Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Baughman RP, du Bois RM, Lower EE. Sarcoidosis. Lancet 2003;361:1111–1118.
Rybicki BA, Major M, Popovich J, Jr., et al. Racial differences in sarcoidosis incidence: a five year study in a health maintenance organization. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:234–241.
Hillerdal G, Nou E, Osterman K, et al. Sarcoidosis: epidemiology and prognosis. A 15-year European study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;130:29–32.
Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, Judson MA, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:1885–1889.
Judson MA, Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, et al. Defining organ involvement in sarcoidosis: the ACCESS proposed instrument. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1999;16:75–86.
Pietinalho A, Ohmichi M, Hiraga Y, et al. The mode of presentation of sarcoidosis in Finland and Hokkaido, Japan. A comparative analysis of 571 Finnish and 686 Japanese patients. Sarcoidosis 1996;13:159–166.
Izumi T. Symposium: population differences in clinical features and prognosis of sarcoidosis throughout the world. Sarcoidosis 1992;9:S105–S118.
Siltzbach LE, James DG, Neville E, et al. Course and prognosis of sarcoidosis around the world. Am J Med 1974;57:847–852.
ACCESS Research Group. Design of a case control etiologic study of sarcoidosis (ACCESS). J Clin Epidemiol 1999;52:1173–1186.
Hills SE, Parkes SA, Baker SB. Epidemiology of sarcoidosis in the Isle of Man—2: Evidence for space-time clustering. Thorax 1987;42:427–430.
Johnson BA, Duncan SR, Ohori NP, et al. Recurrence of sarcoidosis in pulmonary allograft recipients. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1993;148:1373–137X.
Martinez FJ, Orens JB, Deeb M, et al. Recurrence of sarcoidosis following bilateral alloge-neic lung transplantation. Chest 1994;106:1597–1599.
Nunley DR, Hattler B, Keenan RJ, et al. Lung transplantation for end-stage pulmonary sar-coidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1999;16:93–100.
Sundar KM, Carveth HJ, Gosselin M V, et al. Granulomatous pneumonitis following bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001;28:627–630.
Heyll A, Meckenstock G, Aul C, et al. Possible transmission of sarcoidosis via allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1994;14:161–164.
Milman N, Andersen CB, Burton CM, et al. Recurrent sarcoid granulomas in a transplanted lung derive from recipient immune cells. Eur Respir J 2005;26:549–552.
Heatly T, Sekela M, Berger R. Single lung transplantation involving a donor with documented pulmonary sarcoidosis. J Heart Lung Transplant 1994;13:720–723.
Hance AJ. The role of mycobacteria in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Infect 1998;13:197–205.
Drake WP, Pei Z, Pride DT, et al. Molecular analysis of sarcoidosis tissues for mycobacte-rium species DNA. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:1334–1341.
Song Z, Marzilli L, Greenlee BM, et al. Mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase is a tissue antigen and target of the adaptive immune response in systemic sarcoidosis. J Exp Med 2005;201:755–767.
Drake WP, Dhason MS, Nadaf M, et al. Cellular recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 and KatG peptides in systemic sarcoidosis. Infect Immun 2007;75:527–530.
Brown ST, Brett I, Almenoff PL, et al. Recovery of cell wall-deficient organisms from blood does not distinguish between patients with sarcoidosis and control subjects. Chest 2003;123:413–417.
Ishige I, Usui Y, Takemura T, et al. Quantitative PCR of mycobacterial and propionibacterial DNA in lymph nodes of Japanese patients with sarcoidosis. Lancet 1999;354:120–123.
Eishi Y, Suga M, Ishige I, et al. Quantitative analysis of mycobacterial and propionibacterial DNA in lymph nodes of Japanese and European patients with sarcoidosis. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:198–204.
Minami J, Eishi Y, Ishige Y, et al. Pulmonary granulomas caused experimentally in mice by a recombinant trigger-factor protein of Propionibacterium acnes. J Med Dent Sci 2003;50:265–274.
Prezant DJ, Dhala A, Goldstein A, et al. The incidence, prevalence, and severity of sarcoido-sis in New York City firefighters. Chest 1999;116:1183–1193.
Jajosky P. Sarcoidosis diagnoses among U.S. military personnel:trends and ship assignment associations. Am J Prev Med 1998;14(3):176–183.
Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, et al. Trends and occupational associations in incidence of hospitalized pulmonary sarcoidosis and other lung diseases in Navy personnel:a 27-year historical prospective study, 1975–2001. Chest 2004;126:1431–1438.
Drent M, Bomans PH, Van Suylen RJ, et al. Association of man-made mineral fibre exposure and sarcoidlike granulomas. Respir Med 2000;94:815–820.
Newman LS, et al. Etiology of sarcoidosis:environmental and occupational factors associated with sarcoidosis risk. Ann Intern Med 2002; in press.
Izbicki G, Chavko R, Banauch GI, et al. World Trade Center “sarcoid-like” granulomatous pulmonary disease in New York City Fire Department rescue workers. Chest 2007;131:1414–1423.
Moller DR, Chen ES. Genetic basis of remitting sarcoidosis:triumph of the trimolecular complex? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002;27:391–395.
Richeldi L, Sorrentino R, Saltini C. HLA-DPB1 Glutamate 69:a genetic marker of beryllium disease. Science 1993;262:242–244.
Rossman MD, Thompson B, Frederick M, et al. HLA-DRB1*1101:a significant risk factor for sarcoidosis in blacks and whites. Am J Hum Genet 2003;73:720–735.
Sato H, Grutters JC, Pantelidis P, et al. HLA-DQB1*0201:a marker for good prognosis in British and Dutch patients with sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002;27:406–412.
Grunewald J, Eklund A. Sex-specific manifestations of Lofgren's syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175(1):40–44.
Foley PJ, McGrath DS, Petrek M, et al. HLA-DRB1 position 11 residues are a common protective marker for sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001;25:272–277.
Hunninghake GW, Costabel U, Ando M, et al. ATS/ERS/WASOG statement on sarcoidosis. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1999;16:149–173.
Teirstein AS, Judson MA, Baughman RP, et al. The spectrum of biopsy sites for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2005;22:139–146.
Judson MA, Thompson BW, Rabin DL, et al. The diagnostic pathway to sarcoidosis. Chest 2003;123:406–412.
Winterbauer RH, Belic N, Moores KD. A clinical intepretation of bilateral hilar adenopathy. Ann Intern Med 1973;78:65–71.
Rizzato G, Colombo P. Nephrolithiasis as a presenting feature of chronic sarcoidosis:a prospective study. Sarcoidosis 1996;13:167–172.
Baughman RP, Judson MA, Teirstein AS, et al. Thalidomide for chronic sarcoidosis. Chest 2002;122:227–232.
Winget D, O'Brien GM, Lower EE, et al. Bell's palsy as an unrecognized presentation for sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis 1994;11:S368–S370.
Hunninghake GW, Crystal RG. Pulmonary sarcoidosis:a disorder mediated by excess helper T-lymphocyte activity at sites of disease activity. N Engl J Med 1981;305:429–432.
Semenzato G, Chilosi M, Ossi E, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage and lung histology:comparative analysis of inflammatory and immunocompetent cells in patients with sarcoidosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;132:400–404.
Kantrow SP, Meyer KC, Kidd P, et al. The CD4/CD8 ratio in BAL fluid is highly variable in sarcoidosis]. Eur Respir J 1997;10:2716–2721.
Klech H, Pohl W. Technical recommendations and guidelines for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Eur Respir J 1989;2:561–585.
Haslam PL, Baughman RP. ERS task force report on measurement of acellular components in BAL. Eur Resp Rev 1999;9:25–27.
Baughman RP, Drent M. Role of bronchoalveolar lavage in interstitial lung disease. Clin Chest Med 2001;22:331–341.
Poulter LW, Rossi GA, Bjermer L, et al. The value of bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis and prognosis of sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 1990;3:943–944.
Drent M, Jacobs JA, Cobben NA, et al. Computer program supporting the diagnostic accuracy of cellular BALF analysis:a new release. Respir Med 2001;95:781–786.
Welker L, Jorres RA, Costabel U, et al. Predictive value of BAL cell differentials in the diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases. Eur Respir J 2004;24:1000–1006.
Sugisaki K, Yamaguchi T, Nagai S, et al. Clinical characteristics of 195 Japanese sarcoidosis patients treated with oral corticosteroids. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2003;20:222–226.
Loddenkemper R, Kloppenborg A, Schoenfeld N, et al. Clinical findings in 715 patients with newly detected pulmonary sarcoidosis—results of a cooperative study in former West Germany and Switzerland. WATL Study Group. Wissenschaftliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur die Therapie von Lungenkrankheitan. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1998;15:178–182.
