Although the development of acute hepatitis after percutaneous exposure to human serum or blood has been known for more than a century, it was not until the 1960s that the actual etiologic agent of hepatitis was identified, when the hepatitis virus B surface antigen (HBsAg) was discovered and recognized as the viral antigen associated with acute hepatitis B (1). Viral hepatitis, a general term that has been reserved for liver infections caused by one of at least five distinct hepatic agents, continues to be one of the major health problems worldwide. The causative agents of hepatitis are nonopportunistic hepatotropic viruses, known as hepadnaviruses, including hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis C virus, and the non-A non-B hepatitis virus (1). Although not directly opportunistic, some hepadnaviruses, such as hepatitis B virus, have been implicated as potential cofactors in the development and progression of HIV infection.
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Georgiev, V.S. (2009). Viral Hepatitis. In: Georgiev, V.S. (eds) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH. Infectious Disease. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-297-1_15
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