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Natural Environmental Biotechnology

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Book cover Environmental Biotechnology

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 10))

Abstract

Aquaculture or the production of aquatic organisms (both flora and fauna) under controlled conditions has been practiced for centuries, primarily for the generation of food, fiber, and fertilizer. The water hyacinth and a host of other organisms like duckweed, seaweed, midge larvae, and alligator weeds are used for wastewater treatment. Water hyacinth system, wetland system, evapotranspiration system, rapid rate filtration, slow rate system, overland flow system, and subsurface infiltration have also been applied. This chapter describes the above applications and explains their practice, limitations, design criteria, performance, and costs.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, and Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA, USA

    Nazih K. Shammas (Professor and Environmental Engineering Consultant, Ex-Dean and Director) & Lawrence K. Wang (Ex-Dean and Director)

  2. Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, NY, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang (Ex-Dean and Director)

Authors
  1. Nazih K. Shammas
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  2. Lawrence K. Wang
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dawn Drive 1, Latham, 12110, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  2. School of Civil & Environmental Eng., Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue 50, Singapore, 639798, Singapore

    Volodymyr Ivanov

  3. School of Civil & Environmental Eng., Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue 50, Singapore, 639798, Singapore

    Joo-Hwa Tay

Appendices

Appendix A us Army Corps of Engineers Civil Works Construction Yearly Average Cost Index for Utilities (24)

Year

Index

Year

Index

1967

100

1989

383.14

1968

104.83

1990

386.75

1969

112.17

1991

392.35

1970

119.75

1992

399.07

1971

131.73

1993

410.63

1972

141.94

1994

424.91

1973

149.36

1995

439.72

1974

170.45

1996

445.58

1975

190.49

1997

454.99

1976

202.61

1998

459.40

1977

215.84

1999

460.16

1978

235.78

2000

468.05

1979

257.20

2001

472.18

1980

277.60

2002

484.41

1981

302.25

2003

495.72

1982

320.13

2004

506.13

1983

330.82

2005

516.75

1984

341.06

2006

528.12

1985

346.12

2007

539.74

1986

347.33

2008

552.16

1987

353.35

2009

570.38

1988

369.45

  

Appendix B Procedure to Estimate Volume of Feedlot Runoff (76) (Conversion factors: 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2; 1 ft3 = 0.0283 m3)

figure a

Appendix C Cylinder Infiltrometer (76) (Conversion factors: 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1” = 1 in = 2.54 cm)

figure b

Appendix D Field Set-up for Determining Slope (76) (Conversion factor : 1 ft = 1’ = 0.3048 m)

figure c

Appendix E Determination of Dimensions of Field Application Area (76) (Conversion factors: 1 FT = 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 sft = 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2)

figure d

Conversion factors: \(1\ \mathrm{ft} = 0.3048\ \mathrm{m};\ 1\ {\mathrm{ft}}^{2} = 0.0929\ {\mathrm{m}}^{2}\)

Appendix F Recommended Effluent Transport Systems Design (76) (Conversion factors: 1 gpm = 3.785 Lpm; 1” = 1 in = 2.54 cm; 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s)

figure e

Appendix G Graph for Determining Flow Rate Over Field Application Area (76) (Conversion factors: 1 inch = 1” = 2.54 cm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 gpm = 3.785 Lpm)

figure f

Appendix H Distribution Manifold Design (76) (Conversion factors: 1 fps = 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s; 1 gpm = 3.785 Lpm; 1” = 1 in = 2.54 cm; 1 feet = 1 ft = 0.3048 m)

figure g

Appendix I Junction Box Design (76) (Conversion factor: 1” = 1 in = 2.54 cm)

figure h

Appendix J Diagram of Settling Basin Components (76) (Conversion factors: 1” = 1 inch = 2.54 cm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 ft3 = 0.0283 m3)

figure i

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Shammas, N.K., Wang, L.K. (2010). Natural Environmental Biotechnology. In: Wang, L., Ivanov, V., Tay, JH. (eds) Environmental Biotechnology. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 10. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-140-0_12

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