Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diabetes in Special Populations

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Type 2 Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Practice ((CCP))

  • 3216 Accesses

Abstract

Major depressive disorders and depressive symptoms not only occur frequently with diabetes, but in many patients, mental health symptoms and even depression go unrecognized or incorrectly diagnosed [1]. Even among those that undergo successful treatment, close to 80% will experience relapsing symptoms within 5 years. Diabetic patients at higher risk for depression include those of female gender, poor social support system, lower education, low socioeconomic status, and unmarried status. Clinical research has revealed that having type-2 diabetes increases the risk of depression and depression is an independent risk and predictive factor for the quantity and severity of type-2 diabetes complications. Depression early in life also increases the risk for unhealthy lifestyle, obesity, sedentary existence, and addictive habits – especially smoking. In addition, patients with depression and type-2 diabetes are far more likely to be non-compliant with medications, glucose self monitoring, and therapeutic life style changes [1].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Knol MJ, Twisk JW, Beekman AT, Heine RJ, Snoek FJ, Pouwer F. Depression as a risk factor for type-2 diabetes mellitis. Diabetologia. 2006;49:837–845.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Jindal RD, Keshavan MS. Critical role of M3 muscarinic receptor in insulin secretion. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26(5):449–450.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Gilon P, Henquin JC. Mechanisms and physiological significance of the cholinergic control to pancreatic beta cell function. Endocr Rev. 2001;22(5):565–604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Gautam D, Han SJ, Hamdan FF. A critical role for beta cell M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in regulating insulin release and blood glucose homeostasis in vivo. Cell Metab. 2006;3(6):449–461.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Renuka TR, Robinson R, Paulose GS. Increased insulin secretion by muscarinic M1 and M3 receptor function from rat pancreatic islets in vivo. Neurochem Res. 2006;31(3):313–320.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. American Diabetes Association; American Psychiatric Association; American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs, obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(2):595–601.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Fava M. Weight gain and antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(suppl 11):37–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ackerman S, Nolan LJ. Bodyweight gain induced by psychotropic drugs. Incidence, mechanisms, and management. CNS Drugs. 1998;9:135–151.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Englegau MM, Burrows NR, Geiss LS, Valdez R. Type-2 diabetes among North American children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2000;136:664–672.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States 1999-2004. JAMA. 2006;295(13):1549–1555.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Molnar D. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(suppl 3):570–574.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Legro RE, Kunselman AR, Dodson WC. Prevalence and predictors of risk for type-2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:165–169.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Weiss R, Dziura J, Burgert TS. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2362–2374.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. American Diabetes Association. Type-2 diabetes in children and adolescents: consensus statement. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:381–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Vinicor F. Diabetes and Women’s Health Across the Life Stages: A Public Health Perspective. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control, US Department of Health and Human Services; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Narayan KM, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Sorenson SW, Williamson DF. Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. JAMA. 2003;290(14):1884–1890.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486-2497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393-403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002;287:356–359.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:2486–2497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Jack L, Boseman L, Vinicor F. Aging Americans and diabetes. A public health and clinical response. Geriatrics. 2004;59:14–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academic Press; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Harris MI, Flegal KM, Cowie CC. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in US adults. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:136–144.

    Google Scholar 

  24. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(suppl 1):S15–S35.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J,Eriksson JG. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1343–1350.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kanaya AM, Narayan KM. Prevention of type 2 diabetes: data from recent trials. Prim Care. 2003;30:511–526.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Peters RK. Prevention of type 2 diabetes by treatment of insulin resistance: comparison of early vs. late intervention in the TRIPOD study. Diabetes. 2002;51(suppl 2):A35.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Moses RG. The recurrence rate of gestational diabetes in subsequent pregnancies. Diabetes Care. 1996;19(12):1348–1350.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Dornhorst A, Rossi M. Risk and prevention of type 2 diabetes in women with gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(suppl 2):B43–B49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(suppl 1):S4–S19.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Jovanovic L, Pettit DJ. Gestational diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 2001;286:2516–2518.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kim C, Newton KM, Knopp RH. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1862–1868.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pietropaolo M, LeRoith D. Pathogenesis of diabetes: our current understanding. Clin Cornerstone. 2001;4:1–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Gu K, Cowie CC, Harris MI. Diabetes and decline in heart disease mortality in US adults. JAMA. 1999;281:1291–1297.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels. JAMA. 1998;279:1615–1622.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Assmann G, Carmena R, Cullen P. Coronary heart disease: reducing the risk: a worldwide view. International Task Force for the Prevention of Coronary Disease. Circulation. 1999;100:1930–1938.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Wilson PW. Diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998:32:S89–S100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:383–393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and mcirovascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ. 1998;317:703–713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Vega Gl. Results of expert meetings: obesity and cardiovascular disease. Obesity, the metabolic syndrome and cardivascular disease. Am Heart J. 2001;142:1108–1116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Deen D. Metabolic syndrome: time for action. Am Fam Physicain. 2004;69:2875–2882.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Wilson PW, Grundy SM. The metabolic syndrome: practical guide to origins and treatment. Circulation. 2003;108:1422–1424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Knowler WC, Barnett-Conner E, Fowler SE, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Zinman B, Ruderman N, Campaigne BN, Devlin JT, Schneider SH, American Diabetes Association. Physical activity exercise and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(suppl 1):S73–S77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Rossouw JE, Anerson GL, Prentice RL. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:321–333.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T. Randomized controlled trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA. 1998;280:605–613.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Manning P, Allum A, Jones S, Sutherland W, Williams S. The effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1772–1776.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Herrington DM, Vittinghoff E, Lin F. Statin therapy, cardiovascular events, and total mortality in the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS). Circulation. 2002;105:2962–2967.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Malmberg K. Prospective randomized study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (DIGAMI) Study Group. BMJ. 1997;314:1512–1514.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kjekshus J, Gilpin E, Cali G, Blackey AR, Henning H, Ross J. Diabetic patients and beta-blockers after acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1990;11:43–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Chen J. Beta blockers in elderly diabetic patients post myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:1388–1394.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bakris G, Bell D, Fonseca V. GEMINI Investigators. The rationale and design of the glycemic effects in diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 2004;292(18):2227–2236.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE. Exercise mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med. 2001;346:793–801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Vinik A, Flemmer M. Diabetes and macrovascular disease. J Diabetes Complications. 2002;16:235–245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Patterson JE, Andriole VT. Bacterial urinary tract infections in diabetes. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1995;9:25–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Patterson JE, Andriole V. Bacterial urinary tract infections in diabetes. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1997;11(3):735–750.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Lunt H. Women and diabetes. Diabet Med. 1996;13(12):1009–1016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Rayfield EJ, Ault MJ, Keusch GT. Infection and diabetes: the case for glucose control. Am J Med. 1982;72(3):439–450.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Addison WA, Livingood CH, Hill GB. Recurrent necrotizing fasciitis of vulvar origin in diabetic patients. Obstet Gynecol.1984;63(4):473–479.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Bohannon NJ. Treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(3):451–456.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Bell DS, Clements RS, Cutter GR, Whitey RJ. Condylomata acuminata in IDDM. Diabetes Care. 1988;11(3):295–296.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Stenchever MA, Herbst AL, Mishell DR (eds). Comprehensive Gynecology, 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Peer AK, Hoosen AA, Seedat MA. Vaginal yeast infections in diabetic women. S Afr Med J. 1993;83(10):727–729.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Tobin MJ. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: topical versus oral therapy. Am Fam Physician. 1995:51:1715–1720.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Coats AJ. Angiotensin receptor blockers – finally the evidence is coming in: IDNT and RENAAL. Int J Cardiol. 2001;79:99–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet. 2000;355:253–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Spanheimer RG. Reducing cardiovascular risk in diabetes. Which factors to modify first? Postgrad Med. 2001;109:26–30; 33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Adler AI, Stratton IM, Neil HA. Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000;321:412–419.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Colwell JA, American Diabetes Association. Aspirin therapy in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(suppl 1):S87–S88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering and low dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) Randomized Trial (HOT Study Group). Lancet. 1998;351:1755–1762.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. CAPRIE Steering Committee. Randomized, blinded trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996;348:1329–1339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GV, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:383–393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. American Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(suppl 1):S88–S90.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Clapp IF. Exercise during pregnancy: a clinical update. Clin Sports Med. 2000;19:273–286.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Bertinin AM, Silva JC, Taborda W. Perinatal outcomes and the use of oral hypoglycemic agents. J Perinat Med. 2005;33(6):519–523.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Jacobson GF, Ramos GA, Ching JY, Kirby RS, Ferrara A, Field DR. Comparison of glycburide and insulin for the management of gestational diabetes in a large managed care population. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193(1):118–124.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Brody SC, Harris R, Lohr K. Screening for gestational diabetes: a summary of evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services task Force. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101(2):380–392.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kim C, Herman WH, Vijan S. Efficacy and cost of postpartum screening strategies for diabetes among women with histories of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabets Care. 2007;30(5):1102–1106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Rowan J, Hague W, Wanzhen G, Battin M, Moore P. Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2003–2015.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Langer O, Brustman L, Anyaegbunam A, Mazze R. The significance of one abnormal glucose tolerance test value on adverse outcome in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;157:758–763.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Landon MB, Vickers S. Fetal surveillance in pregnancy complicated by diabetes mellitus: is it necessary? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002;12:413–416.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Meneilly GS, Tessier D. Diabetes in elderly adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M5–M13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Franse LV, di Bari M, Shorr RI, Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Type 2 diabetes in older well functioning people. Data from the Health, Aging, and Body composition study. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:2065–2070. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:413.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Katakura M, Naka M, Kondo T, and the Nagano Elderly Diabetes Study Group. Normal mortality in the elderly with diabetes under strict glycemic and blood pressure control. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;78:108–114.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Johnston PS, Lebovitz HE, Coniff RF, Simonson DC, Raskin P, Munera CL. Advantages of alpha glucosidase inhibition as monotherapy in elderly type-2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(5):1515–1522.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Jain MK, Aragaki C, Fischbach L. Hepatitis C is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in HIV infected persons without traditional risk factors. HIV Med. 2007;8:491–497.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Brown TT, Cole SR, Li X. Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence and incidence of diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Tebas P.Insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus associated with antiretroviral use in HIV infected patients. J Acquir Immune defic Syndr. 2008;49(suppl 2):S86–S92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Saint-Marc T, Touraine JL. Effects of metformin on insulin resistance and central adiposity in patients receiving effective protease inhibitor therapy. AIDS. 1999;13:1000–1002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. United States Renal Data System: USRDS 2005 Annual Data Report. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Snyder RW, Berns JS. Use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic medications in patients with diabetes mellitus and advanced kidney disease. Semin Dial. 2004;17:365–370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Ahmed I, Goldstein B. Diabetes mellitus. Clin Dermatol. 2006;24:237–246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Dittmar M, Kahaly GJ. Polyglandular autoimmune syndromes:immunogenetics and long term follow up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:2893–2992.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Jennings AM, Millner PC, Ward JD. Hand abnormalities are associated with the complications of diabetes. Diabet Med. 1989;6:43–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Huntley AC. The cutaneous manifestations of diabetes mellitus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;7:427–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Kono T, Hayami M, Kobayashi H, Ishii M, Taniguchi S. Acarbose induced generalized erythema multiforme. Lancet. 1999;354:396–397.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Blumer IR. Severe injection site reaction to insulin detimir. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:946.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Yang X, Hsu-Hage B, Zhang H, Zhang C, Zhang Y. Women with impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy have significantly poor pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1619–1624.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(1):213–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Supplementary Readings

  • Ahren B, Gomis R, Standl E. Twelve and fifty two week efficacy of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor LAF237 in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2874.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Diabetes Association. Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2002;26(suppl 1):S99–S102.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Diabetes Association. Diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(suppl 1):S94–S98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aschner P, Kipnes MS, Lunjceford JK, Sanchez M, Mickel C, Williams-Herman DE. Effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin monotherapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2632–2638.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakris GL, Williams M, Dworkin L. Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: a consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Gorup. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;41(suppl 1):S22–S25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker RH, Sha S, Frick AD, Fountaine RJ. The effect of smoking cessation and subsequent resumption on absorption of inhaled insulin. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:277–282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Codario R. A guide to combination therapy in type 2 diabetes. Patient Care. 2003;5:16–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Codario R. Type 2 Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome: The Primary Care Guide to Diagnosis and Management. Totowa: Humana; 2005, p. 14.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Codario R. Type 2 Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome. The Primary Guide to Diagnosis and Management. Totowa: Humana; 2005, p. 101.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Codario R. Type 2 Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome: The Primary Care Guide. Totowa: Humana; 2005, p. 17.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dailey GE. Improving oral pharmacologic treatment and management of type 2 diabetes. Manag Care. 2004;13:41–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson JA. Rationale for more aggressive guidelines for diabetes control. Endocr Pract. 2002;8(suppl 1):13–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis MD, Fisher MR, Gangnon RE. Risk factors for high risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy and severe visual loss: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Report#18. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:233–252.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeFronzo RA. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: metabolic and molecular implications for indentifying diabetes genes. Diabetes Rev. 1997;5:177–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeFronzo RA. Pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 1999;133:73–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeFronzo RA, Bergenstahl RM, Cefalu WT. Efficacy of inhaled insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes not controlled with diet and exercise. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1922–1928.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dressler A, Yki-Jarvinen H, Ziemen M. Less hypoglycemia and better post dinner glucose control with bedtime insulin glargine compared with bedtime NPH insulin during insulin combination therapy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1130–1136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dungan KM, Buse JB. Glucagon-like peptide 1 based therapies for type 2 diabetes. Clin Diabetes. 2005;23:56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egan J, Rubin C, Mathisen A. Pioglitazone 027 Study Group: combination therapy with pioglitazone and metformin in patients with type 2 diabtetes. Diabetes. 1999;48:A117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Genuth S, Alberti KG, Bennett P. Follow up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3160–3167.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grundy SM. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002;105:2696–2698.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gominak S, Parry GJ. Diabetic neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathies, classification, clinical feautres and Pathological Basis. Adv Neurol. 2002;99:99–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulland J. Growing evidence supports role of chromium in prevention treatment of diabetes. Hollistic Primary Care. 2003;4:8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry RR. Glucose control and insulin resistance in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:97–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoogwerf B. Exenatide and pramlintide: new glucose lowering agents for trating diabetes mellitus. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;73(6):477–484.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Izucchi SE. Oral antihyperglycemic therapy for type 2 diabetes: scientific review. JAMA. 2002;287:360–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeRoith D. Beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: role of metabolic and genetic abnormalities. Am J Med. 2002;113(suppl 6A):3S–11S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon G, Arky R. Inhaled insulin for diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:497–502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mogensen CE, Vestbo E, Poulsen PL. Micoralbuminuria and potential confounders. A review and some oservations on variability of urinary albumin excretion. Diabetes Care. 1995;18:572–581.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moses R, Slobodniuk R, Boyages S. Effect of replaglinide addition to metformin monotherapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:119–124.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nauck MA, Meininger G, Sheng D, Terranella L, Stein PP. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, compared with the sulfonylurea, glipizide, in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin alone. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007;9:194–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen LL, Baron AD. Pharmacology of exenatide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2003;4:401–405.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen LL, Young AA, Parkes DG. Pharmacology of exenatide: a potential therapeutic for improved glycemic control of type 2 diabetes. Regul Pept. 2004;117:77–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palumbo PJ. Glycemic control,mealtime glucose excursions and diabetic complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76:609–618.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parkes D, Jodka C, Smith P. Pharmacokinetic actions of exendin-4 in the rat: comparison with glucagon-like peptide-1. Drug Dev Res. 2001;53:260.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patton JS, Bukar J, Nagarian S. Inhaled insulin. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1999;35:235–247.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce NS. Diabetes and exercise. Br J Sports Med. 1999;33:161–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramlo-Halsted BA, Edelman SV. The natural history of type 2 diabetes. Implications for clinical practice. Prim Care. 1999;26:771–789.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raskin P, McGill J, Hale P. Replaglinide/rosiglitazone combination therapy of type 2 diabetes. American Diabetes Association 61st Scientific Session. Diabetes. 2001;50(suppl 2):Abstract 516-P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan EA, Lakey JR, Paty BW, Imes S, Korbutt GS, Kneteman NM. Successful islet transplantation: continued insulin reserve provides long term glycemic control. Diabetes. 2002;51:2148–2157.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salehi M, D’Alessio D. New therapies for type 2 diabetes based on glucagon-like peptide 1. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;72(4):382–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salehi M, D’Alessio D. New therapies for type 2 diabetes based on glucagon like peptide-1. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;73(4):382–388.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz O, Rungby B. Amylin agaonists: a novel approach in the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53(suppl 3):S233.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott R, Herman G, Zhao P. Twelve week efficacy and tolerability of MK-0431, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Abstract Book. Diabetes Association 65th Scientific Sessions 2005; 41-O.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons Z, Feldman EL. Update on diabetic neuropathy. Curr Opin Neurol. 2002;15:595–603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinnreich M, Taylor BV, Dyck JB. Diabetic neuropathies, classification, clinical features and pathological basis. Neurologist. 2005;11:63–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • The National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. Clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(suppl 1):S1–S266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verne GN, Sninsky CA. Diabetes and the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1998;27:861–874.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yki-Jarvinen H, Ryysy L, Nikkila K. Comparison of bedtime insulin regimens in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled study. Ann Int Med. 1999;130:389–396.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh GY, Eisenberg DM, Kaptchuk TJ, Philips RS. Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1277–1294.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Pennsylvania Health System Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Ronald A. Codario MD, FACP (Clinical Instructor in Medicine)

Authors
  1. Ronald A. Codario MD, FACP
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Diplomate American Board of Internal Medicine

Diplomate American Board of Clinical Lipidology

Diplomate American Board of Vascular Medicine

Clinical Hypertension Specialist (American Society of Hypertension Certified)

Vascular Ultrasound (American Registry of Diagnostic Sonography Certified)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Codario, R.A. (2011). Diabetes in Special Populations. In: Type 2 Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome. Current Clinical Practice. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-441-8_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-441-8_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-440-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-441-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation