Skip to main content

Substance Abuse and Depression

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pharmacotherapy of Depression

Abstract

Depression, complicated by substance abuse, is a common clinical problem and is often associated with poor clinical outcomes. Clinicians need to understand the relationship between these two conditions and must adjust their treatment plans to address both disorders simultaneously. It is critical that the clinician not confuse a substance-induced mood disorder with an independent depressive disorder. Unfortunately, the relationship between substance abuse and depression is not well understood, and there are relatively few well controlled studies to help guide the treatment of these patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Meyer RE. How to understand the relationship between psychopathology and addictive disorders: another example of the chicken and the egg. In: Meyer RE, ed. Psychopathology and Addictive Disorders. New York: Guilford, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Merikangas KR, Leckman JF, Prusoff BA, et al. Familial transmission of depression and alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:367–372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Grove WM, Andreasen NC, Winokur G. Primary and secondary affective disorders: unipolar patients compared on family aggregation. Compr Psychiatry 1987;28:113–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Prescott CA, Aggen SH, Kendler KS. Sex-specific genetic influences on the comorbidity of alcoholism and major depression in a population-based sample of US twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:803–811.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Moore RD, Bone LR, Geller G, Mamon JA, Stokes EJ, Levine DM. Prevalence, detection, and treatment of alcoholism in hospitalized patients. JAMA 1989;261:403–407.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Glass IB, Jackson P. Maudsley Hospital Survey: prevalence of alcohol problems and other psychiatric disorders in a hospital population. Br J Addict 1988;83:1105–1111.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Narrow WE, Rae DS, Robins LN, Regier DA. Revised prevalence estimates of mental disorders in the United States: using a clinical significance criterion to reconcile 2 surveys’ estimates. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:115–123.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the epidemiological catchment area (ECA) study. JAMA 1990;264:2511–2518.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kessler RC. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:8–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bucholz KK. Nosology and epidemiology of addictive disorders and their comorbidity. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1999;22:221–240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:807–816.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Wilson MC, Kevin PC, Frederick SS, Bridget FG. Changes in the prevalence of major depression and comorbid substance use disorders in the United States between 1991–1992 and 2001–2002. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:2141–2147.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Huang B, Grant BF, Dawson DA, et al. Race-ethnicity and the prevalence and co-occurrence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, alcohol and drug use disorders and Axis I and II disorders: United States, 2001 to 2002. Compr Psychiatry 2006;47(4):252–257.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Niciu MJ, Chan G, Gelernter J, et al. Subtypes of major depression in substance dependence. Addiction 2009;104:1700–1709.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Gold MS, Miller NS, Hoffmann NG. Depression in drug dependency (abstract). American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, May 25, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Miller NS, Ninonuevo F, Hoffmann NG, Astrachan BM. Predictors of treatment outcome: lifetime depression versus continuum of care. Am J Addict 1999;8:243–253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Hasin DS, Grant BF. Major depression in 6050 former drinkers: association with past alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:794–800.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kirchner JE, Curran GM, Thrush CR, et al. Depressive disorders and alcohol dependence in a community population. Community Ment Health J 2002;38:361–373.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Devanand DP. Comorbid psychiatric disorders in late life depression. Biol Psychiatry 2002;52:236–242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Compton WM, Cottler LB, Ben Abdallah A, et al. Substance dependence and other psychiatric disorders among drug dependent subjects: race and gender correlates. Am J Addict 2000;9:113–125.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gamma A, Buck A, Berthold T, Vollenweider FX. No difference in brain activation during cognitive performance between ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) users and control subjects: a [H2(15)O]-positron emission tomography study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:66–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. MacInnes N, Handley SL, Harding GF. Former chronic methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) users report mild depressive symptoms. J Psychopharmacol 2001;15:181–186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kalechstein AD, Newton TF, Longshore D, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity of methamphetamine dependence in a forensic sample. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000;12:480–484.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Fergusson DM, Lynskey MT, Horwood LJ. Comorbidity between depressive disorders and nicotine dependence in a cohort of 16-year-olds. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:1043–1047.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Brown RA, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR, Wagner EF. Cigarette smoking, major depression, and other psychiatric disorders among adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:1602–1610.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Dierker LC, Avenevoli S, Merikangas KR, Flaherty BP, Stolar M. Association between psychiatric disorders and the progression of tobacco use behaviors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:1159–1167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bovasso GB. Cannabis abuse as a risk factor for depressive symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:2033–2037.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Brook DW, Brook JS, Zhang C, Cohen P, Whiteman M. Drug use and the risk of major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence, and substance use disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:1039–1044.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Chen CY, Wagner FA, Anthony JC. Marijuana use and the risk of major depressive episode. Epidemiological evidence from the United States National Comorbidity Survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2002;37:199–206.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Patton GC, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Degenhardt L, Lynskey M, Hall W. Cannabis use and mental health in young people: cohort study. Br Med J 2002;325:1195–1198.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Vaillant GE. The Natural History of Alcoholism: Causes, Patterns and Pathways to Recovery. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  32. McLellan AT, Luborsky L, Woody GE, O’Brien CP, Druley KA. Predicting response to alcohol and drug treatments. Role of psychiatric severity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:620–625.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. McLellan AT, Luborsky L, O’Brien CP. Alcohol and drug abuse treatment in three different populations: is there improvement and is it predictable? Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1986;12:101–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Rounsaville BJ, Dolinsky ZS, Babor TF, Meyer RE. Psychopathology as a predictor of treatment outcome in alcoholics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:505–513.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Schaefer MR, Sobieraj K, Hollyfield RL. Severity of alcohol dependence and its relationship to additional psychiatric symptoms in male alcoholic inpatients. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1987;13:435–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Powell BJ, Penick EC, Nickel EJ, et al. Outcomes of co-morbid alcoholic men: a 1-year follow-up. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992;16:131–138.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Bjork JM, Dougherty DM, Moeller FG. Symptomatology of depression and anxiety in female “social drinkers”. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1999;25:173–182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Mueller TI, Lavori PW, Keller MB, et al. Prognostic effect of the variable course of alcoholism on the 10-year course of depression. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:701–706.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Hasin DS, Tsai W-Y, Endicott J, et al. Five-year course of major depression: effects of comorbid alcoholism. J Affect Disord 1996;41:63–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Barraclough B, Bunch J, Nelson B, Sainsbury P. A hundred cases of suicide: clinical aspects. Br J Psychiatry 1974;125:355–373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Robins E. The Final Months: A Study of the Lives of 134 Who Committed Suicide. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ, Hennen J, et al. Suicide attempts in major affective disorder patients with comorbid substance use disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60(Suppl 2):S63–S69; discussion 75–76, 113–116.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Grant BF, Hasin DS. Suicidal ideation among the United States drinking population: results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. J Stud Alcohol 1999;60:422–429.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Aharonovich E, Liu X, Nunes E, Hasin DS. Suicide attempts in substance abusers: effects of major depression in relation to substance use disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1600–1602.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Davis LL, Rush JA, Wisniewski SR, et al. Substance use disorder comorbidity in major depressive disorder: an exploratory analysis of the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression cohort. Compr Psychiatry 2005;46:81–89.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Curran GM, Flynn HA, Kirchner J, Booth BM. Depression after alcohol treatment as a risk factor for relapse among male veterans. J Subst Abuse Treat 2000;19:259–265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hasin DS, Liu X, Nunes E, McCloud S, Samet S, Endicott J. Effects of major depression on remission and relapse of substance dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:375–380.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kahler CW, Ramsey SE, Read JP, Brown RA. Substance-induced and independent major depressive disorder in treatment-seeking alcoholics: associations with dysfunctional ­attitudes and coping. J Stud Alcohol 2002;63:363–371.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. DSM-IV. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Hesselbrock VM, Tennen H, Stabenau J, Hesselbrock M. Affective disorder in alcoholism. Int J Addict 1983;18:435–444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Jaffe JH, Ciraulo DA. Alcoholism and depression. In: Meyer RE, ed. Psychopathology and Addictive Disorders. New York: Guilford, 1986:293–320.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Khantzian EJ. Psychopathology, psychodynamics, and alcoholism. In: Pattison EM, Kaufman E, eds. Encyclopedia Handbook of Alcoholism. New York: Gardner, 1982:581–597.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Behar D, Winokur G, Berg CJ. Depression in the abstinent alcoholic. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:1105–1107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Beck AT. Depression Inventory. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Center for Cognitive Therapy, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Schuckit M. Alcoholic patients with secondary depression. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:711–714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Merikangas KR, Gelernter CS. Comorbidity for alcoholism and depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1990;13:613–632.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Ross HE, Glaser FB, Germanson T. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with alcohol and other drug problems. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:1023–1031.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Abraham HD, Fava M. Order of onset of substance abuse and depression in a sample of depressed outpatients. Compr Psychiatry 1999;40:44–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hesselbrock MN, Meyer RE, Keener JJ. Psychopathology in hospitalized alcoholics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:1050–1055.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hen CW, Overall JE, Kaufman E. Predicting the post treatment depressive state of an alcoholic patient. Int J Addict 1990;25:1263–1273.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Kay DC. The search for psychopathic states in alcoholics and other drug abusers. In: Fann WE, Karacan I, Pokorny AD, Williams RL, eds. Phenomenology and Treatments of Alcoholism. New York: Spectrum, 1980:269–304.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Ciraulo DA, Creelman WL, Shader RI, O’Sullivan R. Cyclic antidepressants. In: Ciraulo DA, Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ, Creelman WL, eds. Drug Interactions in Psychiatry. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1995:29–64.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Tanaka E. Toxicological interactions involving psychiatric drugs and alcohol: an update. J Clin Pharm Ther 2003;28:81–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Ciraulo DA, Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ. SSRI drug-drug interactions. In: Ciraulo DA, Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ, Creelman WL, eds. Drug Interactions in Psychiatry. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1995:64–90.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Naranjo CA, Kadlec KE, Sanhueza P, Woodley-Remus D, Sellers EM. Fluoxetine differentially alters alcohol intake and other consummatory behaviors in problem drinkers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990;47:490–498.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Ciraulo DA, Barnhill JG, Jaffe AJ, Ciraulo AM, Tarmey MF. Intravenous pharmacokinetics of 2-hydroxyimipramine in alcoholics and normal controls. J Stud Alcohol 1990;51:366–372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Thase ME, Salloum IM, Corneliis JD. Comorbid alcoholism and depression: treatment issues. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;63(Suppl 20):S32–S41.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Mason BJ. Dosing issues in the pharmacotherapy of alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996;20(Suppl 7):10A–16A.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Ciraulo DA, Barnhill JG, Jaffe JH. Clinical pharmacokinetics of imipramine and desipramine in alcoholics and normal volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988;43:509–518.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Ciraulo DA, Jaffe JH. Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of depression associated with alcoholism. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1981;1:146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Mason BJ, Kocsis MD. Despiramine treatment of alcoholism. Psychopharmacol Bull 1991;27:155–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Nunes EV, McGrath PJ, Quitkin FM, et al. Imipramine treatment of alcoholism with comorbid depression. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:963–965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. McGrath PJ, Nunes EV, Stewart JW, et al. Imipramine treatment of alcoholics with primary depression: a placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:232–240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Mason BJ, Kocsis MD, Ritvo EC, Cutler RB. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of desipramine for primary alcohol dependence stratified on the presence or absence of major depression. JAMA 1996;275:803–804.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Hyatt MC, Bird MA. Amitriptyline augments and prolongs ethanol-induced euphoria. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;7:277–278.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Lejoyeux M. Use of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamiine) reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of alcoholism. Alcohol Alcohol 1996;31(Suppl 1):S69–S75.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Sellers EM, Higgins GA. Opportunities for treatment of psychoactive substance use disorders with serotonergic medications. J Clin Psychiatry 1991;52(Suppl 12):S49–S54.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Leonard BE. The comparative pharmacology of new antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry 1993;54(Suppl 8):S3–S5.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Loo H, Malka R, Defrance R, et al. Tianeptine and amitriptyline. Controlled double-blind trial in depressed alcoholic patients. Neuropsychobiology 1988;19:79–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Cornelius JR, Salloum IM, Cornelius MD, et al. Fluoxetine trial in suicidal depressed alcoholics. Psychopharmacol Bull 1993;29:195–199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Kranzler HR, Burleson JA, Korner P. Placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine as an adjunct to relapse prevention in alcoholics. Am J Psychol 1995;152:391–397.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Cornelius JR, Salloum IM, Ehler JG, et al. Fluoxetine in depressed alcoholics. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:700–705.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Cornelius JR, Salloum IM, Thase ME, et al. Fluoxetine versus placebo in depressed alcoholic cocaine abusers. Psychopharmacol Bull 1998;34:117–121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Cornelius JR, Salloum IM, Haskett RF, et al. Fluoxetine versus placebo in depressed alcoholics: a 1-year follow-up study. Addict Behav 2000;25:307–310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Cornelius JR, Bukstein OG, Birmaher B, et al. Fluoxetine in adolescents with major ­depression and an alcohol use disorder: an open-label trial. Addict Behav 2001;26:735–739.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Cornelius JR, Clark DB, Bukstein OG, et al. Acute phase and five-year follow-up study of fluoxetine in adolescents with major depression and a comorbid substance use disorder: a review. Addict Behav 2005;30(9):1824–1833.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Riggs PD, Mikulich SK, Coffman LM, Crowley TJ. Fluoxetine in drug-dependent delinquents with major depression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1997;7:87–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Roy A. Placebo-controlled study of sertraline in depressed recently abstinent alcoholics. Biol Psychiatry 1998;44:633–637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Pettinati HM, Volpicelli JR, Luck G. Double-blind clinical trial of sertraline treatment for alcohol dependence. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:143–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Moak DH, Anton RF, Latham PK, et al. Sertraline and cognitive behavioral therapy for depressed alcoholics: results of a placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23:553–562.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Gual A, Balcells M, Torres M, et al. Sertraline for the prevention of relapse in detoxicated alcohol dependent patients with a comorbid depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Alcohol Alcohol 2003;38:619–625.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Kranzler HR, Mueller T, Cornelius J, et al. Sertraline treatment of co-occurring alcohol dependence and major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26(1):13–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Tiihonen J, Ryynanen OP, Kauhanen HP, Hakola HP, Salaspuro M. Citalopram in the treatment of alcoholism: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Pharmacopsychiatry 1996;29:27–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Naranjo CA, Poulos CX, Bremner KE, Lanctot KL. Citalopram decreases desirability, ­liking, and consumption of alcohol in alcohol-dependent drinkers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992;51:729–739.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Balldin J, Berggren U, Engel J, et al. Effect of citalopram on alcohol intake in heavy drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994;18:1133–1136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Naranjo CA, Knoke DM, Bremner KE. Variations in response to citalopram in men and women with alcohol dependence. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2000;25:269–275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Muhonen LH, Lonnqvist J, Juva K, Alho H. Double-blind, randomized comparison of memantine and escitalopram for the treatment of major depressive disorder comorbid with alcohol dependence. J Clin Psychiatry 2008a;69(3):392–399.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Muhonen LH, Lahti J, Sinclair D, Lonnqvist J, Alho H. The treatment of alcohol dependence in patients with co-morbid major depressive disorder – predictors for the outcomes with memantine and escitalopram medication. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2008b;3:20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Muhonen LH, Lonnqvist J, Lahti J, Alho H. Age at onset of first depressive episode as a predictor for escitalopram treatment of major depression comorbid with alcohol dependence. Psychiatry Res 2009;167(1–2):115–122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Pettinati HM. Antidepressant treatment of co-occurring depression and alcohol dependence. Biol Psychiatry 2004;56(10):785–792.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Gopalakrishnan R, Ross J, O’Brien C, Oslin D. Course of late-life depression with alcoholism following combination therapy. J Stud Alcohol Drug 2009;70(2):237–241.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Pettinati HM, Oslin DW, Kampman KM, et al A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial combining sertraline and naltrexone for treating co-occurring depression and alcohol dependence. Am J Psychiatry (http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/) AJP in Advance, published March 15, 2010 (doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08060852). Accessed April 29, 2010.

  103. Nierenberg AA, Adler LA, Peselow E, Zornberg G, Rosenthal M. Trazodone for antidepressant-associated insomnia. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:1069–1072.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Le Bon O, Murphy JR, Staner L, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of trazodone in alcohol post-withdrawal syndrome: polysomnographic and clinical evaluations. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23:377–383.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Pettinati HM. The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treating alcoholic subtypes. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62(Suppl 20):S26–S31.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Pettinati HM, Kranzler HR, Madaras J. The status of serotonin-selective pharmacotherapy in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Recent Dev Alcohol 2003;16:247–262.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Johnson BA, DiClemente CC, Cloninger CR, et al. Ondansetron for reduction of drinking among biologically predisposed alcoholic patients. JAMA 2000;284:963–971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Lader MH. Tolerability and safety: essentials in antidepressant pharmacotherapy. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57(Suppl 2):39–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Roy-Byrne PP, Pages KP, Russo JE, et al. Nefazodone treatment of major depression in alcohol-dependent patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20:129–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Hernandez-Avila CA, Modesto-Lowe V, Feinn R, Kranzler HR. Nefazodone treatment of comorbid alcohol dependence and major depression. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004;28(3):433–440.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Liappas J, Paparrigopoulos T, Tzavellas E, Rabavilas A. Mirtazapine and venlafaxine in the management of collateral psychopathology during alcohol detoxification. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004;29(1):55–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Altintoprak AE, Zoriu N, Coskunol H, Akdeniz F. Effectiveness and tolerability of mirtazapine and amitriptyline in alcoholic patients with co-morbid depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind study. Hum Psychopharmacol 2008;23(4):313–319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Yoon SJ. Pae CU. Kim DJ, et al. Mirtazapine for patients with alcohol dependence and comorbid depressive disorders: a multicentre, open label study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006;30(7):1196–1201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Garcia-Portilla MP, Bascaran MT. Saiz PA, et al. Effectiveness of venlafaxine in the treatment of alcohol dependence with comorbid depression [Spanish]. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2005;33(1):41–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Goodwin FK. Clinic Psychiatric News 1994:11.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Ostracher MJ, Perlis RH, Nierenberg AA, et al. Impact of substance use disorders on recovery from episodes of depression in bipolar disorder patients: prospective data from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Am J Psychiatry 2010;167(3):289–297.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Salloum IM, Cornelius JR, Daley DC, et al. Efficacy of valproate maintenance in patients with bipolar disorder and alcoholism: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:37–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Brown ES, Garza M, Carmody TJ. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled add-on trial of quetiapine in outpatients with bipolar disorder and alcohol uses disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69(5):701–705.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Reich LH, Davies RK, Himmelhoch JM. Excessive alcohol use in manic depressive illness. Am J Psychiatry 1974;131:83–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Brady KT, Sonne SC, Anton R, Ballenger JC. Valproate in the treatment of acute bipolar affective episodes complicated by substance abuse: a pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56:118–121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Albanese MJ, Clodfelter RC, Jr., Khantzian EJ. Divalproex sodium in substance abusers with mood disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61:916–921.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Kemp DE, Gao K, Ganocy SJ, et al. A 6-month, double-blind, maintenance trial of lithium monotherapy versus the combination of lithium and divalproex for rapid-cycling bipolar disorder and co-occurring substance abuse or dependence. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70(1):113–121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Rubio G, Lopez-Munoz F, Alamo C. Effects of lamotrigine in patients with bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence. Bipolar Disord 2006;8(3):289–293.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Hertzman M. Divalproex sodium to treat concomitant substance abuse and mood disorders. J Subst Abuse Treat 2000;18:371–372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Goldberg JF, Garno JL, Leon AC, Kocis JH, Portera L. A history of substance abuse complicates remission from acute mania in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:733–740.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Bowden CL, et al. Oral topiramate for treatment of alcohol dependence: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:1677–1685.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Gawin FH, Kleber HD. Abstinence symptomatology and psychiatric diagnosis in cocaine abusers. Clinical observations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:107–113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Brower KJ, Maddahian E, Blow FC, Beresford TP. A comparison of self-reported symptoms and DSM-III-R criteria for cocaine withdrawal. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1988;14:347–356.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Lowenstein DH, Massa SM, Rowbotham MC, Collins SD, McKinney HE, Simon RP. Acute neurologic and psychiatric complications associated with cocaine abuse. Am J Med 1987;83:841–846.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Ford JD, Gelernter J, DeVoe JS, et al. Association of psychiatric and substance use disorder comorbidity with cocaine dependence severity and treatment utilization in cocaine-dependent individuals. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009;99(1–3):193–203.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Tang YL, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J, et al. Comorbid psychiatric diagnoses and their association with cocaine-induced psychosis in cocaine-dependent subjects. Am J Addict 2007;16(5):343–351.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Kleinman PH, Miller AB, Millman RB, et al. Psychopathology among cocaine abusers entering treatment. J Nerv Ment Dis 1990;178:442–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Brown RA, Monti PM, Myers MG, et al. Depression among cocaine abusers in treatment: relation to cocaine and alcohol use and treatment outcome. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:220–225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Gawin FH, Kleber HD, Byck R, et al. Desipramine facilitation of initial cocaine abstinence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:117–121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Weiss RD. Relapse to cocaine abuse after initiating desipramine treatment. JAMA 1988;260:2545–2546.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Ziedonis DM, Kosten TR. Depression as a prognostic factor for pharmacological treatment of cocaine dependence. Psychopharmacol Bull 1991;27:337–343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Nunes EV, McGrath PJ, Quitkin FM, et al. Imipramine treatment of cocaine abuse: possible boundaries of efficacy. Drug Alcohol Depend 1995;39:185–195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. McDowell D, Nunes EV, Seracini AM, et al. Desipramine treatment of cocaine-dependent patients with depression: a placebo-controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005;80(2):209–221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Gonzalez G, Feingold A, Oliveto A, et al. Comorbid major depressive disorder as a prognostic factor in cocaine-abusing buprenorphine-maintained patients treated with desipramine and contingency management. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2003;29:497–514.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Brown ES, Nejtek VA, Perantie DC, et al. Lamotrigine in patients with bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64(2):197–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Brown ES, Perantie DC, Dhanani N, et al. Lamotrigine for bipolar disorder and comorbid cocaine dependence: a replication and extension study. J Affect Disord 2006;93(1–3):219–222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Schmitz JM, Averill P, Stotts AL, et al. Fluoxetine treatment of cocaine-dependent patients with major depressive disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001;63:207–214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. McDowell DM, Levin FR, Seracini AM, Nunes EV. Venlafaxine treatment of cocaine abusers with depressive disorders. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2000;26:25–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Kampman KM, Leiderman D, Holmes T, et al. Cocaine Rapid Efficacy Screening Trials (CREST): lessons learned. Addiction 2005;100(Suppl 1):102–111.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Poling J, Oliveto A, Petry N, et al. Six-month trial of bupropion with contingency management for cocaine dependence in a methadone-maintained population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63(2):219–228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Kampman KM, Pettinati H, Lynch KG, et al. A pilot trial of topiramate for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004;75:233–240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Gonzalez G, Desai R, Sofuoglu M, et al. Clinical efficacy of gabapentin versus tiagabine for reducing cocaine use among cocaine dependent methadone-treated patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007;87(1):1–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Bisaga A, Aharonovich E, Garawi F, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of gabapentin for cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006;81(3):267–274.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Brady KT, Sonne SC, Malcolm RJ, et al. Carbamazepine in the treatment of cocaine dependence: subtyping by affective disorder. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;10:276–285.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Elkashef A, Fudala PJ, Gorgon L, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of selegiline transdermal system (STS) for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006;85(3):191–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Dackis CA, Kampman KM, Lynch KG, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of modafinil for cocaine dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;30(1):205–211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Ciraulo DA, Knapp C, Rotrosen J, et al. Nefazodone treatment of cocaine dependence with comorbid depressive symptoms [Clinical Trial. Journal Article. Randomized Controlled Trial. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t. Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, P.H.S.]. Addiction 2005;100(Suppl 1):23–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Gawin FH. New uses of antidepressants in cocaine abuse. Psychosomatics 1986;27(Suppl 11):S24–S29.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Johnson BA, Roache JD, Ait-Daoud N, et al. A preliminary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of ondansetron in the treatment of cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006;84(3):256–263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Albanese MJ, Suh JJ. Risperidone in cocaine-dependent patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Pract 2006;12(5):306–311.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Brodie JD, Figueroa E, Dewey SL. Treating cocaine addiction: from preclinical to clinical trial experience with gamma-vinyl GABA. Synapse 2003;50(3):261–265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Brodie JD, Figueroa E, Laska EM, Dewey SL. Safety and efficacy of γ-vinyl GABA (GVG) for the treatment of methamphetamine and/or cocaine addiction. Synapse 2004;55(2):122–125.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Brodie JD, Case BC, Figueroa E, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vigabatrin for the treatment of cocaine dependence in Mexican Parolees. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166(11):1269–1277.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Meyer RE. New pharmacotherapies for cocaine dependence revisited. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:900–904.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Lima MS, Reisser AA, Soares BG, Farrell M. Antidepressants for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;2:CD002950.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Batki SL, Manfredi LB, Jacob P, III, Jones RT. Fluoxetine for cocaine dependence in methadone maintenance: quantitative plasma and urine cocaine/benzoylecgonine concentrations. J Psychopharmacol 1993;13:243–250.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Rounsaville BJ, Weissman MM, Kleber H, Wilber C. Heterogeneity of psychiatric diagnosis in treated opiate addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:161–166.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Brooner RK, King VL, Kidorf M, Schmidt CW, Jr., Bigelow GE. Psychiatric and substance use comorbidity among treatment-seeking opioid abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:71–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Dean AJ, Bell J, Christie MJ, Mattick RP. Depressive symptoms during buprenorphine vs. methadone maintenance: findings from a randomized, controlled trial of opioid dependence. Eur Psychiatry 2004;19(8):510–513.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Nunes EV, Sullivan MA, Levin FR. Treatment of depression in patients with opiate dependence. Biol Psychiatry 2004;56:793–802.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Woody GE, Luborsky L, McLellan AT, et al. Psychotherapy of opiate addicts: does it help? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:639–645.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Woody GE, O’Brien CP, Rickels K. Depression and anxiety in heroin addicts: a placebo-controlled study of doxepin in combination with methadone. Am J Psychiatry 1975;132:447–450.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Titievsky J, Seco G, Barranco M, Kyle EM. Doxepin as adjunctive therapy for depressed methadone maintenance patients: a double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 1982;43:454–456.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Kleber HD, Weissman MM, Rounsaville BJ, Wilber CH, Prusoff BA, Riordan CE. Imipramine as treatment for depression in addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:649–653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Nunes EV, Quitkin FM, Donovan SJ, et al. Imipramine treatment of opiate-dependent patients with depressive disorders. A placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:153–160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Maany I, Dhopesh V, Arndt IO, et al. Increase in desipramine serum levels associated with methadone maintenance. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:1611–1613.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Maxwell JC, McCance-Katz EF. Indicators of buprenorphine and methadone use and abuse: what do we know? Am J Addict 2009;19(1):73–88.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Vazquez V, Gury C, Laquille X. Methadone: from pharmacokinetic profile to clinical pharmacology. Encephale 2006;32(4 Pt 1):478–486.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Petrakis I, Carroll KM, Nich C, et al. Fluoxetine treatment of depressive disorders in methadone-maintained opioid addicts. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998;50:221–226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Dean AJ, Bell J, Mascord DJ, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of fluoxetine in methadone maintenance patients with depression. J Affect Disord 2002;72:85–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Hamilton SP, Nunes EV, Janai M, Weber L. The effect of sertraline on methadone plasma levels in methadone-maintained patients. Am J Addict 2000;9:63–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Carpenter KM, Brooks AC, Vosburg SK, Nunes EV. The effect of sertraline and environmental context on treating depression and illicit substance use among methadone maintained opiate dependent patients: a controlled clinical trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004;74:123–134.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Stein MD, Herman DS, Solomon DA, et al. Adherence to treatment of depression in active injection drug users: the minerva study. J Subst Abuse Treat 2003;26:87–93.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Woody GE, McLellan AT, Luborsky L, et al. Severity of psychiatric symptoms as a predictor of benefits from psychotherapy: the Veterans Administration-Penn study. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:1172–1177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Woody GE, McLellan AT, Luborsky L, O’Brien CP. Twelve-month follow-up of psychotherapy for opiate dependence. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:590–596.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Kosten TR, Rounsaville BJ, Kleber HD. A 2.5-year follow-up of depression, life crises, and treatment effects on abstinence among opioid addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:733–738.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Kanof PD, Aronson MJ, Ness R. Organic mood syndrome associated with detoxification from methadone maintenance. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:423–428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Keller MB. Long-term outcome of episodes of major depression. JAMA 1984;252:788–792.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Kofoed L, Kania J, Walsh T, Atkinson RM. Outpatient treatment of patients with substance abuse and coexisting psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:867–872.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. O’Malley SS, Jaffe AJ, Chang G, et al. Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:881–887.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Volpicelli JR, Alterman AI, Hayashida M, O’Brien CP. Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol-dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:876–880.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Pelc I, Verbanck P, Le Bon O, et al. Efficacy and safety of acamprosate in the treatment of detoxified alcohol-dependent patients. Br J Psychiatry 1997;171:73–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. McLellan AT, Alterman AI. Patient treatment matching: a conceptual and methodological review with suggestions for future research. In: Pickens RW, Leukefeld CG, Schuster CR, eds. Improving Drug Abuse Treatment. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991:114–135.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Haertzen CA. Development of scales based on patterns of drug effects, using the addiction research center inventory. Psychol Rep 1966;18:163–194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Sarid-Segal O, Knapp CM, Ciraulo AM, et al. Decreased EEG sensitivity to alprazolam in subjects with a parental history of alcoholism. J Clin Pharmacol 2000;40:84–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Akiskal HS. Subaffective disorders: dysthymic, cyclothymic, and bipolar II disorders in the “borderline” realm. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1981 Apr;4(1):25–46.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John A. Renner .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Renner, J.A., Baxter, J., Suzuki, J., Ciraulo, D.A. (2011). Substance Abuse and Depression. In: Ciraulo, D., Shader, R. (eds) Pharmacotherapy of Depression. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-435-7_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-435-7_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-434-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-435-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics