Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Drug-Induced Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders

  • Chapter
Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Neurology ((CCNEU))

  • 1495 Accesses

Abstract

Given their prevalence, the wealth of potentially offending drug classes, and their potential for reversibility, all hyperkinetic movement disorders should at first be considered iatrogenic until proven otherwise. A high index of suspicion is the only way to lead the clinician to consult as many sources of information as needed regarding the past or current, accidental or therapeutic, drug exposure, in order to identify and eliminate if possible the triggering factor. Drug-induced hyperkinetic movement disorders display multiple faces which considerably enriched the phenomenology of movement disorders (Table 8.1). They may arise following acute, subacute, or chronic drug exposure, occur in a remitting, relapsing, or persisting fashion, be expressed in various body parts, and give rise to a wide array of manifestations. One feature is their liability to cause complex pictures with coexistence of two or more movement disorders [1]. Such presentations may hinder the correct diagnosis for some time.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Miller LG, Jankovic J. Neurologic approach to drug-induced movement disorders: a study of 125 patients. South Med J. 1990;83:525–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Owens DGC. Parkinsonism. In: A guide to the extrapyramidal side-effects of antipsychotic drugs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999. p. 68–129.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Friedman JH, Trieschmann ME, Fernandez HH. Drug-induced parkinsonism. In: Factor SE, Lang AE, Weiner WJ, editors. Drug Induced movement disorders. 2nd ed. Malden: Blackwell Futura; 2005. p. 103–39.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. King C, Voruganti LNP. What’s in a name? The evolution of the nomenclature of antipsychotic drugs. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2002;27:168–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ayd FJ. A survey of drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions. JAMA. 1961;175:1054–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Mazurek MF, Rosebush PI. Circadian pattern of acute, neuroleptic-induced dystonic reactions. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153:708–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Swett Jr C. Drug-induced dystonia. Am J Psychiatry. 1975;132:532–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Mazurek MF, Rosebush PI. Acute drug-induced dystonia. In: Factor SE, Lang AE, Weiner WJ, editors. Drug induced movement disorders. 2nd ed. Malden: Blackwell Futura; 2005. p. 72–102.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Aguilar EJ, Keshavan MS, Martinez-Quiles MD, et al. Predictors of acute dystonia in first-episode psychotic patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:1819–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Keepers GA, Casey DE. Prediction of neuroleptic-induced dystonia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1987;7:342–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Singh H, Levinson DF, Simpson GM, et al. Acute dystonia during fixed-dose neuroleptic treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990;10:389–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Snyder S, Greenberg D, Yamamura HI. Antischizophrenic drugs and brain cholinergic receptors. Affinity for muscarinic sites predicts extrapyramidal effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1974;31:58–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Baldessarini RJ, Katz B, Cotton P. Dissimilar dosing with high-potency and low-potency neuroleptics. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141:748–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Tune L, Coyle JT. Acute extrapyramidal side-effects: serum levels of neuroleptics and anticholinergics. Psychopharmacology. 1981;75:9–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Khanna R, Das A, Damodaran SS. Prospective study of neuroleptic-induced dystonia in mania and schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:511–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Rosebush PI, Mazurek MF. Neurologic side effects in neuroleptic-naive patients treated with haloperidol or risperidone. Neurology. 1999;52:782–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Miller LG, Jankovic J. Persistent dystonia possibly induced by flecainide. Mov Disord. 1992;7:62–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bonuccelli U, Nocchiero A, Napolitano A, Paoletti AM, Melis GB, Corsini GU, Muratorio A. Domperidone-induced acute dystonia and polycystic ovary syndrome. Mov Disord. 1991;6:79–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Vandel P, Bonin B, Leveque E, Sechter D, Bizouard P. Tricyclic antidepressant-induced extrapyramidal side effects. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1997;7:207–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Detweiler MB, Harpold GJ. Bupropion-induced acute dystonia. Ann Pharmacother. 2002;36:251–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Wang H-Y, Chou W-J, Huang T-Y, Hung C-F. Acute dystonia resulting from abrupt bupropion discontinuation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;31:766–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Boylan K. Persistent dystonia associated with buspirone. Neurology. 1990;40:1904.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. LeWitt PA, Walters A, Hening W, McHale D. Persistent movement disorders induced by buspirone. Mov Disord. 1993;8:331–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Morgan JC, Harrison MB. Antiepileptics. In: Factor SE, Lang AE, Weiner WJ, editors. Drug induced movement disorders. 2nd ed. Malden: Blackwell Futura; 2005. pp. 408–429.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Schramm BM, Orser BA. Dystonic reaction to propofol attenuated by benztropine (Cogentin). Anesth Analg. 2002;94:1237–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Romisher S, Felter R, Dougherty J. Tagamet-induced acute dystonia. Ann Emerg Med. 1987;16:1162–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Davis BJ, Aul EA, Granner MA, Rodnitzky RL. Ranitidine-induced cranial dystonia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1994;17:489–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Dewey SL, Smith GS, Logan J, Alexoff D, Ding Y-S, King P, Pappas N, Brodie JD, Ashby Jr CR. Serotonergic modulation of striatal dopamine measured with positron emission tomography (PET) and in vivo microdialysis. J Neurosci. 1995;15:821–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Schnell RG. Drug-induced dyskinesia treated with intravenous diazepam. J Fla Med Assoc. 1972;59:22–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Spina E, Sturiale V, Valvo S, Ancione M, Di Rosa AE, Meduri M, Caputi AP. Prevalence of acute dystonic reactions associated with neuroleptic treatment with and without anticholinergic prophylaxis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993;8:21–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Haskovec L. Akathisie. Arch Bohemes Med Clin. 1902;3:193–200.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Sigwald J, Grossiord A, Duriel P, Dumont G. Le traitement de la maladie de Parkinson et des manifestations extrapyramidales par le diéthyl aminoéthylthiodiphénylamine (2987 RP): résultats d’une année d’application. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1947;79:683–7.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Drake RE, Ehrlich J. Suicide attempts associated with akathisia. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142:499–501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hirose S. Restlessness of respiration as a manifestation of akathisia: five case reports of respiratory akathisia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:737–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Wonodi I, Hong EL, Avila MT, Thaker GK. Rating scales for movement disorders. In: Factor SE, Lang AE, Weiner WJ, editors. Drug induced movement disorders. 2nd ed. Malden: Blackwell Futura; 2005. p. 20–9.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  36. Gibb WR, Lees AJ. The clinical phenomenon of akathisia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986;49:861–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Magliozzi JR, Gillespie H, Lombrozo L, Hollister LE. Mood alteration following oral and intravenous haloperidol and relationship to drug concentration in normal subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 1985;25:285–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Miller CH, Mohr F, Umbricht D, Woerner M, Fleischhacker WW, Lieberman JA. The prevalence of acute extrapyramidal signs and symptoms in patients treated with clozapine, risperidone, and conventional neuroleptics. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:69–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Lieberman JA, Tollefson G, Tohen M, Green AI, Gur RE, Kahn R, McEvoy J, Perkins D, Sharma T, Zipursky R, Wei H, Hamer RM, HGDH Study Group. Comparative efficacy and safety of atypical and conventional antipsychotic drugs in first-episode psychosis: a randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine versus haloperidol. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160: 1396–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. McManus DQ, Arvanitis LA, Kowalcyk BB. Quetiapine, a novel antipsychotic: experience in elderly patients with psychotic disorders. Seroquel Trial 48 Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:292–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kemp DE, Gilmer WS, Fleck J, Straus JL, Dago PL, Karaffa M. Aripiprazole augmentation in treatment-resistant bipolar depression: early response and development of akathisia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;31(2):574–7. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.12.009.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Lipinski Jr JF, Mallya G, Zimmerman P, Pope Jr HG. Fluoxetine-induced akathisia: clinical and theoretical implications. J Clin Psychiatry. 1989;50:339–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Spigset O. Adverse reactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Reports from a spontaneous reporting system. Drug Saf. 1999;20:277–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Girishchandra BG, Johnson L, Cresp RM, et al. Mirtazapine-induced akathisia. Med J Aust. 2002;176:242.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Zubenko GS, Cohen BM, Lipinski JF. Antidepressant-induced akathisia. J Clin Psycho-pharmacol. 1987;7:254–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Sathananthan GL, Gershon S. Imipramine withdrawal: an akathisia-like syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1973;130:1286–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Teicher MH, Glod C, Cole JD. Emergence of intense suicidal preoccupation during fluoxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:207–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Rothschild AJ, Locke CA. Reexposure to fluoxetine after serious suicide attempts by three patients: the role of akathisia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991;52:491–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Huntington Study Group. Tetrabenazine as antichorea therapy in Huntington disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2006;66:366–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Micheli F, Pardal MF, Gatto M, Torres M, Paradiso G, Parera IC, Giannaula R. Flunarizine- and cinnarizine-induced extrapyramidal reactions. Neurology. 1987;37:881–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Patterson JF. Akathisia associated with buspirone. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1988;8:296–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Bostwick JM, Jaffee MS. Buspirone as an antidote to SSRI-induced bruxism in 4 cases. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:857–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Sachdev P, Brüne M. Animal models of acute drug-induced akathisia—a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2000;24:269–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Adler LA, Rotrosen J, Angrist B. Acute drug-induced akathisia. In: Factor SE, Lang AE, Weiner WJ, editors. Drug induced movement disorders. 2nd ed. Malden: Blackwell Futura; 2005. p. 140–73.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  55. Adler LA, Reiter S, Corwin J, Hemdal P, Angrist B, Rotrosen J. Differential effects of benztropine and propranolol in akathisia. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1987;23:519–21.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Poyurovsky M, Pashinian A, Weizman R, Fuchs C, Weizman A. Low-dose mirtazapine: a new option in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced akathisia. A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and propranolol-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59:1071–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Delay J, Pichot P, Lempérière T, Elissalde B, Peigne F. Un neuroleptique majeur non phénothiazinique et non réserpinique, l’halopéridol, dans le traitement des psychoses. Ann Med Psychol. 1960;118:145–52.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Ossemann M, Sindic CJM, Laterre C. Tetrabenazine as a cause of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Mov Disord. 1996;11:95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Petzinger GM, Bressman SB. A case of tetrabenazine-induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome after prolonged treatment. Mov Disord. 1997;12:246–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Sternbach H. The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:705–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. US Food and Drug Administration. Combined use of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonists (triptans), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) may result in life-threatening serotonin syndrome. Public Health Advisory. www.fda.gov/cder/drug/advisory/SSRI_SS200607.htm. Accessed 19 July 2006.

  62. Factor SA. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. In: Factor SE, Lang AE, Weiner WJ, editors. Drug induced movement disorders. 2nd ed. Malden: Blackwell Futura; 2005. p. 174–212.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  63. Rosenberg MR, Green M. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: review of response to therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:1927–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Mattson RH, Calverley JR. Dextroamphetamine-sulfate-induced dyskinesias. JAMA. 1968;204:400–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Thiel A, Dressler D. Dyskinesias possibly induced by norpseudoephedrine. J Neurol. 1994;241:167–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Extein I. Methylphenidate-induced choreoathetosis. Am J Psychiatry. 1978;135:252–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Bremness AB, Sverd J. Methylphenidate-induced Tourette syndrome: case report. Am J Psychiatry. 1979;136:1334–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Senecky Y, Lobel D, Diamond GW, Weitz R, Inbar D. Isolated orofacial dyskinesia: a methylphenidate-induced movement disorder. Pediatr Neurol. 2002;27:224–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Heinrich TW. A case report of methylphenidate-induced dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;4:158–9.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Mitchell E, Matthews KL. Gilles de la Tourette’s disorder associated with pemoline. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137:1618–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Nausieda PA, Koller WC, Weiner WJ, Klawans HL. Pemoline-induced chorea. Neurology. 1981;31:356–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Sallee FR, Stiller RL, Perel JM, Everett G. Pemoline-induced abnormal involuntary movements. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1989;9:125–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. US Modafinil in Narcolepsy Multicenter Study Group. Randomized trial of modafinil as a treatment for the excessive daytime somnolence of narcolepsy. Neurology. 2000;54:1166–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Thobois S, Xie J, Mollion H, Benatru I, Broussolle E. Adrafinil-induced orofacial dyskinesia. Mov Disord. 2004;19:965–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Greil W, Haag H, Rossnagl G, Rüther E. Effect of anticholinergics on tardive dyskinesia. A controlled discontinuation study. Br J Psychiatry. 1984;145:304–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Fahn S, David E. Oral-facial-lingual dyskinesia due to anticholinergic medication. Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1972;97:277–9.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Warne RW, Gubbay SS. Choreiform movements induced by anticholinergic therapy. Med J Aust. 1979;1:465.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Nausieda PA, Koller WC, Weiner WJ, Klawans HL. Chorea induced by oral contraceptives. Neurology. 1979;29:1605–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Klawans HL, Moskovitz C. Cyclizine-induced chorea. Observations on the influence of cyclizine on dopamine-related movement disorders. J Neurol Sci. 1977;31:237–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Leo RJ. Movement disorders associated with the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57:449–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. McNeill A. Chorea induced by low-dose trazodone. Eur Neurol. 2006;55:101–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. George MS, Trimble MR. Dystonic reaction associated with fluvoxamine. J Clin Psychophar-macol. 1993;13:220–1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Prescrire Editorial Staff. Antidepressants and extrapyramidal effects. Prescrire Int. 2003;12(63):17–8.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Deuschle M, Mase E, Zink M. Dyskinesia during treatment with duloxetine. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2006;39:237–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. de Graaf L, Admiraal P, van Puijenbroek EP. Ballism associated with bupropion use. Ann Pharmacother. 2003;37:302–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Podskalny GD, Factor SA. Chorea caused by lithium intoxication: a case report and literature review. Mov Disord. 1996;11:733–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Apte SN, Langston JW. Permanent neurological deficits due to lithium toxicity. Ann Neurol. 1983;13:453–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Harrison MB, Lyons GR, Landow ER. Phenytoin and dyskinesias: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Mov Disord. 1993;8:19–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Shulman LM, Singer C, Weiner WJ. Phenytoin-induced focal chorea. Mov Disord. 1996;11:111–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Strauss A. Oral dyskinesia associated with buspirone use in an elderly woman. J Clin Psychiatry. 1988;49:322–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Tanaka M, Yokode M, Kita T, Matsubayashi K. Donepezil and athetosis in an elderly patient with Alzheimer’s disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:889–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Kurlan R, Shoulson I. Differential diagnosis of facial chorea. In: Jankovic J, Tolosa E, editors. Advances in neurology, vol. 49: facial dyskinesias. New York: Raven; 1988. p. 225–37.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Micheli F, Fernandez Pardal M, Gatto M, Asconape J, Giannaula R, Parera IC. Bruxism secondary to chronic antidopaminergic drug exposure. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1993;16:315–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Amir I, Hermesh H, Gavish A. Bruxism secondary to antipsychotic drug exposure: a positive response to propranolol. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1997;20:86–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Lobbezoo F, Lavigne GJ, Tanguay R, Montplaisir JY. The effect of the catecholamine precursor L-dopa on sleep bruxism: a controlled clinical trial. Mov Disord. 1997;12:73–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Lavigne GJ, Soucy JP, Lobbezoo F, Manzini C, Blanchet PJ, Montplaisir JY. Double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial of bromocriptine in patients with sleep bruxism. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2001;24:145–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Gerber PE, Lynd LD. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor-induced movement disorders. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32:692–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Winocur E, Gavish A, Voikovitch M, Emodi-Perlman A, Eli I. Drugs and bruxism: a critical review. J Orofac Pain. 2003;17:99–111.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Brown ES, Hong SC. Antidepressant-induced bruxism successfully treated with gabapentin. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999;130:1467–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Wise M. Citalopram-induced bruxism. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178:182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Raigrodski AJ, Christensen LV, Mohamed SE, Gardiner DM. The effect of four-week administration of amitriptyline on sleep bruxism. A double-blind crossover clinical study. Cranio. 2001;19:21–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Hochman MS. Meperidine-associated myoclonus and seizures in long-term hemodialysis patients. Ann Neurol. 1983;14:593.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Petzinger G, Mayer SA, Przedborski S. Fentanyl-induced dyskinesias. Mov Disord. 1995;10:679–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Sarhill N, Davis MP, Walsh D, Nouneh C. Methadone-induced myoclonus in advanced cancer. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2001;18:51–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Klawans HL, Goetz C, Bergen D. Levodopa-induced myoclonus. Arch Neurol. 1975;32:330–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Pfeiffer RF. Amantadine-induced “vocal” myoclonus. Mov Disord. 1996;11:104–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Matsunaga K, Uozumi T, Qingrui L, Hashimoto T, Tsuji S. Amantadine-induced cortical myoclonus. Neurology. 2001;56:279–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Bak TH, Bauer M, Schaub RT, Hellweg R, Reischies FM. Myoclonus in patients treated with clozapine: a case series. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56:418–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Ritchie EC, Bridenbaugh RH, Jabbari B. Acute generalized myoclonus following buspirone administration. J Clin Psychiatry. 1988;49:242–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Mouldi S, Le Rhun E, Gautier S, Devemy M, Destée A, Defebvre L. Encéphalopathie induite par le lithium mimant un tableau de maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2006;162:1118–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Kraus T, Schuld A, Pollmacher T. Periodic leg movements in sleep and restless legs ­syndrome probably caused by olanzapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19:478–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Wetter TC, Brunner J, Bronisch T. Restless legs syndrome probably induced by risperidone treatment. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002;35:109–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Pinninti NR, Mago R, Townsend J, Doghramji K. Periodic restless legs syndrome associated with quetiapine use: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;25:617–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Heiman EM, Christie M. Lithium-aggravated nocturnal myoclonus and restless legs syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143:1191–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Terao T, Terao M, Yoshimura R, Abe K. Restless legs syndrome induced by lithium. Biol Psychiatry. 1991;30:1167–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Markkula J, Lauerma H. Mianserin and restless legs. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;12:53–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Bonin B, Vandel P, Kantelip P. Mirtazapine and restless leg syndrome: a case report. Therapie. 2000;55:655–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Amouyal-Barkate K, Bagheri-Charabiani H, Montastruc JL, Moulias S, Vellas B. Abnormal movements with donepezil in Alzheimer disease. Ann Pharmacother. 2000;34:1347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Drake ME. Restless legs with antiepileptic drug therapy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1988;90:151–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Lombroso CT. Lamotrigine-induced tourettism. Neurology. 1999;52:1191–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Sotero de Menezes MA, Rho JM, Murphy P, Cheyette S. Lamotrigine-induced tic disorder: report of five pediatric cases. Epilepsia. 2000;41:862–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Seemüller F, Dehning S, Grunze H, Müller N. Tourette’s symptoms provoked by lamotrigine in a bipolar patient. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Rascol O, Fabre N. Dyskinesia: L-dopa-induced and tardive dyskinesia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2001;24:313–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Calon F, Rajput AH, Hornykiewicz O, Bedard PJ, Di Paolo T. Levodopa-induced motor complications are associated with alterations of glutamate receptors in Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2003;14:404–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Santini E, Valjent E, Usiello A, Carta M, Borgkvist A, Girault J-A, Herve D, Greengard P, Fisone G. Critical involvement of cAMP/DARPP-32 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase signaling in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. J Neurosci. 2007;27:6995–7005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Fabbrini G, Brotchie JM, Grandas F, Nomoto M, Goetz CG. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Mov Disord. 2007;22:1379–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Calabresi P, Di Filippo M, Ghiglieri V, Picconi B. Molecular mechanisms underlying levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Mov Disord. 2008;23 Suppl 3:S570–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Grandas F, Galiano ML, Tabernero C. Risk factors for levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 1999;246:1127–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Blanchet PJ, Allard P, Gregoire L, Tardif F, Bedard PJ. Risk factors for peak dose dyskinesia in 100 levodopa-treated parkinsonian patients. Can J Neurol Sci. 1996;23:189–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Obeso JA, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Chana P, Lera G, Rodriguez M, Olanow CW. The evolution and origin of motor complications in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 2000;55:S13–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Van Gerpen JA, Kumar N, Bower JH, Weigand S, Ahlskog JE. Levodopa-associated dyskinesia risk among Parkinson disease patients in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976–1990. Arch Neurol. 2006;63:205–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Schrag A, Ben-Shlomo Y, Brown R, Marsden CD, Quinn N. Young-onset Parkinson’s disease revisited—clinical features, natural history, and mortality. Mov Disord. 1998;13:885–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Vidailhet M, Bonnet A-M, Marconi R, Durif F, Agid Y. The phenomenology of L-dopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 1999;14 Suppl 1:13–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Muenter MD, Sharpless NS, Tyce GM, Darley FL. Patterns of dystonia (“I-D-I” and “D-I-D”) in response to l-dopa therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 1977;52:163–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Luquin MR, Scipioni O, Vaamonde J, Gershanik O, Obeso JA. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease: clinical and pharmacological classification. Mov Disord. 1992;7:117–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Sigwald J, Bouttier D, Raymond C, Piot C. Quatre cas de dyskinésie facio-bucco-­­linguo-masticatrice à évolution prolongée secondaire à un traitement par les neuroleptiques. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1959;100:751–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Faurbye A, Rasch PJ, Peterson PB, Brandborg G, Pakkenberg G. Neurological symptoms in pharmacotherapy of psychoses. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1964;40:10–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Deneau G, Crane GE. Dyskinesia in rhesus monkeys tested with high doses of chlorpromazine. In: Crone GE, Gardner JR, editors. A multidisciplinary workshop: psychotropic drugs and dysfunctions of the basal ganglia. Washington: Public Health Service Publication No. 1969; 1938. p. 12–14.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Schooler NR, Kane JM. Research diagnoses for tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39:486–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Yassa R, Nair NPV. A 10-year follow-up study of tardive dyskinesia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1992;86:262–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Gardos G, Casey DE, Cole JO, Perenyi A, Kocsis E, Arato M, Samson JA, Conley C. Ten-year outcome of tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:836–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Baca-Garcia E, Stanilla JK, Büchel C, Gattaz WF, de Leon J. Diurnal variability of orofacial dyskinetic movements. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1999;32:73–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Jus K, Villeneuve A, Jus A. Tardive dyskinesia and the rabbit syndrome during wakefulness and sleep. Am J Psychiatry. 1972;129:765.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Keegan DL, Rajput AH. Drug induced dystonia tarda: treatment with L-dopa. Dis Nerv Syst. 1973;38:167–9.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Burke RE, Fahn S, Jankovic J, Marsden CD, Lang AE, Gollomp S, Ilson J. Tardive dystonia: late-onset and persistent dystonia caused by antipsychotic drugs. Neurology. 1982;32:1335–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Kang UJ, Burke RE, Fahn S. Natural history and treatment of tardive dystonia. Mov Disord. 1986;1:193–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Kiriakakis V, Bhatia KP, Quinn NP, Marsden CD. The natural history of tardive dystonia. A long-term follow-up study of 107 cases. Brain. 1998;121:2053–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Blanchet PJ, Rompre PH, Lavigne GJ, Lamarche C. Oral dyskinesia: a clinical overview. Int J Prosthodont. 2005;18:10–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Burke RE, Kang UJ, Jankovic J, Miller LG, Fahn S. Tardive akathisia: an analysis of clinical features and response to open therapeutic trials. Mov Disord. 1989;4:157–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Braude WM, Barnes TRE. Late-onset akathisia—an indicant of covert dyskinesia: two case reports. Am J Psychiatry. 1983;140:611–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Little JT, Jankovic J. Tardive myoclonus. Mov Disord. 1987;2:307–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Klawans HL, Falk DK, Nausieda PA, Weiner WJ. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome after long-term chlorpromazine therapy. Neurology. 1978;28:1064–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Stacy M, Jankovic J. Tardive tremor. Mov Disord. 1992;7:53–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Kane JM, Woerner M, Lieberman JA, Weinhold P, Florio W, Rubinstein M, Rotrosen J, Kurucz J, Mukherjee S, Bergmann K, et al. The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1985;21:136–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Chouinard G, Annable L, Ross-Chouinard A, Mercier P. A 5-year prospective longitudinal study of tardive dyskinesia: factors predicting appearance of new cases. J Clin Psychophar-macol. 1988;8(4 Suppl):21S–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Yassa R, Nair NPV, Iskandar H, Schwartz G. Factors in the development of severe forms of tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:1156–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Sachdev P. The epidemiology of drug-induced akathisia: Part II: chronic, tardive and withdrawal akathisias. Schizophr Bull. 1995;21:451–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Friedman JH, Kucharski LT, Wagner RL. Tardive dystonia in a psychiatric hospital. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1987;50:801–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. van Harten PN, Matroos GE, Hoek HW, Kahn RS. The prevalence of tardive dystonia, tardive dyskinesia, parkinsonism and akathisia: the Curacao Extrapyramidal Syndromes Study I. Schizophr Res. 1996;19:195–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Halliday J, Farrington S, MacDonald S, MacEwan T, Sharkey V, McCreadie R. Nithsdale Schizophrenia surveys 23: movement disorders. 20-year review. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;181:422–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Richardson MA, Haugland G, Craig TJ. Neuroleptic use, parkinsonian symptoms, tardive dyskinesia, and associated factors in child and adolescent psychiatric patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:1322–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Campbell M, Armenteros JL, Malone RP, Adams PB, Eisenberg ZW, Overall JE. Neuroleptic-related dyskinesias in autistic children: a prospective, longitudinal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:835–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Correll CU, Schenk EM. Tardive dyskinesia and new antipsychotics. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008;21:151–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Hall DA, Agarwal P, Griffith A, Segro V, Seeberger LC. Movement disorders associated with aripiprazole use: a case series. Int J Neurosci. 2009;119:2274–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Lohr JB. Commentary: is tardive dyskinesia disappearing? In: Factor SE, Lang AE, Weiner WJ, editors. Drug induced movement disorders. 2nd ed. Malden: Blackwell Futura; 2005. p. 302–9.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  166. Tarsy D, Baldessarini RJ. Epidemiology of tardive dyskinesia: is risk declining with modern antipsychotics? Mov Disord. 2006;21:589–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Nomoto M, Thompson PD, Sheehy MP, Quinn NP, Marsden CD. Anticholinergic-induced chorea in the treatment of focal dystonia. Mov Disord. 1987;2:53–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Thach BT, Chase TN, Bosma JF. Oral facial dyskinesia associated with prolonged use of antihistaminic decongestants. N Engl J Med. 1975;293:486–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Sedivec V, Valenova Z, Paceltova L. Persistent extrapyramidal oral dyskinesias following treatment with thymoleptics. Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1970;12:67–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Yassa R, Camille Y, Belzile L. Tardive dyskinesia in the course of antidepressant therapy: a prevalence study and review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1987;7:243–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Lapierre YD, Anderson K. Dyskinesia associated with amoxapine antidepressant therapy: a case report. Am J Psychiatry. 1983;140:493–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Lesser I. Case report of withdrawal dyskinesia associated with amoxapine. Am J Psychiatry. 1983;140:1358–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Weller RA, McKnelly Jr WV. Case report of withdrawal dyskinesia associated with amoxapine. Am J Psychiatry. 1983;140:1515–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Marchioni E, Perucca E, Soragna D, Bo P, Malaspina A, Ferrandi D, Albergati A, Savoldi F. Choreiform syndrome associated with fluoxetine treatment in a patient with deficient CYP2D6 activity. Neurology. 1996;46:853.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Chong SA. Fluvoxamine and mandibular dystonia. Can J Psychiatry. 1995;40(7):430–1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Mauriello Jr JA, Carbonaro P, Dhillon S, Leone T, Franklin M. Drug-associated facial dyskinesias—a study of 238 patients. J Neuroophthalmol. 1998;18:153–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Zorumski CF, Bakris GL. Choreoathetosis associated with lithium: case report and literature review. Am J Psychiatry. 1983;140:1621–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Ghadirian AM, Annable L, Belanger MC, Chouinard G. A cross-sectional study of parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia in lithium-treated affective disordered patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57:22–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Vanacore N, Suzzareddu G, Maggini M, Casula A, Capelli P, Raschetti R. Pisa syndrome in a cohort of Alzheimer’s disease patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 2005;111:199–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Moshe K, Iulian I, Seth K, Eli L, Joseph Z. Clomipramine-induced tourettism in obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and theoretical implications. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1994;17:338–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Damier P, Thobois S, Witjas T, Cuny E, Derost P, Raoul S, Mertens P, Peragut J-C, Lemaire J-J, Burbaud P, Nguyen J-M, Llorca P-M, Rascol O, French Stimulation for Tardive Dyskinesia (STARDYS) Study Group. Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus to treat tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:170–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Beaulieu J-M, Sotnikova TD, Yao W-D, Kockeritz L, Woodgett JR, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG. Lithium antagonizes dopamine-dependent behaviors mediated by an AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3 signaling cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2004;101:5099–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Crow TJ, Cross AJ, Johnstone EC, Owen F, Owens DG, Waddington JL. Abnormal involuntary movements in schizophrenia: are they related to the disease process or its treatment? Are they associated with changes in dopamine receptors? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1982;2:336–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Kornhuber J, Riederer P, Reynolds GP, Beckmann H, Jellinger K, Gabriel E. 3H-Spiperone binding sites in post-mortem brains from schizophrenic patients: relationship to neuroleptic drug treatment, abnormal movements, and positive symptoms. J Neural Transm. 1989;75:1–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Blin J, Baron JC, Cambon H, Bonnet AM, Dubois B, Loc’h C, Mazière B, Agid Y. Striatal dopamine D2 receptors in tardive dyskinesia: PET study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52:1248–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Andersson U, Eckernäs S-Å, Hartvig P, Ulin J, Långström B, Häggström J-E. Striatal binding of 11C-NMSP studied with positron emission tomography in patients with persistent tardive dyskinesia: no evidence for altered dopamine D2 receptor binding. J Neural Transm Gen Sect. 1990;79:215–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Seeman P. Atypical antipsychotics: mechanism of action. Can J Psychiatry. 2002;47:27–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Fernandez HH, Krupp B, Friedman JH. The course of tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism in psychiatric inpatients: 14-year follow-up. Neurology. 2001;56:805–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Miller R, Chouinard G. Loss of striatal cholinergic neurons as a basis for tardive and L-dopa-induced dyskinesias, neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity psychosis and refractory schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 1993;34:713–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Caroff SN, Campbell EC, Havey J, Sullivan KA, Mann SC, Gallop R. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with donepezil: a pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:772–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. See RE, Chapman MA. Chronic haloperidol, but not clozapine, produces altered oral movements and increased extracellular glutamate in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1994;263:269–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Leveque J-C, Macías W, Rajadhyaksha A, Carlson RR, Barczak A, Kang S, Li X-M, Coyle JT, Huganir RL, Heckers S, Konradi C. Intracellular modulation of NMDA receptor function by antipsychotic drugs. J Neurosci. 2000;20:4011–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Tsai G, Goff DC, Chang RW, Flood J, Baer L, Coyle JT. Markers of glutamatergic neurotransmission and oxidative stress associated with tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:1207–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Kelley JJ, Gao XM, Tamminga CA, Roberts RC. The effect of chronic haloperidol treatment on dendritic spines in the rat striatum. Exp Neurol. 1997;146:471–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Lerer B, Segman RH, Fangerau H, Daly AK, Basile VS, Cavallaro R, Aschauer HN, McCreadie RG, Ohlraun S, Ferrier N, Masellis M, Verga M, Scharfetter J, Rietschel M, Lovlie R, Levy UH, Meltzer HY, Kennedy JL, Steen VM, Macciardi F. Pharmacogenetics of tardive dyskinesia: combined analysis of 780 patients supports association with dopamine D3 receptor gene Ser9Gly polymorphism. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002;27:105–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Ethier I, Kagechika H, Shudo K, Rouillard C, Lévesque D. Docosahexaenoic acid reduces haloperidol-induced dyskinesias in mice: involvement of Nur77 and retinoid receptors. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56:522–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Margolese HC, Chouinard G, Kolivakis TT, Beauclair L, Miller R, Annable L. Tardive ­dyskinesia in the era of typical and atypical antipsychotics. Part 2: incidence and management strategies in patients with schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry. 2005;50:703–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Jeste DV, Wyatt RJ. In search of treatment for tardive dyskinesia: review of the literature. Schizophr Bull. 1979;5:253–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  199. Glazer WM, Bowers Jr MB, Charney DS, Heninger GR. The effect of neuroleptic discontinuation on psychopathology, involuntary movements, and biochemical measures in patients with persistent tardive dyskinesia. Biol Psychiatry. 1989;26:224–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Soares-Weiser K, Rathbone J. Neuroleptic reduction and/or cessation and neuroleptics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD000459.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Lieberman JA, Saltz BL, Johns CA, Pollack S, Borenstein M, Kane J. The effects of clozapine on tardive dyskinesia. Br J Psychiatry. 1991;158:503–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Spivak B, Mester R, Abesgaus J, Wittenberg N, Adlersberg S, Gonen N, Weizman A. Clozapine treatment for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia, parkinsonism, and chronic akathisia in schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58:318–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Dalack GW, Becks L, Meador-Woodruff JH. Tardive dyskinesia, clozapine, and treatment response. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1998;22:567–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Louzã MR, Bassitt DP. Maintenance treatment of severe tardive dyskinesia with clozapine. 5 years’ follow-up. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;25:180–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Emsley R, Turner HJ, Schronen J, Botha K, Smit R, Oosthuizen PP. A single-blind, randomized trial comparing quetiapine and haloperidol in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:696–701.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Bouckaert F, Herman G, Peuskens J. Rapid remission of severe tardive dyskinesia and tardive dystonia with quetiapine. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20:287–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Soutullo CA, Keck PE, McElroy SL. Olanzapine in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: a report of two cases. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19:100–1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Hyde TM, Apud JA, Fisher WC, Egan MF. Tardive dyskinesia. In: Factor SE, Lang AE, Weiner WJ, editors. Drug induced movement disorders. 2nd ed. Malden: Blackwell Futura; 2005. p. 213–56.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  209. Chouinard G. Effects of risperidone in tardive dyskinesia: an analysis of the Canadian Multicenter Risperidone Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995;15(Suppl):36S–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Bai Y-M, Yu S-C, Chen J-Y, Lin C-Y, Chou P, Lin C-C. Risperidone for pre-existing severe tardive dyskinesia: a 48-week prospective follow-up study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;20:79–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Huang CC, Wang RI, Hasegawa A, Alverno L. Reserpine and alpha-methyldopa in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology. 1981;73:359–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Fahn S. A therapeutic approach to tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1985;46:19–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Watson MWB, Skelton D, Jamali F. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia: preliminary report on use of tetrabenazine. Can J Psychiatry. 1988;33:11–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Jankovic J, Beach J. Long-term effects of tetrabenazine in hyperkinetic movement disorders. Neurology. 1997;48:358–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Ondo WG, Hanna PA, Jankovic J. Tetrabenazine treatment for tardive dyskinesia: assessment by randomized videotape protocol. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1279–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. O’Flanagan PM. Clonazepam in the treatment of drug-induced dyskinesia. Br Med J. 1975;1:269–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Bobruff A, Gardos G, Tarsy D, Rapkin RM, Cole JO, Moore P. Clonazepam and phenobarbital in tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry. 1981;138:189–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Yassa R, Iskandar H, Nastase C. Propranolol in the treatment of tardive akathisia: a report of two cases. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1988;8:283–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Yassa R, Bloom D. Lorazepam and anticholinergics in tardive akathisia [correspondence]. Biol Psychiatry. 1990;27:463–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Soares KVS, McGrath JJ. The treatment of tardive dyskinesia—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 1999;39:1–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Soares KV, McGrath JJ. Vitamin E for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD000209.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Soares KV, McGrath JJ. Calcium channel blockers for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(1):CD000206.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Tammenmaa IA, Sailas E, McGrath JJ, Soares-Weiser K, Wahlbeck K. Systematic review of cholinergic drugs for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2004;28:1099–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Bhoopathi PS, Soares-Weiser K. Benzodiazepines for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(3):CD000205.

    Google Scholar 

  225. Rapaport A, Sadeh M, Stein D, Levine J, Sirota P, Mosheva T, Stir S, Elitzur A, Reznik I, Geva D, Rabey JM. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of oro-facial-lingual-masticatory tardive dyskinesia. Mov Disord. 2000;15:352–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Adler LA, Rotrosen J, Edson R, Lavori P, Lohr J, Hitzemann R, Raisch D, Caligiuri M, Tracy K, Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #394 Study Group. Vitamin E treatment for tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:836–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Lerner V, Miodownik C, Kaptsan A, Cohen H, Matar M, Loewenthal U, Kotler M. Vitamin B6 in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:1511–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Hardie RJ, Lees AJ, Stern GM. Sustained levodopa therapy in tardive dyskinesia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1983;46:685.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Angus S, Sugars J, Boltezar R, Koskewich S, Schneider NM. A controlled trial of amantadine hydrochloride and neuroleptics in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;17:88–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Goff DC, Renshaw PF, Sarid-Segal O, Dreyfuss DA, Amico ET, Ciraulo DA. A placebo-controlled trial of selegiline (L-deprenyl) in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Biol Psychiatry. 1993;33:700–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Fisk GG, York SM. The effect of sodium valproate on tardive dyskinesia—revisited. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:542–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Woods SW, Saksa JR, Baker CB, Cohen SJ, Tek C. Effects of levetiracetam on tardive ­dyskinesia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69: 546–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Loonen AJM, Verwey HA, Roels PR, van Bavel LP, Doorschot CH. Is diltiazem effective in treating the symptoms of (tardive) dyskinesia in chronic psychiatric inpatients? A negative, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1992;12:39–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Moss LE, Neppe VM, Drevets WC. Buspirone in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993;13:204–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Shamir E, Barak Y, Shalman I, Laudon M, Zisapel N, Tarrasch R, Elizur A, Weizman R. Melatonin treatment for tardive dyskinesia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:1049–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Richardson MA, Bevans ML, Read LL, Chao HM, Clelland JD, Suckow RF, Maher TJ, Citrome L. Efficacy of the branched-chain amino acids in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia in men. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:1117–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Caroff SN, Walker P, Campbell C, Lorry A, Petro C, Lynch K, Gallop R. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with galantamine: a randomized controlled crossover trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:410–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Wolkin A, Jordan B, Peselow E, Rubinstein M, Rotrosen J. Essential fatty acid supplementation in tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143:912–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Emsley R, Niehaus DJH, Koen L, Oosthuizen PP, Turner HJ, Carey P, van Rensburg SJ, Maritz JS, Murck H. The effects of eicosapentaenoic acid in tardive dyskinesia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Schizophr Res. 2006;84:112–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Stomatology, University of Montreal, 6128, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7

    Pierre J. Blanchet MD, FRCPC, PhD

  2. Andre-Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Center (C.H.U.M.), Montreal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7

    Pierre J. Blanchet MD, FRCPC, PhD

Authors
  1. Pierre J. Blanchet MD, FRCPC, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pierre J. Blanchet MD, FRCPC, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine (Neurology) and Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

    Oksana Suchowersky

  2. Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

    Cynthia Comella

Electronic Supplementary material

CASE 1 - Tardive dyskinesia (wmv 5,901 KB)

CASE 2 - Tardive dyskinesia (avi 78,802 KB)

CASE 3 - Generalized tardive dyskinesia (wmv 9,352 KB)

CASE 4 - Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (wmv 6,357 KB)

CASE 5 - Metoclopramide-induced dyskinesia (wmv 5,907 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Blanchet, P.J. (2012). Drug-Induced Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders. In: Suchowersky, O., Comella, C. (eds) Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders. Current Clinical Neurology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-120-2_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-120-2_8

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-805-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-120-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation