Skip to main content

Diabetes Mellitus Overview

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Contemporary Diabetes ((CDI))

Astract

Diabetes mellitus, the most common metabolic disorder affecting the population, has many clinical and psychological implications for the patient. The provider must address these issues comprehensively. This chapter will describe the global burden and cost of diabetes mellitus, define its classifications and diagnosis criteria, detail its current treatment options, address associated complications including depression, fear of hypoglycemia, and fear of weight gain, suggest strategies for healthy lifestyle changes, and illustrate the importance of the patient’s self-care and empowerment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Williamson AR, Hunt AE, Pope JF, Tolman NM. Recommendations of dietitians for overcoming barriers to dietary adherence in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Educ 2002;26(2): 272–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998;9:1414–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, Manson JE. Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann Intern Med 1995;122(7):481–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). Research Group Lifetime benefits and costs of intensive therapy as practiced in the diabetes control and complications trial. JAMA 1996;276(17):1409–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Lipsky MS, Zimmerman BR. Diagnosis and management of type 2 diabetes: an American family physician monograph. 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Joslin Diabetes Center and Joslin Clinic. Clinical Guideline for Pharmacological Management of Type 2 Diabetes. 01/12/2007.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Joslin Diabetes Center & Joslin Clinic. Clinical Guideline for Adults with Diabetes. 10/20/06.

    Google Scholar 

  8. American Diabetes Association Statement: Economic Costs of Diabetes in the US in 2007. Diabetes Care 2008;31(3):1–20

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ochi JW, Melton LJ 3rd, Palumbo PJ, Chu CP. A population-based study of diabetes mortality. Diabetes Care 1985;8(3):224–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Joslin Diabetes Center and Joslin Clinic. Guideline for Detection and Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy. 09/14/2005.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Vijan S, Stuart NS, Fitzgerald JT, Ronis DL, Hayward RA, Slater S, Hofer TP. Barriers to following dietary recommendations in Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2005;22(1):32–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Taylor CB, Jatulis DE, Winkleby MA, Rockhill BJ, Kraemer HC. Effects of life-style on body mass index change. Epidemiology 1994;5(6):599–603.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Childs, B (ed.) et al. American Diabetes Association Complete Nurse’s Guide to Diabetes Care. 2005

    Google Scholar 

  14. Brown FM, Goldfine AB. Diabetes and Pregnancy. In: Joslin’s Diabetes Mellitus, 14th ed. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2005: 1035–1048.

    Google Scholar 

  15. American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2008. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: S12–S54.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Abrahamson M, Aronson M (eds.) et al. American College of Physicians Diabetes Care Guide. 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GV, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(5): 383–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2001;24(6):1069–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Lin EH, Katon W, Von Korff M, Rutter C, Simon GE, Oliver M, Ciechanowski P, Ludman EJ, Bush T, Young B. Relationship of depression and diabetes self-care, medication adherence, and preventive care. Diabetes Care 2004;27(9):2154–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. UK prospective study of therapies of maturity-onset diabetes. I. Effect of diet, sulphonylurea, insulin or biguanide therapy on fasting plasma glucose and body weight over one year. Diabetologia 1983; 24: 404–411.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Engum A, Mykletun A, Midthjell K, Holen A, Dahl AA. Depression and diabetes: a large population-based study of sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors associated with depression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28(8):1904–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ross R, Janssen I, Dawson J, Kungl AM, Kuk JL, Wong SL, Nguyen-Duy TB, Lee S, Kilpatrick K, Hudson R. Exercise-induced reduction in obesity and insulin resistance in women: a randomized controlled trial. Obes Res 2004;12(5):789–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Katon W et al. Behavioral and clinical factors associated with depression among individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27 (4): 914–920.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. De Sonnaville JJ, Snoek FJ, Colly LP, Deville W, Wijkel D, Heine RJ. Well-being and symptoms in relation to insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21(6): 919–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Fava M. Weight gain and antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61(suppl 11):37–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Schwartz MW. Enhanced: staying slim with insulin in mind. Science 2000; 289:2066–2067.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Buse J, Henry R, Han J et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27: 2628–2635.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. American Diabetes Association Position Statement: Evidence-Based Nutrition Principles and Recommendations for the Treatment and Prevention of Diabetes and Related Complications. J Am Diet Assoc 2002;102(1):109–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Wing RR, Marcus MD, Salata R, Epstein LH, Miaskiewicz S, Blair EH. Effects of a very-low-calorie diet on long-term glycemic control in obese type 2 diabetic subjects. Arch Intern Med 1991;151(7):1334–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Timonen M, et al. Insulin resistance and depression: cross-sectional study. BMJ 2005; 330 (7497): 965.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Wing RR, Koeske R, Epstein LH, Nowalk MP, Gooding W, Becker D. Long-term effects of modest weight loss in type II diabetic patients. Arch Intern Med 1987;147(10): 1749–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Wing RR, Epstein LH, Nowalk MP, Koeske R, Hagg S. Behavior change, weight loss, and physiological improvements in type II diabetic patients. J Consult Clin Psychol 1985;53(1):111–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC, Saeed A, Jordan K, Hoover H. The metabolic response of subjects with type 2 diabetes to a high-protein, weight-maintenance diet. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88 (8): 3577–83.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Okamura F, et al. Insulin resistance in patients with depression and its changes in the clinical course of depression: report on three cases using the minimal model analysis. Intern Med 1999; 38 (3): 257–260.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Thomas J, Jones G, Scarinci I, Brantley P. A descriptive and comparative study of the prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders in low-income adults with type 2 diabetes and other chronic illnesses. Diabetes Care 2003;26(8):2311–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Schmitz O, Brock B, Rungby J. Amylin agonists: a novel approach in the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes 2004;53(Suppl. 3):S233–S238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Albright A, Franz M, Hornsby G, Kriska A, Marrero D, Ullrich I, Verity LS. American College of Sports Medicine position stance. Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32(7):1345–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. American Diabetes Association Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes: A position statement. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: S48–S65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Clark M, Hampson SE, Avery L, Simpson R. Effects of a tailored lifestyle self-management intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes. Br J Health Psychol 2004;9(Pt 3):365–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Jones H, Edwards L, Vallis TM, Ruggiero L, Rossi SR, Rossi JS, Greene G, Prochaska JO, Zinman B; Diabetes Stages of Change (DiSC) Study. Changes in diabetes self-care behaviors make a difference in glycemic control: the Diabetes Stages of Change (DiSC) study. Diabetes Care 2003;26(3):732–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hunt LM; Valenzuela MA; Pugh JA. NIDDM patients’ fears and hopes about insulin therapy. The basis of patient reluctance. Diabetes Care 1997; 20(3): 292–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, Miyata T, Isami S, Motoyoshi S, Kojima Y, Furuyoshi N, Shichiri M. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995;28(2):103–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA, Hadden D, Turner RC, Holman RR. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000 12;321(7258): 405–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998;352(9131):854–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. U.S. Renal Data System: USRDS 1994 Annual Data Report. Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  46. World Health Organization. Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. http://www.who.int/dietphysical activity/publications/facts/obesity/en/. Retrieved 01/02/2005.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Zoorob RJ, Hagen MD. Guidelines on the care of diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy and foot disease. Am Fam Physician 1997;56(8):2021–8, 2033–4.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Sargrad K, et al. Effect of high protein vs. high carbohydrate intake on insulin sensitivity, body weight, haemoglobin A1c, and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Diet Assoc 2005; 105 (4): 573–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Maggio CA, Pi-Sunyer FX. The prevention and treatment of obesity. Application to type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1997; 20 (11): 1744–1766.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004;27(5):1047–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Park H, Hong Y, Lee H, Ha E, Sung Y. Individuals with type 2 diabetes and depressive symptoms exhibited lower adherence with self-care. J Clin Epidemiol 2004;57(9):978–84

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Carver, C., Abrahamson, M. (2009). Diabetes Mellitus Overview. In: Weinger, K., Carver, C.A. (eds) Educating Your Patient with Diabetes. Contemporary Diabetes. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-208-7_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-208-7_2

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-207-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-208-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics