Key Points
-
Obesity is a chronic problem that is increasing in prevalence, affecting both adults and children.
-
A small positive energy imbalance causes the problem, but focusing on calories may not be as productive as modulating some of the economic and societal factors.
-
Obesity increases risk of death and many diseases; weight loss provides benefits in reducing health risks and improving the quality of life.
-
Treatments must redress the energy imbalance. Diet, lifestyle modification, and exercise are the cornerstones of treatment.
-
Two drugs are approved by the FDA for long-term treatment, and they can effectively improve health-related risks.
-
Bariatric surgery has become a major treatment strategy and has proven that it can reduce long-term health risks from obesity.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Suggested Further Reading
The following Web sites contain good information or handouts to determine whether following a particular diet will be harmful or not:
The Federal Trade Commission, http://www.ftc.gov, which includes “Weighing the Evidence in Diet Ads”
The American Heart Association’s Fad Diets, at http://www.americanheart.org
References
Bray GA. The Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 2007.
Bray GA. Medical consequences of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:2583–2589.
Spalding KL, Arner E, Westermark PO, et al. Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature 2008; 453:783–787.
Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. High body mass index for age among US children and adolescents, 2003–2006. JAMA 2008; 299:2401–2405.
Finkelstein EA, Fiebelkorn IC, Wang G. State-level estimates of annual medical expenditures attributable to obesity. Obes Res 2004; 12:18–24.
Roberts SB, Pi-Sunyer FX, Dreher M, et al. Physiology of fat replacement and fat reduction: effects of dietary fat and fat substitutes on energy regulation. Nutr Rev 1998; 56(5 Pt 2):S29–41; discussion S-9.
Zemel MB, Shi H, Greer B, Dirienzo D, Zemel PC. Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. FASEB J 2000; 14:1132–1138.
Davies KM, Heaney RP, Recker RR, et al. Calcium intake and body weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:4635–4638.
Thompson WG, Rostad Holdman N, Janzow DJ, Slezak JM, Morris KL, Zemel MB. Effect of energy-reduced diets high in dairy products and fiber on weight loss in obese adults. Obes Res 2005; 13:1344–1353.
Farshchi HR, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA. Beneficial metabolic effects of regular meal frequency on dietary thermogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and fasting lipid profiles in healthy obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:16–24.
Goldstone AP, Beales PL. Genetic obesity syndromes. Front Horm Res 2008; 36:37–60.
Pagotto U, Marsicano G, Cota D, Lutz B, Pasquali R. The emerging role of the endocannabinoid system in endocrine regulation and energy balance. Endocr Rev 2006; 27:73–100.
Klein S, Burke LE, Bray GA, Blair S, Allison DB, Pi-Sunyer X, Hong Y, Eckel RH. American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Clinical implications of obesity with specific focus on cardiovascular disease: a statement for professionals from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation 2004; 110:2952–2967.
Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285:2486–2497.
Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults–The Evidence Report. National Institutes of Health. Obes Res 1998; 6(Suppl 2):51S–209S.
Boyle MA, Long S. Personal Nutrition. Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, Florence, KY, 2009.
Ello-Martin, Roe LS, Ledikwe JH, Beach AM, Rolls BJ. Dietary energy density in the treatment of obesity: a year-long trial comparing 2 weight-loss diets. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85:1465–1477.
Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005; 293:43–53.
Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, et al. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women. JAMA 2007; 297:969–977.
Cassady BA, Charboneau NL, Brys EM, Crouse KA, Beitz DC, Wilson T. Comparison of low-carbohydrate diets rich in either red meat or poultry, fish and shellfish on weight loss and plasma lipids. Nutr Metab 2007; 4:23.
Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:393–403.
Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. Effects of Internet behavioral counseling on weight loss in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003;289: 1833–1836.
Jakicic JM, Marcus BH, Gallagher KI, Napolitano M, Lang W. Effect of exercise duration and intensity on weight loss in overweight, sedentary women: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 290:1323–1330.
Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DC. Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis. BMJ 2007; 335:1194–1199.
Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, Jensen MD, Pories W, Fahrbach K, Schoelles K. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2004; 292:1724–1737.
Sjostrom L, Narbro K, Sjostrom CD, et al.; Swedish Obese Subjects Study. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:741–752.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bray, G.A., Champagne, C.M. (2010). Obesity: Understanding and Achieving a Healthy Weight. In: Wilson, T., Bray, G., Temple, N., Struble, M. (eds) Nutrition Guide for Physicians. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-431-9_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-431-9_22
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-430-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-431-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)