Key Points
-
By 2020, COPD will be the third leading cause of mortality worldwide.
-
Many COPD patients are malnourished, resulting in clinical deterioration, decreased exercise capacity, and diminished survival.
-
The weight loss and loss of lean mass associated with COPD reflect in part metabolic disturbances, including hypermetabolism, inflammation-induced catabolism, alterations in protein metabolism, hormonal alterations, and muscle alterations and dysfunction.
-
Loss of body mass also results from low food intake caused by increased difficulty in carrying out daily food-related activities (e.g., shopping, cooking) due to fatigue, dietary problems (loss of appetite, early satiety, dyspnea associated with feeding, swallowing problems, gastroesophageal reflux), and psychological problems (solitude, depression, anxiety, attitude/beliefs).
-
Hospital stay due to exacerbations and treatment with glucocorticosteroids can also contribute to reduced food consumption.
-
Interventions should emphasize weight gain in patients with BMI < 25 and weight stability in those with higher BMI, positive nitrogen balance, and functional improvements in muscle strength, handgrip strength, and walking ability.
-
Strategies to help meet adequate intake include eating six to seven small meals (300–500 kcal/meal) throughout the day, using energy/protein-dense foods/supplements, using affordable yet enjoyable foods, and enlisting family community support at mealtime.
-
Other strategies aim to minimize the energy cost of food activities. Meal preparation time should be kept to a minimum, one-dish recipes help reduce the energy spent cleaning up after the meal, frequently used foods and kitchenware should be close at hand, and cooking more than needed on good days to ensure having good food to eat on bad days.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Chapman KR, Mannino DM, Soriano JB, Vermeire PA, Buist AS, Thun MJ, et al. Epidemiology and costs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2006; 27(1):188–207.
Pawels RA, Rabe KF. Burden and clinical feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Lancet 2004; 364:613–20.
Mannino DM, Homa DM, Akimbani LJ, Ford ES, Redd SC. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Surveillance – United States, 1971–2000. MMWR 2002; 51:1–16.
World Health Organization. The World Health Report: 2004: Changing history. Available from: URL: www.who.int/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf
Jemal A, Ward E, Hao Y, Thun M. Trends in the leading causes of death in the United States, 1970–2002. JAMA 2005; 294(10):1255–9.
Murray CJL, Lopez AD, eds. The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press, 1996.
Tinkelman D, Nordyke RJ, Isonaka S, George D, DesFosses K, Nonikov D. The impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on long-term disability costs. J Manag Care Pharm 2005; 11(1):25–32.
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, 2006. Available from: URL: www.goldcopd.org
Rennard SI, Vestbo J. COPD, the dangerous underestimate of 15%. Lancet 2006; 367:1216–9.
National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2006, with chartbook on trends in the health of Americans. Hyattsville (MD), 2006.
Machado MC, Krishnan JA, Buist SA, Bilderback AL, Fazolo GP, Santarosa MG, et al. Sex differences in survival of oxygen-dependent patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174(5):524–9.
Costanza MC, Salamun J, Lopez AD, Morabia A. Gender differentials in the evolution of cigarette smoking habits in a general European adult population from 1993–2003. BMC Public Health [serial online] 2006; 6:130. Available from: URL: www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/6/130
Watson L, Vestbo J, Postma DS, Decramer M, Rennard S, Kiri VA, et al. Gender differences in the management and experience of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Respir Med 2004; 98(12):1207–13.
Chapman KR. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: are women more susceptible than men? Clin Chest Med 2004; 25:331–41.
Weir E. COPD death rates: projecting a female trajectory. Can Med Assoc J 2004; 170(3):334.
Thorn J, Björkelund C, Bengtsson C, Guo X, Lissner L, Sundh V. Low socio-economic status, smoking, mental stress and obesity predict obstructive symptoms in women, but only smoking also predicts subsequent experience of poor health. Int J Med Sci 2007; 4(1):7–12.
Peruzza S, Sergi G, Vianello A, Pisent C, Tiozzo F, Manzan A, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in elderly subjects: impact on functional status and quality of life. Respir Med 2003; 97(6):612–7.
Odencrants S, Ehnfors M, Grobe SJ. Living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: part I. Struggling with meal-related situations: experiences among persons with COPD. Scand J Caring Sci 2005; 19(3):230–9.
Cochrane WJ, Afolabi OA. Investigation into the nutritional status, dietary intake and smoking habits of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Hum Nutr Diet 2004; 17(1):3–11.
Agusti AG. COPD, a multicomponent disease: Implications for management. Respir Med 2005; 99(6):670–82.
Agusti AG. Systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2005; 2:367–70.
Vermeeren MA, Creutzberg EC, Schols AM, Postma DS, Pieters WR, Roldaan AC, et al., on behalf of the COSMIC Study Group. Prevalence of nutritional depletion in a large out-patient population of patients with COPD. Respir Med 2006; 100(8):1349–55.
Saudny-Unterberger H, Martin G, Gray-Donald K. Impact of nutritional support on functional status during an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:794–9.
Schols AMWJ, Slangen, JOS, Volovics L, Wouters FM. Weight loss is a reversible factor in the prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:1791–7.
Gray-Donald K, Gibbons S, Shapiro H, Macklem PT, Martin JG. Nutritional status and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:961–6.
Schols AMWJ, Mostert R, Soeter PB, Wouters EFM. Body composition and exercise performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1991; 46:695–9.
Prescott E, Almdal T, Mikkelsen KL, Tofteng CL, Vestbo J, Lange P. Prognostic value of weight change in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur Respir J 2002; 20(3):539–44.
Yohannes AM, Baldwin RC, Connolly M. Mortality predictors in disabling chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in old age. Age Ageing 2002; 31(2):137–40.
Marti S, Munoz X, Rios J, Morell F, Ferrer J. Body weight and comorbidity predict mortality in COPD patients treated with oxygen therapy. Eur Respir J 2006; 27(4):689–96.
Vestbo J, Prescott E, Almdal T, Dahl M, Nordestgaard BG, Andersen T, et al. Body mass, fat-free body mass, and prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from a random population sample: findings from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173(1):79–83.
Slinde F, Ellegard L, Gronberg AM, Larsson S, Rossander-Hulthen L. Total energy expenditure in underweight patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease living at home. Clin Nutr 2003; 22(2):159–65.
Sergi G, Coin A, Marin S, Vianello A, Manzan A, Peruzza S, et al. Body composition and resting energy expenditure in elderly male patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2006; 100(11):1918–24.
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, Version for 2007. Available from: URL: www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10 online
Shapiro SD, Ingenito EP. The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: advances in the past 100 years. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 32(5):367–72.
Hogg JC. Pathophysiology of airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 2004; 364(9435):709–21.
Hubmayr RD, Rodarte JR. Cellular effects and physiologic responses: lung mechanics. In: Cherniack NS, ed. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders, 1991, pp. 79–90.
Rochester DF. Effects of COPD on the respiratory muscles. In: Cherniack NS, ed. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders, 1991, pp. 134–57.
Tobin MJ. Respiratory muscles in disease. Clin Chest Med 1988; 9:263–86.
Wouters EF. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 5: systemic effects of COPD. Thorax 2002; 57(12):1067–70.
Hallin R, Koivisto-Hursti UK, Lindberg E, Janson C. Nutritional status, dietary energy intake and the risk of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respir Med 2006; 100(3):561–7.
Toth S, Tkacova R, Matula P, Stubna J. Nutritional depletion in relation to mortality in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency treated with long-term oxygen therapy. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 2004; 116(17–18):617–21.
Chailleux E, Laaban JP, Veale D. Prognostic value of nutritional depletion in patients with COPD treated by long-term oxygen therapy: data from the ANTADIR observatory. Chest 2003; 123(5):1460–6.
Meyer PA, Mannino DM, Redd SC, Olson DR. Characteristics of adults dying with COPD. Chest 2002; 122(6):2003–8.
Ringbaek TJ, Viskum K, Lange P. BMI and oral glucocorticoids as predictors of prognosis in COPD patients on long-term oxygen therapy. Chron Respir Dis 2004; 1(2):71–8.
Schols AM, Broekhuizen R, Weling-Scheepers CA, Wouters EF. Body composition and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82(1):53–9.
Gray-Donald K, Gibbons L, Shapiro SH, Martin JG. Effect of nutritional status on exercise performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140:1544–8.
Landbo C, Prescott E, Lange P, Vestbo J, Almdal T. Prognostic value of nutritional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 16: 1856–61.
Creutzberg EC, Wouters EF, Mostert R, Weling-Scheepers CA, Schols AM. Efficacy of nutritional supplementation therapy in depleted patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nutrition 2003; 19(2):120–7.
Bolton CE, Ionescu AA, Shiels KM, Pettit RJ, Edwards PH, Stone MD, Nixon LS, Evans WD, Griffiths TL, Shale DJ. Associated loss of fat-free mass and bone mineral density in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170:1286–93.
Schols MWJ, Soeters PB, Dingemans AM, Mostert R, Frantzen PJ, Wouters EF. Prevalence and characteristics of nutritional depletion in patients with stable COPD eligible for pulmonary rehabilitation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147:1151–6.
Hopkinson NS, Tennant RC, Dayer MJ, Swallow EB, Hansel TT, Moxham J, et al. A prospective study of decline in fat free mass and skeletal muscle strength in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res [serial online] 2007; 8:25. Available from: URL: respiratory-research.com/content/8/1/25
Wouters EFM. Nutrition and metabolism in COPD. Chest 2000; 117:274S–80S.
Kyle UG, Janssens JP, Rochat T, Raguso CA, Pichard C. Body composition in patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure. Respir Med 2006; 100:244–52.
Engelen MPKJ, Schols AMWJ, Baken WC, Wesseling GJ, Wouters EFM. Nutritional depletion in relation to respiratory and peripheral skeletal muscle function in out patients with COPD. Eur Respir 1994; 7:1793–7.
Baarends EM, Schols AMWJ, Pannemans DLE, Westerterp KR, Wouters EFM. Total free living energy expenditure in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:549–54.
Slinde F, Grönberg AM, Engström CP, Rossander-Hultén L, Larsson S. Body composition by bioelectrical impedance predicts mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Respir Med 2005; 99:1004–9.
Soler-Cataluña JJ, Sánchez-Sánchez L, Martínez-García MA, Sánchez PR, Salcedo E, Navarro M. Mid-arm muscle area is a better predictor of mortality than body mass index in COPD. Chest 2005; 128:2108–15.
Kotler DP. Cachexia. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133:622–34.
Schols AMWJ. Pulmonary cachexia. Int J Cardiol 2002; 85:101–10.
Eisner MD, Blanc PD, Sidney S, Yelin EH, Lathon PV, Katz PP, et al. Body composition and functional limitation in COPD. Respir Res [serial online] 2007; 8:7. Available from: URL: respiratory-research.com/content/8/1/7
Slinde F, Kvarnhult K, Grönberg AM, Nordenson A, Larsson S, Hulthén1 L. Energy expenditure in underweight chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients before and during a physiotherapy programme. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:870–6.
Benedict F, Miles W, Roth P, et al. Human Vitality and Efficiency Under Prolonged Restricted Diet. Carnegie Institute, Washington (DC), 1919; publication no. 280.
Schols AMWJ, Wouters EFM, Soeters PB, Westerterp KR. Body composition by bioelectrical-impedance analysis compared with deuterium dilution and skinfold anthropometry in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:421–4.
Tang NLS, Chung ML, Elia M, Hui E, Lum CM, Luk JKH, et al. Total daily energy expenditure in wasted chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 5:282–7.
Harris JA, Benedict EG. A Biometric Study of Basal Metabolism. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington (DC), 1919.
Morley JE, Thomas DR, Wilson MMG. Cachexia: pathophysiology and clinical relevance. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:735–43.
Tracey KJ, Cerami A. Tumor necrosis factor: a pleiotropic cytokine and therapeutic target. Annu Rev Med 1994; 45:491–503.
Haddad F, Zaldivar F, Cooper DM, Adams GR. IL-6-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. J Appl Physiol 2005; 98(3):911–7.
Van Der Poll T, Sauerwein HP. Tumor necrosis factor-α: its role in the metabolic response to sepsis. Clin Sci 1993; 84:247–56.
Di Francia M, Barbier D, Mege Jean L, Orehek J. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Levels and weight loss in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:1453–5.
De Godoy I, Calhoun WJ, Donahoe M, Mancino J, Rogers RM. Elevated TNF-α production by peripheral blood monocytes of weight losing COPD patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:633–7.
Takabatake N, Nakamura H, Abe S, Inoue S, Hino T, Saito H, et al. The relationship between chronic hypoxemia and activation of the tumor necrosis factor-α system in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; l161:1179–84.
Perera WR, Hurst JR, Wilkinson TMA, Sapsford RJ, Müllerova H, Donaldson GC, et al. Inflammatory changes, recovery, and recurrence at COPD exacerbation. Eur Respir J 2007; 29:527–34.
Gan WQ, Man SFP, Senthilselvan A, Sin DD. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a metaanalysis. Thorax 2004; 59:574–80.
Yanbaeva DG, Dentener MA, Creutzberg EC, Wesseling G, Wouters EMF. Systemic effects of smoking. Chest 2007; 131:1557–66.
Broekhuizen R, Grimble RF, Howell WM, Shale DJ, Creutzberg EC, Wouters EF, Schols AM. Pulmonary cachexia, systemic inflammatory profile, and the interleukin 1–511 single nucleotide polymorphism. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82:1059–64.
Rennard SI, Fogarty C, Kelsen S, Long W, Ramsdell J, Allison J, et al. The safety and efficacy of infliximab in moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175:926–34.
Engelen MPKJ, Deutz NEP, Wouters EFM, Schols AMWJ. Enhanced levels of whole-body protein turnover in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:1488–92.
Bolton CE, Broekhuizen R, Ionescu AA, Nixon LS, Wouters EFM, Shale DJ, Schols AMWJ. Cellular protein breakdown and systemic inflammation unaffected by pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD. Thorax 2007; 62:109–14.
Rutten EPA, Franssen FME, Engelen MPKJ, Wouters EFM, Deutz NEP, Schols AMWJ. Greater whole-body myofibrillar protein breakdown in cachectic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:829–34.
Engelen MPKJ, Schols MWJ. Altered amino acid metabolism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: new therapeutic perspective? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2003; 6:73–8.
Yoneda T, Yoshikawa M, Fu A, Tsukaguchi K, Okamoto Y, Takenaka H. Plasma levels of amino acids and hypermetabolism in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nutrition 2001; 17(2):95–9.
Laghi F, Antonescu-Turcu A, Collins E, Segal J, Tobin DE, Jubran A, et al. Hypogonadism in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevalence and quality of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:728–33.
Debigare R, Marquis K, Cote CH, Tremblay RR, Michaud A, LeBlanc P, et al. Catabolic/anabolic balance and muscle wasting in patients with COPD. Chest 2003; 124:83–9.
Van Vliet M, Spruit MA, Verleden G, Kasran A, Van Herck E, Pitta F, et al. Hypogonadism, quadriceps weakness, and exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:1105–11.
Svartberg J, Schirmer H, Medbo A, Melbye H, Aasebo U. Reduced pulmonary function is associated with lower levels of endogenous total and free testosterone. The Tromso study. Eur J Epidemiol 2007; 22(2):107–12.
Laghi F, Langbein WE, Antonescu-Turcu A, Jubran A, Bammert C, Tobin MJ. Respiratory and skeletal muscles in hypogonadal men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 171:598–605.
Koehler F, Doehner W, Hoernig A, Witt C, Anker SD, John M. Anorexia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—Association to cachexia and hormonal derangement. Int J Cardiol 2007; 119:83–9.
Ferreira IM, Verreschi IT, Nery LE, Goldstein RS, Zamel N, Brooks D, et al. The influence of 6 months of oral anabolic steroids on body mass and respiratory muscles in undernourished COPD patients. Chest 1998; 114:19–28.
Yeh SS, DeGuzman B, Kramer T for the M012 Study Group. Reversal of COPD-associated weight loss using the anabolic agent oxandrolone. Chest 2002; 122:421–8.
Casaburi R, Bhasin S, Cosentino L, Porszasz J, Somfay A, Lewis MI, et al. Effects of testosterone and resistance training in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170:870–8.
Creutzberg EC, Wouters EF, Mostert R, Pluymers RJ, Schols AM. A role for anabolic steroids in the rehabilitation of patients with COPD? A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Chest 2003; 124:1733–42.
Burdet L, de Muralt B, Schutz Y, Pichard C, Fitting JW. Administration of growth hormone to underweight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A prospective, randomized, controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156(6):1800–6.
Laghi F. Low testosterone in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, does it really matter?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:1069–70.
Couillard A, Prefaut C. From muscle disuse to myopathy in COPD: potential contribution of oxidative stress. Eur Respir J 2005; 26:703–19.
Garcia-Aymerich J, Felez MA, Escarrabill J, Marrades RM, Morera J, Elosua R, et al. Physical activity and its determinants in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36(10):1667–73.
Wagner PD. Skeletal muscles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: deconditioning, or myopathy? Respirology 2006; 11:681–686.
Franssen FME, Wouters EFM, Schols AMWJ. The contribution of starvation, deconditioning and aging to the observed alterations in peripheral skeletal muscle in chronic organ diseases. Clin Nutr 2002; 21(1):1–14.
Cochrane WJ, Afolabi OA. Investigation into the nutritional status, dietary intake and smoking habits of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Hum Nutr Dietet 2004; 17:3–11.
Thorsdottir I, Gunnarsdottir I. Energy intake must be increased among recently hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to improve nutritional status. J Am Diet Assoc 2002; 102(2):247–9.
Førli L, Boe J. The energy intake that is needed for weight gain in COPD candidates for lung transplantation. COPD: J Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2005; 2:405–10.
Gronberg AM, Slinde F, Engstrom CP, Hulthen L, Larsson S. Dietary problems in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Hum Nutr Diet 2005; 18(6):445–52.
Engstrom CP, Persson LO, Larsson S, Ryden A, Sullivan M. Functional status and well being in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with regard to clinical parameters and smoking: a descriptive and comparative study. Thorax 1996; 51(8):825–30.
Odencrants S, Ehnfors M, Grobe SJ. Living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Part I. Struggling with meal-related situations: Experiences among persons with COPD. Scand J Caring Sci 2005; 19:230–9.
Theander K, Unosson M. Fatigue in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Adv Nurs 2004; 45(2):172–7.
Førli L, Moum T, Bjørtuft Ø, Vatn M, Boe J. The influence of underweight and dietary support on well-being in lung transplant candidates. Respir Med 2006; 100(7):1239–46.
O’Donnell DE, Banzett RB, Carrieri-Kohlman V, Casaburi C, Davenport PW, Gandevia SC, et al. Pathophysiology of dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a roundtable. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2004; 4:145–68.
Wolkove N, Fu LY, Purohit A, Colacone A, Kreisman H. Meal-induced oxygen desaturation and dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Can Respir J 1998; 5(5):361–5.
Gray-Donald K, Carrey Z, Martin JG. Postprandial dyspnea and malnutrition in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Invest Med 1998; 21(3):135–41.
Good-Fratturelli MD, Curlee RF, Holle JF. Dysphagia in VA patients with COPD referred for videofluoroscopic swallow examination. J Commun Disord 2000; 33:93–110.
Mokhlesi B, Morris AL, Huang CF, Curcio AJ, Barrett TA, Kamp DW. Increased prevalence of gastroesophageal symptoms in patients with COPD. Chest 2001; 119:1043–8.
Rascon-Aguilar IE, Pamer M, Wludyka P, Cury J, Coultas D, Lambiase LR, et al. Role of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2006; 130:1096–101.
Wikby K, Fagerskiold A. The willingness to eat. An investigation of appetite among elderly people. Scand J Caring Sci 2004; 18(2):120–7.
Kondrup J, Johansen N, Plum LM, Bak L, Larsen IH, Martinsen A, et al. Incidence of nutritional risk and causes of inadequate nutritional care in hospitals. Clin Nutr 2002; 21(6):461–8.
Mowé M, Bømer T. Reduced appetite. A predictor for undernutrition in aged people. J Nutr Health Aging 2002; 6(1):81–3.
Chapman-Novakofski K, Brewer MS, Riskowski J, Burkowski C, Winter L. Alterations in taste thresholds in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Diet Assoc 1999; 99(12):1536–41.
Glanz K, Basil M, Maibach E, Goldberg J, Snyder D. Why Americans eat what they do: taste, nutrition, cost, convenience, and weight control concerns as influence on food consumption. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998; 98:1118–26.
de Castro JM, Brewer EM, Elmore DK, Orazco S. Social facilitation of the spontaneous meal size of humans occurs regardless of time, place, alcohol or snacks. Appetite 1990; 15:89–101.
de Castro JM, Brewer E. The amount eaten in meals by humans is a power function of the number of people present. Physiol Behav 1992; 51:121–5.
Mikkelsen RL, Middelboe T, Pisinger C, Stage KB. Anxiety and depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a review. Nord J Psy 2004; 58(1):65–70.
Braun SR, Keim NL, Dixon RM, Clagnaz P, Anderegg A, Shrago ES. The prevalence and determinants of nutritional changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1984; 4:558–63.
Brug J, Schols A, Mesters I. Dietary change, nutrition education and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Patient Educ Couns 2004; 52:249–57.
Wilson DO, Rogers RM, Hoffman RM. Nutrition and chronic lung disease. State of the art. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132:1347–65.
Weinsier RL, Hunker EM, Krumdieck CL, Butterworth CE. Hospital malnutrition: a prospective evaluation of general medical patients during the course of hospitalization. Am Clin Nutr 1979; 32:418–26.
Coats KG, Morgan SL, Bartolucci AA, Weinsier RL. Hospital-associated malnutrition: a reevaluation 12 years later. Am Diet Assoc 1993; 93:27–33.
McWhirter JP, Pennington CR. Incidence and recognition of malnutrition in hospital. BMJ 1994; 308:945–8.
Gariballa SE. Malnutrition in hospitalized elderly patients: when does it matter? Clin Nutr 2001; 20(6):487–91.
Paillaud E, Campillo B, Bories PN, Le Parco JC. Nutritional status in 57 elderly patients hospitalised in a rehabilitation unit: influence of causing disease. Rev Med Interne 2001; 22:238–44.
Pichard C, Kyle UG, Morabia A, Perrier A, Vermeulen B, Unger P. Nutritional assessment: lean body mass depletion at hospital admission is associated with an increased length of stay. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79:613–8.
Splett PL, Roth-Yousey LL, Vogelzang JL. Medical nutrition therapy for the prevention and treatment of unintentional weight loss in residential healthcare facilities. J Am Diet Assoc 2003; 103(3):352–62.
Incalzi RA, Landi F, Pagano F, Capparella O, Gemma A, Carbonin PU. Changes in nutritional status during the hospital stay: a predictor of long-term survival. Aging Clin Exp Res 1998; 10:490–6.
Sullivan DH, Walls RC. Protein-energy undernutrition and the risk of mortality within six years of hospital discharge. J Am Coll Nutr 1998; 17(6):571–8.
Sullivan DH, Sun S, Walls RC. Protein-energy undernutrition among elderly hospitalized patients: a prospective study. JAMA 1999; 281:2013–9.
Corish CA, Kennedy NP. Protein-energy undernutrition in hospital in-patients. Br Nutr 2000; 83: 575–91.
Paquet C, St-Arnaud-McKenzie D, Kergoat MJ, Ferland G, Dube L. Direct and indirect effects of everyday emotions on food intake of elderly patients in institutions. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003; 58(2):M153–8.
Dupertuis YM, Kossovsky MP, Kyle UG, Raguso CA, Genton L, Pichard C. Food intake in 1707 hospitalized patients: a prospective comprehensive hospital survey. Clin Nutr 2003; 22:120–3.
Schiffman SS, Warwick ZS. Effect of flavor enhancement of food for the elderly on nutritional status: food intake, biochemical indices and anthropometric measures. Physiol Behav 1993; 53:395–402.
Mathey MF, Siebelink E, de Graaf C, Van Staveeren WA. Flavor enhancement of food improves dietary intake and nutritional status of elderly nursing home residents. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001; 56(4):M200–5.
Decramer M, De Bock V, Dom R. Functional and histologic picture of steroid-induced myopathy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:1958–64.
Roubenoff R, Roubenoff RA, Ward LM, Stevens MB. Catabolic effects of high-dose corticosteroids persist despite therapeutic benefit in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52:1113–7.
Thorsdottir I, Gunnarsdottir I, Eriksen B. Screening method evaluated by nutritional status measurements can be used to detect malnourishment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Diet Assoc 2001; 101(6):648–54.
American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Standards for nutrition support: hospitalized patients. Nutr Clin Prac 1995; 10:208–19.
Hunter AM, Carey MA, Larsh HW. The nutritional status of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 124:376–81.
Openbrier DR, Irwin MM, Rogers RM, Gottlieb GP, Dauber JH, Van Thiel DH, et al. Nutritional status and lung function in patients with emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Chest 1983; 1:17–22.
Wilson DO, Rogers RM, Sanders MH, Pennock BE, Reilly JJ. Nutritional intervention in malnourished patients with emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134:672–7.
Schols MWJ, Mostert R, Soeters P, et al. Inventory of nutritional status in patients with COPD. Chest 1989; 96:247–9.
Sahebjami H, Doers JT, Render ML, Bond TL. Anthropometric and pulmonary function test profiles outpatients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med 1993; 94:469–74.
Laaban JP, Kouchakji B, Dore MF, et al. Nutritional status of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory failure. Chest 1993; 103:1362–8.
Dore MF, Kouchakji B, Orvoën-frija E, Rochemaure, Laaban J.-P. Body composition in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Comparison between bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometry. Rev Mal Respir 2000; 17:665–70.
Chumlea WC, Roche AF, Steinbaugh ML. Estimating stature from knee height for persons 60–90 years of age. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985; 33:116–20.
Han TS, Lean ME. Lower leg length as an index of stature in adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Dis 1996; 20:21–7.
Kwok T, Whitelaw MN. The use of armspan in nutritional assessment of the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39:492–6.
Reeves SL, Varakamin C, Henry CJK. The relationship between arm-span measurement and height with special reference to gender and ethnicity. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996; 50:398–400.
Durnin JVGA, Womersley J. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. Br J Nutr 1974; 32:77–97.
Lukaski HC, Johnson PE, Bolonchuk W, Lykken GI. Assessment of fat free mass using bioelectrical measurements of the body. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 41:810–7.
Robert S, Zarowitz BJ, Hyzy R, Eichenhorn M, Peterson EL, Popovich J. Bioelectric impedance assessment of nutritional status in critically ill patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 57:840–4.
Lerario MC, Sachs A, Lazaretti-Castro M, Saraiva LG, Jardim JR. Body composition in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: which method to use in clinical practice? B J Nutr 2006; 96:86–92.
Efthimiou J, Fleming J, Gomes C, Spiro SG. The effect of supplementary oral nutrition in poorly nourished patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137:1075–82.
Knowles JB, Fairbarn MS, Wiggs BJ, Chan-Yan C, Pardy RL. Dietary supplementation and respiratory muscle performance in patients with COPD. Chest 1988; 93:977–83.
Creutzberg Eva C, Schols AMWJ, Weling-Scheepers CAPM, Buurman WA, Wouters EFM. Characterization of non response to high caloric oral nutritional therapy in depleted patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:745–52.
Mackenzie TH, Clark N, Bistrian BR, Flatt JP, Hallowell EM, Blackburn GL. A simple method for estimating nitrogen balance in hospitalized patients: a review and supporting data for a previously proposed technique. J Am Coll Nutr 1985; 4:575–81.
Blackburn GL, Bistrian BR, Maini BS, Schlamm HT, Smith MF. Nutritional and metabolic assessment of the hospitalized patient. J Parent Enteral Nutr 1977; 1:11–22.
Milner A. Accuracy of urinary nitrogen for predicting total urinary nitrogen in thermally injured patients. J Parent Enteral Nutr 1993; 17:414–6.
Li Y, Wang S, Zhong N. Simultaneous determination of pseudouridine and creatinine in urine of normal children and patients with leukaemia by high performance liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 1992; 6:191–3.
Lewis MI, Belman MJ, Dorr-Uyemura L. Nutritional supplementation in ambulatory patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135:1062–8.
Otte KE, Ahlburg P, D’Amore F, Stellfeld M. Nutritional repletion in malnourished patients with emphysema. J Parent Enteral Nutr 1989; 13:152–6.
Whittaker JS, Ryan CG, Buckley PA, Road JD. The effects of refeeding on peripheral and respiratory muscle function in malnourished chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142:283–8.
Rogers RM, Donahoe M, Costantino J. Physiologic effects of oral supplemental feeding in malnourished patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:1511–7.
Sridhar MK, Galloway A, Lean MEJ. Study of an outpatient nutritional supplementation programme in malnourished patients with emphysematous COPD. Eur Respir J 1994; 7:720–4.
Schols AM, Soeters PB, Mostert R, Pluymers RJ, Wouters EF. Physiologic effects of nutritional support and anabolic steroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A placebo-controlled randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152:1268–74.
Steiner MC, Barton RL, Singh SJ, Morgan MDL. Nutritional enhancement of exercise performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2003; 58(9):745–51.
Ferreira IM, Brooks D, Lacasse Y, Goldstein RS, White J. Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Sys Rev 2005; (2):CD000998.
Nagaya N, Itoh T, Murakami S, Oya H, Uematsu M, Miyatake K, et al.. Treatment of cachexia with ghrelin in patients with COPD. Chest 2005; 128(3):1187–93.
Borghi-Silva A, Baldissera V, Sampaio LM, Pires-DiLorenzo VA, Jamami M, Demonte A, et al. L-carnitine as an ergogenic aid for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease submitted to whole-body and respiratory muscle training programs. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39(4):465–74.
Fuld JP, Kilduff LP, Neder JA, Pitsiladis Y, Lean ME, Ward SA, et al. Creatine supplementation during pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2005; 60(7):531–7.
Faager G, Söderlund K, Sköld CM, Rundgren S, Tollbäck A, Jakobsson P. Creatine supplementation and physical training in patients with COPD: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2006; 1(4):445–53.
Vermeeren MAP, Schols AMWJ, Wouters EFM. Effects of an acute exacerbation on nutritional and metabolic profile of patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 1997; 10:2264–9.
Vermeeren MAP, Wouters EFM, Geraerts-Keeris AJW, Schols AMWJ. Nutritional support in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during hospitalization for an acute exacerbation: a randomized controlled feasibility trial. Clin Nutr 2004; 23:1184–92.
Bunout D, Barrera G, De la Maza P, et al. The impact of nutritional supplementation and resistance training on the health functioning of free-living Chilean elders: results of 18 months of follow-up. J Nutr 2001; 131:2441S–6S.
Fiatarone MA, O’Neill EF, Ryan ND, Clements KM, Solares GR, et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. N Eng J Med 1994; 330:1769–75.
Goldstein SA, Thomashow BM, Kvetan V, Askanazi J, Kinney JM, Elwyn DH. Nitrogen and energy relationships in malnourished patients with emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138:636–44.
Angelillo VA, Bedi S, Durfee D, Dahl J, Patterson AJ, O'Donohue WJ, Jr. Effects of low and high carbohydrate feedings in ambulatory patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic hypercapnia. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103:883–5.
Vermeeren MAP, Wouters EF, Nelissen LH, Van Lier A, Hofman Z, Schols AM. Acute effects of different nutritional supplements on symptoms and functional capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73:295–301.
Broekhuizen1 R, Creutzberg EC, Weling-Scheepers CAPM, Wouters EFM, Schols AMWJ. Optimizing oral nutritional drink supplementation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. B J Nutr 2005; 93:965–71.
Pouw EM, Schols AMWJ, Deutz NEP, Wouters EFM. Plasma, muscle amino-acid levels in relation to resting energy expenditure and inflammation in stable COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158:797–801.
Engelen MP, Wouters EF, Deutz NE, Menheere PP, Schols AM. Factors contributing to alterations in skeletal muscle and plasma amino acid profiles in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72:1480–7.
Engelen MPKJ, Rutten EPA, De Castro CLN, Wouters EFM, Schols AMWJ, Deutz NE. Supplementation of soy protein with branched-chain amino acids alters protein metabolism in healthy elderly and even more in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85:431–9.
Connor WE. Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:171S–5S.
Broekhuizen R, Wouters EFM, Creutzberg EC, Weling-Scheepers CAPM, Schols AMWJ. Polyunsaturated fatty acids improve exercise capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2005; 60:376–82.
Matsuyama W, Mitsuyama H, Watanabe M, Oonakahara K, Higashimoto I, Osame M, et al. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on inflammatory markers in COPD. Chest 2005; 128:3817–27.
Watson L, Margetts B, Howarth P, Dorward M, Thompson R, Little P. The association between diet and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in subjects selected from general practice. Eur Respir J 2002; 20:313–8.
Walda IC, TabakC, Smit HA, Räsänen L, Fidanza F, Menotti A, Nissinen A, Feskens EJM, Kromhout D. Diet and 20-year chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality in middle-aged men from three European countries. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56:638–43.
Sisson JH, Stoner JA, Romberger DJ, Spurzem JR, Wyatt TA, Owens-Ream J, et al. Alcohol intake is associated with altered pulmonary function. Alcohol 2005 May; 36(1):19–30.
Culpitt SV, Rogers DF, Fenwick PS, Shah P, De Matos C, Russell REK, et al. Inhibition by red wine extract, resveratrol, of cytokine release by alveolar macrophages in COPD. Thorax 2003; 58:942–6.
Velloso M, Jardim JR. Study of energy expenditure during activities of daily living using and not using body position recommended by energy conservation techniques in patients with COPD. Chest 2006; 130:126–32.
Pape GS, Friedman M, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR. The effect of growth hormone on weight gain and pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Chest 1991; 99(6):1495–500.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
St-Arnaud McKenzie, D., Gray-Donald, K. (2009). Nutrition and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. In: Bales, C., Ritchie, C. (eds) Handbook of Clinical Nutrition and Aging. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-385-5_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-385-5_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-384-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-385-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)