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Anaphylaxis and Hypersensitivity Reactions pp 33–46Cite as

Pathophysiology and Organ Damage in Anaphylaxis

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Abstract

Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially life-threatening multisystem syndrome resulting from the sudden release of mast cell- and basophil-derived mediators into the systemic circulation. Foods, medications, and insect stings cause most anaphylaxis for which a cause can be identified, but virtually any agent capable of directly or indirectly activating mast cells or basophils can cause it. This syndrome can consist of some or all the following signs and symptoms: diffuse pruritus, erythema, urticaria, and/or angioedema; bronchospasm; laryngeal edema; hypotension; and/or cardiac arrhythmias. Some of the other symptoms that can occur include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, lightheadedness, headache, feeling of impending doom, and unconsciousness. Regardless of the presenting signs or symptoms, which usually present within 5–30 min following the administration of the offending agent, this reaction can progress to respiratory compromise and cardiovascular collapse resulting in human fatalities. Usually, the more rapid the onset of clinical manifestations, the more likely the anaphylaxis will be life threatening. Immediate and appropriate therapy, especially with epinephrine, is mandatory to reverse the reactions. While most reactions are uniphasic, some can be biphasic or protracted. This chapter discusses the immunopathologic mechanisms and effects of anaphylaxis.

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  1. University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA

    Stephen F. Kemp

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Correspondence to Stephen F. Kemp .

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  1. Harvard Medical School, Ambulatory Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boyleston Street, Route 9 850, Chestnut Hill, 02467, Massachusetts, USA

    Mariana C. Castells

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Kemp, S.F., Lockey, R.F. (2011). Pathophysiology and Organ Damage in Anaphylaxis. In: Castells, M. (eds) Anaphylaxis and Hypersensitivity Reactions. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-951-2_3

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