histological type: case-control and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev 16:312–327
Pavia M, Pileggi C, Nobile CG, Angelillo IF (2006) Association between fruit and vegetable consumption and oral cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr 83:1126–1134
Gonzalez CA, Pera G, Agudo A, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Ceroti M, Boeing H, Schulz M, Del GG, Plebani M, Carneiro F, Berrino F, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Panico S, Berglund G, Siman H, Hallmans G, Stenling R, Martinez C, Dorronsoro M, Barricarte A, Navarro C, Quiros JR, Allen N, Key TJ, Bingham S, Day NE, Linseisen J, Nagel G, Overvad K, Jensen MK, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Buchner FL, Peeters PH, Numans ME, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Roukos D, Trichopoulou A, Psaltopoulou T, Lund E, Casagrande C, Slimani N, Jenab M, Riboli E (2006) Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of stomach and oesophagus adenocarcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST). Int J Cancer 118:2559–2566
Hayday A, Tigelaar R (2003) Immunoregulation in the tissues by gammadelta T cells. Nat Rev Immunol 3:233–242
Hedges JF, Lubick KJ, Jutila MA (2005) Gamma delta T cells respond directly to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. J Immunol 174:6045–6053
Jutila MA, Holderness J, Graff JC, Hedges JF (2008) Antigen-independent priming: a transitional response of bovine gammadelta T-cells to infection. Anim Health Res Rev 9:47–57
Morita CT, Lee HK, Leslie DS, Tanaka Y, Bukowski JF, Marker-Hermann E (1999) Recognition of nonpeptide prenyl pyrophosphate antigens by human gammadelta T cells. Microbes Infect 1:175–186
Morita CT, Jin C, Sarikonda G, Wang H (2007) Nonpeptide antigens, presentation mechanisms, and immunological memory of human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells: discriminating friend from foe through the recognition of prenyl pyrophosphate antigens. Immunol Rev 215:59–76
Bukowski JF, Morita CT, Brenner MB (1999) Human γδ T cells recognize alkylamines derived from microbes, edible plants, and tea: implications for innate immunity. Immunity 11:57–65
Hirsh MI, Junger WG (2008) Roles of heat shock proteins and {gamma}{delta}T cells in inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 39:509–513
Hirsh MI, Hashiguchi N, Chen Y, Yip L, Junger WG (2006) Surface expression of HSP72 by LPS-stimulated neutrophils facilitates gammadeltaT cell-mediated killing. Eur J Immunol 36:712–721
Gober HJ, Kistowska M, Angman L, Jeno P, Mori L, De Libero G (2003) Human T cell receptor gammadelta cells recognize endogenous mevalonate metabolites in tumor cells. J Exp Med 197:163–168
Tanaka Y, Morita CT, Tanaka Y, Nieves E, Brenner MB, Bloom BR (1995) Natural and synthetic non-peptide antigens recognized by human gamma delta T cells. Nature 375:155–158
Tanaka Y (2006) Human gamma delta T cells and tumor immunotherapy. J Clin Exp Hematop 46:11–23
Bilgi O, Karagoz B, Turken O, Kandemir EG, Ozturk A, Gumus M, Yaylaci M (2008) Peripheral blood gamma-delta T cells in advanced-stage cancer patients. Adv Ther 25:218–224
Girardi M, Oppenheim DE, Steele CR, Lewis JM, Glusac E, Filler R, Hobby P, Sutton B, Tigelaar RE, Hayday AC (2001) Regulation of cutaneous malignancy by gamma delta T cells. Science 294:605–609
Lilienfeld-Toal M, Nattermann J, Feldmann G, Sievers E, Frank S, Strehl J, Schmidt-Wolf IG (2006) Activated gammadelta T cells express the natural cytotoxicity receptor natural killer p 44 and show cytotoxic activity against myeloma cells. Clin Exp Immunol 144:528–533
Oppenheim D, Girardi M, Steele C, Lewis J, Fuller R, Gluscac E, Hobby P, Sutton B, Tigelaar R, Hayday A (2001) Rae-1 recognition by NKG2d: a molecular mechanism for gamma delta T-cell mediated surveillance of cutaneous malignancy in the mouse. Cancer Gene Ther 8:915
Beetz S, Marischen L, Kabelitz D, Wesch D (2007) Human gamma delta T cells: candidates for the development of immunotherapeutic strategies. Immunol Res 37:97–111
Galluzzo S, Santini D, Vincenzi B, Caccamo N, Meraviglia F, Salerno A, Dieli F, Tonini G (2007) Immunomodulating role of bisphosphonates on human gamma delta T cells: an intriguing and promising aspect of their antitumour activity. Expert Opin Ther Targets 11:941–954
Goto S, Noguchi A, Jinguji H, Takahara M (2006) The therapeutic potential of immuno-cell therapy of cancer in combination with aminobisphosphonates. Anticancer Res 26:3989–3995
Dieli F, Vermijlen D, Fulfaro F, Caccamo N, Meraviglia S, Cicero G, Roberts A, Buccheri S, D’Asaro M, Gebbia N, Salerno A, Eberl M, Hayday AC (2007) Targeting human {gamma}{delta} T cells with zoledronate and interleukin-2 for immunotherapy of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res 67:7450–7457
Gombart AF, Luong QT, Koeffler HP (2006) Vitamin D compounds: activity against microbes and cancer. Anticancer Res 26:2531–2542
Jameson JM, Sharp LL, Witherden DA, Havran WL (2004) Regulation of skin cell homeostasis by gamma delta T cells. Front Biosci 9:2640–2651
Akiyama H, Sato Y, Watanabe T, Nagaoka MH, Yoshioka Y, Shoji T, Kanda T, Yamada K, Totsuka M, Teshima R, Sawada J, Goda Y, Maitani T (2005) Dietary unripe apple polyphenol inhibits the development of food allergies in murine models. FEBS Lett 579:4485–4491
Graff JC, Jutila MA (2007) Differential regulation of CD11b on gammadelta T cells and monocytes in response to unripe apple polyphenols. J Leukoc Biol 82:603–607
Kamath AB, Wang L, Das H, Li L, Reinhold VN, Bukowski JF (2003) Antigens in tea-beverage prime human Vgamma 2Vdelta 2 T cells in vitro and in vivo for memory and nonmemory antibacterial cytokine responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:6009–6014
Nantz MP, Rowe CA, Nieves C Jr, Percival SS (2006) Immunity and antioxidant capacity in humans is enhanced by consumption of a dried, encapsulated fruit and vegetable juice concentrate. J Nutr 136:2606–2610
Rowe CA, Nantz MP, Bukowski JF, Percival SS (2007) Specific formulation of Camellia sinensis prevents cold and flu symptoms and enhances γδ T cell function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll Nutr 26:445–452
Unno T, Suzuki Y, Kakuda T, Hayakawa T, Tsuge H (1999) Metabolism of theanine, gamma-glutamylethylamide, in rats. J Agric Food Chem 47:1593–1596
Terashima T, Takido J, Yokogoshi H (1999) Time-dependent changes of amino acids in the serum, liver, brain and urine of rats administered with theanine. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 63:615–618
Tsuge H, Sano S, Hayakawa T, Kakuda T, Unno T (2003) Theanine, gamma-glutamylethylamide, is metabolized by renal phosphate-independent glutaminase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1620:47–53
Brandes M, Willimann K, Lang AB, Nam KH, Jin C, Brenner MB, Morita CT, Moser B (2003) Flexible migration program regulates gamma delta T-cell involvement in humoral immunity. Blood 102:3693–3701
Brandes M, Willimann K, Lang AB, Nam KH, Jin C, Brenner MB, Morita CT, Moser B (2003) Flexible migration program regulates gamma delta T-cell involvement in humoral immunity. Blood 102:3693–3701
Henning SM, Niu Y, Lee NH, Thames GD, Minutti RR, Wang H, Go VL, Heber D (2004) Bioavailability and antioxidant activity of tea flavanols after consumption of green tea, black tea, or a green tea extract supplement. Am J Clin Nutr 80:1558–1564
Hollman PC, Katan MB (1998) Bioavailability and health effects of dietary flavonols in man. Arch Toxicol Suppl 20:237–248
Manach C, Texier O, Morand C, Crespy V, Regerat F, Demigne C, Remesy C (1999) Comparison of the bioavailability of quercetin and catechin in rats. Free Radic Biol Med 27:1259–1266
Scalbert A, Williamson G (2000) Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. J Nutr 130:2073S–2085S
Li C, Lee MJ, Sheng S, Meng X, Prabhu S, Winnik B, Huang B, Chung JY, Yan S, Ho CT, Yang CS (2000) Structural identification of two metabolites of catechins and their kinetics in human urine and blood after tea ingestion. Chem Res Toxicol 13:177–184
Sethi G, Sung B, Aggarwal BB (2008) TNF: a master switch for inflammation to cancer. Front Biosci 13:5094–5107
Fantini MC, Pallone F (2008) Cytokines: from gut inflammation to colorectal cancer. Curr Drug Targets 9:375–380
Naugler WE, Karin M (2008) The wolf in sheep’s clothing: the role of interleukin-6 in immunity, inflammation and cancer. Trends Mol Med 14:109–119
Khor TO, Yu S, Kong AN (2008) Dietary cancer chemopreventive agents – targeting inflammation and Nrf2 signaling pathway. Planta Med 74:1540–1547
Fraser CC (2008) G protein-coupled receptor connectivity to NF-kappaB in inflammation and cancer. Int Rev Immunol 27:320–350
Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Sinha P (2009) Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: linking inflammation and cancer. J Immunol 182:4499–4506
Egan PJ, Carding SR (2000) Downmodulation of the inflammatory response to bacterial infection by gammadelta T cells cytotoxic for activated macrophages. J Exp Med 191:2145–2158
Carding SR, Egan PJ (2000) The importance of gamma delta T cells in the resolution of pathogen-induced inflammatory immune responses. Immunol Rev 173:98–108
Berger A, German JB, Chiang BL, Ansari AA, Keen CL, Fletcher MP, Gershwin ME (1993) Influence of feeding unsaturated fats on growth and immune status of mice. J Nutr 123:225–233
Acknowledgments
This chapter would not be possible without the hard work and dedication of my laboratory staff, Meri Nantz and Cheryl A. Rowe, Ph.D. and my collaborators, Jack Bukowski and Susanne and Steve Talcott.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Percival, S.S. (2010). Fruit, Vegetables, and Extracts: Role in Cancer Prevention. In: Watson, R., Zibadi, S., Preedy, V. (eds) Dietary Components and Immune Function. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-061-8_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-061-8_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-060-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-061-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)