Scadding JG. Prognosis of intrathoracic sarcoidosis in England. Br Med J 1961;4:1165–1172.
DeRemee RA. The roentgenographic staging of sarcoidosis. Historic and contemporary perspectives. Chest 1983;83:128–133.
Nagai S, Shigematsu M, Hamada K, et al. Clinical courses and prognoses of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 1999;5:293–298.
Neville E, Walker AN, James DG. Prognostic factors predicting the outcome of sarcoidosis:an analysis of 818 patients. Q J Med 1983;208:525–533.
Koonitz CH, Joyner LR, Nelson RA. Transbronchial lung biopsy via the fiberoptic broncho-scope in sarcoidosis. Ann Intern Med 1976;85:64–66.
Abe S, Munakata M, Nishimura M, et al. Gallium-67 scintigraphy, bronchoalveolar lavage, and pathologic changes in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest 1984;85:650–655.
Sulavik SB, Spencer RP, Palestro CJ, et al. Specificity and sensitivity of distinctive chest radiographic and/or 67Ga images in the noninvasive diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Chest 1993; 103:403–409.
Medinger AE, Khouri S, Rohatgi PK. Sarcoidosis:the value of exercise testing. Chest 2001; 120:93–101.
Yeager H, Rossman MD, Baughman RP, et al. Pulmonary and psychosocial findings at enrollment in the ACCESS study. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2005;22:147–153.
Abehsera M, Valeyre D, Grenier P, et al. Sarcoidosis with pulmonary fibrosis:CT patterns and correlation with pulmonary function. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:1751–1757.
Terasaki H, Fujimoto K, Muller NL, et al. Pulmonary sarcoidosis:comparison of findings of inspiratory and expiratory high-resolution CT and pulmonary function tests between smokers and nonsmokers. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005;185:333–338.
Hansell DM, Milne DG, Wilsher ML, et al. Pulmonary sarcoidosis:morphologic associations of airflow obstruction at thin-section CT. Radiology 1998;209:697–704.
Baydur A, Alsalek M, Louie SG, et al. Respiratory muscle strength, lung function, and dyspnea in patients with sarcoidosis. Chest 2001;120:102–108.
Brancaleone P, Perez T, Robin S, et al. Clinical impact of inspiratory muscle impairment in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2004;21:219–227.
Robinson LR, Brownsberger R, Raghu G. Respiratory failure and hypoventilation secondary to neurosarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1316–1318.
Sharma OP, Johnson R. Airway obstruction in sarcoidosis. A study of 123 nonsmoking black American patients with sarcoidosis. Chest 1988;94:343–346.
Ploysongsang Y, Roberts RD. The pathophysiology and response to steroid therapy in sar-coidosis. Respiration 1986;49:204–215.
Chambellan A, Turbie P, Nunes H, et al. Endoluminal stenosis of proximal bronchi in sar-coidosis:bronchoscopy, function, and evolution. Chest 2005;127:472–481.
Bechtel JJ, Starr TI, Dantzker DR, et al. Airway hyperreactivity in patients with sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981;124:759–761.
Olafsson M, Simonsson BG, Hansson SB. Bronchial reactivity in patients with recent pulmonary sarcoidosis. Thorax 1985;40:51–53.
Baughman RP, Iannuzzi MC, Lower EE, et al. Use of fluticasone in acute symptomatic pulmonary sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2002;19:198–204.
Shorr AF, Torrington KG, Hnatiuk OW. Endobronchial involvement and airway hyperreac-tivity in patients with sarcoidosis. Chest 2001;120:881–886.
Muller NL, Mawson JB, Mathieson JR, et al. Sarcoidosis:correlation of extent of disease at CT with clinical, functional, and radiographic findings. Radiology 1989;171:613–618.
Remy JM, Beuscart R, Sault MC, et al. Subpleural micronodules in diffuse infiltrative lung diseases:evaluation with thin-section CT scans. Radiology 1990;177:133–139.
Akkoca O, Celik G, Ulger F, et al. Exercise capacity in sarcoidosis. Study of 29 patients. Med Clin (Barc) 2005;124:686–689.
Delobbe A, Perrault H, Maitre J, et al. Impaired exercise response in sarcoid patients with normal pulmonary functio. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2002;19:148–153.
Sulica R, Teirstein AS, Kakarla S, et al. Distinctive clinical, radiographic, and functional characteristics of patients with sarcoidosis-related pulmonary hypertension. Chest 2005; 128:1483–1489.
Rizzato G, Pezzano A, Sala G, et al. Right heart impairment in sarcoidosis:haemodynamic and echocardiographic study. Eur J Respir Dis 1983;64(2):121–128.
Lama VN, Flaherty KR, Toews GB, et al. Prognostic value of desaturation during a 6-minute walk test in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:1084–1090.
Baughman RP, Sparkman BK, Lower EE. Six minute walk test and health status assessment in sarcoidosis. Chest 2007;132:207–213.
Nunes H, Humbert M, Capron F, et al. Pulmonary hypertension associated with sarcoidosis:mechanisms, haemodynamics and prognosis. Thorax 2006;61:68–74.
Battesti JP, Georges R, Basset F, et al. Chronic cor pulmonale in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Thorax 1978;33:76–84.
Smith LJ, Lawrence JB, Katzenstein AA. Vascular sarcoidosis:a rare cause of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Med Sci 1983;285:38–44.
Hoffstein V, Ranganathan N, Mullen JB. Sarcoidosis simulating pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;134:809–811.
Nunes H, Humbert M, Capron F, et al. Pulmonary hypertension associated with sarcoidosis:mechanisms, haemodynamics and prognosis. Thorax 2006;61:68–74.
Salazar A, Mana J, Sala J, et al. Combined portal and pulmonary hypertension in sarcoidosis. Respiration 1994;61:117–119.
Baughman RP, Engel PJ, Meyer CA, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2006;23:108–116.
Handa T, Nagai S, Miki S, et al. Incidence of pulmonary hypertension and its clinical relevance in patients with sarcoidosis. Chest 2006;129:1246–1252.
Yock PG, Popp RL. Noninvasive estimation of right ventricular systolic pressure by Doppler ultrasound in patients with tricuspid regurgitation. Circulation 1984;70:657–662.
Hachulla E, Gressin V, Guillevin L, et al. Early detection of pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis:a French nationwide prospective multicenter study. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3792–3800.
Arcasoy SM, Christie JD, Ferrari VA , et al. Echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with advanced lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:735–740.
Rich S, D'Alonzo GE, Dantzker DR, et al. Magnitude and implications of spontaneous hemodynamic variability in primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1985;55:159–163.
Arcasoy SM, Christie JD, Pochettino A, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with sarcoidosis listed for lung transplantation. Chest 2001;120:873–880.
Shorr AF, Davies DB, Nathan SD. Predicting mortality in patients with sarcoidosis awaiting lung transplantation. Chest 2003;124:922–928.
Shorr AF, Helman DL, Davies DB, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in advanced sarcoidosis:epidemiology and clinical characteristics. Eur Respir J 2005;25:783–788.
Fahy GJ, Marwick T, McCreery CJ, et al. Doppler echocardiographic detection of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest 1996;109:62–66.
Chapelon-Abric C, de ZD, Duhaut P, et al. Cardiac sarcoidosis:a retrospective study of 41 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2004;83:315–334.
Baughman RP, Engel PJ. Not all pulmonary hypertension in sarcoidosis is due to pulmonary arterial hypertension. 2007:in press.
Maddrey WC, Johns CJ, Boitnott JK. et al. Sarcoidosis and chronic hepatic disease:a clinical and pathologic study of 20 patients. Medicine 1970;49:375–395.
Judson MA. Hepatc, splenic, and gastrointestinal involvement with sarcoidosis. Sem Resp Crit Care Med 2002;23:529–543.
Baughman RP, Selroos O. Evidence-based approach to the treatment of sarcoidosis. In:Gibson PG, Abramson M, Wood-Baker R, et al,, editors. Evidence-based respiratory medicine. Malden:Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 2005. p. 491–508.
Hunninghake GW, Gilbert S, Pueringer R, et al. Outcome of the treatment for sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:893–898.
Gottlieb JE, Israel HL, Steiner RM, et al. Outcome in sarcoidosis. The relationship of relapse to corticosteroid therapy. Chest 1997;111:623–631.
Rizzato G, Montemurro L, Colombo P. The late follow-up of chronic sarcoid patients previously treated with corticosteroids. Sarcoidosis 1998;15:52–58.
Baughman RP, Judson MA, Teirstein A, et al. Presenting characteristics as predictors of duration of treatment in sarcoidosis. QJM 2006;99:307–315.
Paramothayan S, Jones PW. Corticosteroid therapy in pulmonary sarcoidosis:a systematic review. JAMA 2002;287:1301–1307.
Pietinalho A, Lindholm A, Haahtela T, et al. Inhaled budesonide for treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Eur Respir J 1996;9(suppl 23):406s.
Pietinalho A, Tukiainen P, Haahtela T, et al. Early treatment of stage II sarcoidosis improves 5-year pulmonary function. Chest 2002;121:24–31.
Gibson GJ, Prescott RJ, Muers MF, et al. British Thoracic Society Sarcoidosis study:effects of long term corticosteroid treatment. Thorax 1996;51:238–247.
Judson MA. An approach to the treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis with corticosteroids:the six phases of treatment. Chest 1999;115:1158–1165.
Paramothayan S, Lasserson T, Walters EH. Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic therapy for pulmonary sarcoidosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(3):CD003536.
British Tuberculosis Association. Chloroquine in the treatment of sarcoidosis. Tubercle 1967;48:257–272.
Siltzbach LE, Teirstein AS. Chloroquine therapy in 43 patients with intrathoracic and cutaneous sarcoidosis. Acta Med Scand 1964;425:302S-308S.
Zic J, Horowitz D, Arzubiaga C, et al. Treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis with chloroquine:review of the literature. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:1034–1040.
Baltzan M, Mehta S, Kirkham TH, et al. Randomized trial of prolonged chloroquine therapy in advanced pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:192–197.
Jones E, Callen JP. Hydroxychloroquine is effective therapy for control of cutaneous sarcoi-dal granulomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:487–489.
Canadian Consensus Conference on hydroxychloroquine. J Rheumatol 2000;27:2919–2921.
Bartel PR, Roux P, Robinson E, et al. Visual function and long-term chloroquine treatment. South African Med J 1994;84:32–34.
Silman A, Shipley M. Ophthalmological monitoring for hydroxychloroquine toxicity:a scientific review of available data. Br J Rheumatol 1997;36:599–601.
Adams JS, Diz MM, Sharma OP. Effective reduction in the serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and calcium concentration in sarcoidosis-associated hypercalcemia with short-course chlo-roquine therapy. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:437–438.
Barre PE, Gascon-Barre M, Meakins JL, et al. Hydroxychloroquine treatment of hypercal-cemia in a patient with sarcoidosis undergoing hemodialysis. Am J Med 1987;82:1259–1262.
O'Leary TJ, Jones G, Yip A, et al. The effects of chloroquine on serum 1,25-dihydroxyvita-min D and calcium metabolism in sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 1986;315:727–730.
Sharma OP. Effectiveness of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in treating selected patients with sarcoidosis with neurologic involvement. Arch Neurol 1998;55:1248–1254.
Baughman RP, Lower EE. A clinical approach to the use of methotrexate for sarcoidosis. Thorax 1999;54:742–746.
Dev S, McCallum RM, Jaffe GJ. Methotrexate for sarcoid-associated panuveitis. Ophthalmology 1999;106:111–118.
Lacher MJ. Spontaneous remission response to methotrexate in sarcoidosis. Ann Intern Med 1968;69:1247–1248.
Lower EE, Baughman RP. Prolonged use of methotrexate for sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:846–851.
Vucinic VM. What is the future of methotrexate in sarcoidosis? A study and review. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2002;8:470–476.
Webster GF, Razsi LK, Sanchez M, et al. Weekly low-dose methotrexate therapy for cutaneous sarcoidosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:451–454.
Lower EE, Broderick JP, Brott TG, et al. Diagnosis and management of neurologic sarcoido-sis. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1864–1868.
Gedalia A, Molina JF, Ellis GS, et al. Low-dose methotrexate therapy for childhood sar-coidosis. J Pediatr 1997;130:25–29.
Baughman RP, Winget DB, Lower EE. Methotrexate is steroid sparing in acute sarcoidosis:results of a double blind, randomized trial. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2000;17:60–66.
Lower EE, Smith JT, Martelo OJ, et al. The anemia of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis 1988;5:51–55.
Browne PM, Sharma OP, Salkin D. Bone marrow sarcoidosis. JAMA 1978;240:43–50.
Baughman RP, Koehler A, Bejarano PA, et al. Role of liver function tests in detecting methotrexate-induced liver damage in sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:615–620.
Kremer JM, Alarcon GS, Lightfoot RW, Jr., et al. Methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Suggested guidelines for monitoring liver toxicity. American College of Rheumatology. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:316–328.
Kremer JM, Alarcon GS, Weinblatt ME, et al. Clinical, laboratory, radiographic, and his-topathologic features of methotrexate-associated lung injury in patients with rheumatoid arthritis:a multicenter study with literature review. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:1829–1837.
Zisman DA, McCune WJ, Tino G, et al. Drug-induced pneumonitis:the role of methotrex-ate. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2001;18:243–252.
Baughman RP, Lower EE. Leflunomide for chronic sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2004;21:43–48.
Lewis SJ, Ainslie GM, Bateman ED. Efficacy of azathioprine as second-line treatment in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1999;16:87–92.
Muller-Quernheim J, Kienast K, Held M, et al. Treatment of chronic sarcoidosis with an azathioprine/prednisolone regimen. Eur Respir J 1999;14:1117–1122.
Agbogu BN, Stern BJ, Sewell C, et al. Therapeutic considerations in patients with refractory neurosarcoidosis. Arch Neurol 1995;52:875–879.
Kennedy PT, Zakaria N, Modawi SB, et al. Natural history of hepatic sarcoidosis and its response to treatment. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;18:721–726.
Escousse A, Mousson C, Santona L, et al. Azathioprine-induced pancytopenia in homogenous thioprine methyltransferase-deficient renal transplant recipients:a family study. Transplant Proc 1995;27:1739–1742.
Kremer JM, Genovese MC, Cannon GW, et al. Concomitant leflunomide therapy in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite stable doses of methotrexate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:726–733.
Kremer JM, Caldwell JR, Cannon GW, et al. The combination of leflunomide and meth-otrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis who are failing on methotrexate treatment alone:a double-blind placebo controlled study. 2000:S224.
Osiri M, Shea B, Robinson V, et al. Leflunomide for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis:a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Rheumatol 2003;30:1182–1190.
Israel HL, McComb BL. Chlorambucil treatment of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis 1991;8:35–41.
Kataria YP. Chlorambucil in sarcoidosis. Chest 1980;78:36–42.
Doty JD, Mazur JE, Judson MA. Treatment of corticosteroid-resistant neurosarcoidosis with a short-course cyclophosphamide regimen. Chest 2003;124:2023–2026.
Baughman RP, Lower EE. Use of intermittent, intravenous cyclophosphamide for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 1992;102:1090–1094.
Talar-Williams C, Hijazi YM, Walther MM, et al. Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis and bladder cancer in patients with Wegener granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:477–484.
Bradley DA, Lower EE, Baughman RP. Diagnosis and management of spinal cord sarcoido-sis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2006;23(1):58–65.
Rosenbaum JT. Treatment of severe refractory uveitis with intravenous cyclophosphamide. J Rheumatol 1994;21:123–125.
Zuber M, Defer G, Cesaro P, et al. Efficacy of cyclophosphamide in sarcoid radiculomyelitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992;55:166–167.
Carlesimo M, Giustini S, Rossi A, et al. Treatment of cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoidosis with thalidomide. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:866–869.
Lee JB, Koblenzer PS. Disfiguring cutaneous manifestation of sarcoidosis treated with tha-lidomide:a case report. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:835–838.
Nguyen YT, Dupuy A, Cordoliani F, et al. Treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis with thalido-mide. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:235–241.
Oliver SJ, Kikuchi T, Krueger JG, et al. Thalidomide induces granuloma differentiation in sarcoid skin lesions associated with disease improvement. Clin Immunol 2002;102:225–236.
Rousseau L, Beylot-Barry M, Doutre MS, et al. Cutaneous sarcoidosis successfully treated with low doses of thalidomide. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:1045–1046.
Judson MA, Silvestri J, Hartung C, et al. The effect of thalidomide on corticosteroid-depend-ent pulmonary sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2006;23:51–57.
Baughman RP, Strohofer SA, Buchsbaum J, et al. Release of tumor necrosis factor by alveolar macrophages of patients with sarcoidosis. J Lab Clin Med 1990;115:36–42.
Ziegenhagen MW, Benner UK, Zissel G, et al. Sarcoidosis:TNF-alpha release from alveolar macrophages and serum level of sIL-2R are prognostic markers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:1586–1592.
Baughman RP, Lower EE. The effect of corticosteroid or methotrexate therapy on lung lymphocytes and macrophages in sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;142:1268–1271.
Ziegenhagen MW, Rothe E, Zissel G, et al. Exagerated TNFalpha release of alveolar macrophages in corticosteroid resistant sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2002;19:185–190.
Baughman RP, Iannuzzi M. Tumour necrosis factor in sarcoidosis and its potential for targeted therapy. BioDrugs 2003;17:425–431.
Gartlehner G, Hansen RA, Jonas BL, et al. The comparative efficacy and safety of biologics for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis:a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Rheumatol 2006;33:2398–2408.
Lovell DJ, Giannini EH, Reiff A, et al. Etanercept in children with polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000;342:763–769.
Kavanaugh A, Clair EW, McCune WJ, et al. Chimeric anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate therapy. J Rheumatol 2000;27:841–850.
Sands BE, Anderson FH, Bernstein CN, et al. Infliximab maintenance therapy for fistulizing Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2004;350:876–885.
Sandborn WJ, Hanauer SB, Katz S, et al. Etanercept for active Crohn's disease:a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2001;121:1088–1094.
Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, et al. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1098–1104.
Baughman RP, Bradley DA, Lower EE. Infliximab for chronic ocular inflammation. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005;43:7–11.
Baughman RP, Lower EE. Infliximab for refractory sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2001;18:70–74.
Doty JD, Mazur JE, Judson MA. Treatment of sarcoidosis with infliximab. Chest 2005; 127:1064–1071.
Saleh S, Ghodsian S, Yakimova V, et al. Effectiveness of infliximab in treating selected patients with sarcoidosis. Respir Med 2006;100(11):2053–2059.
Yee AMF, Pochapin MB. Treatment of complicated sarcoidosis with infliximab anti-tumor necrosis-alpha therapy. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:27–31.
Baughman RP, Drent M, Kavuru M, et al. Infliximab therapy in patients with chronic sar-coidosis and pulmonary involvement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174:795–802.
Hanauer SB. Review article:safety of infliximab in clinical trials. Alimentary Pharm Therapeutics 1999;13(Suppl 4):16–22.
Chung ES, Packer M, Lo KH, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure:results of the anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation 2003;107:3133–3140.
Utz JP, Limper AH, Kalra S, et al. Etanercept for the treatment of stage II and III progressive pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest 2003;124:177–185.
Baughman RP, Lower EE, Bradley DA, et al. Etanercept for refractory ocular sarcoidosis:results of a double-blind randomized trial. Chest 2005;128:1062–1067.
Mann DL, McMurray JJ, Packer M, et al. Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure:results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL). Circulation 2004;109:1594–1602.
Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial (WGET) Research Group. Etanercept plus standard therapy for Wegener's granulomatosis. N Engl J Med 2005;352:351–361.
Wallis RS, Ehlers S. Tumor necrosis factor and granuloma biology:explaining the differential infection risk of etanercept and infliximab. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005;34(5 Suppl 1):34–38.
Van den Brande JM, Braat H, van den Brink GR, et al. Infliximab but not etanercept induces apoptosis in lamina propria T-lymphocytes from patients with Crohn's disease. Gastro-enterology 2003;124:1774–1785.
Bachelez H, Senet P, Cadranel J, et al. The use of tetracyclines for the treatment of sarcoidosis. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:69–73.
Breuer K, Gutzmer R, Volker B, et al. Therapy of noninfectious granulomatous skin diseases with fumaric acid esters. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:1290–1295.
Zabel P, Entzian P, Dalhoff K, et al. Pentoxifylline in treatment of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:1665–1669.
Marques LJ, Zheng L, Poulakis N, et al. Pentoxifylline inhibits TNF-alpha production from human alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159(2):508–511.
Strieter RM, Remick DG, Ward PA, et al. Cellular and molecular regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by pentoxifylline. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988;155:1230–1236.
Judson MA. Lung transplantation for pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 1998;11:738–744.
Preston IR, Klinger JR, Landzberg MJ, et al. Vasoresponsiveness of sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension. Chest 2001;120:866–872.
Fisher KA, Serlin DM, Wilson KC, et al. Sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension:outcome with long-term epoprostenol treatment. Chest 2006;130:1481–1488.
Foley RJ, Metersky ML. Successful Treatment of Sarcoidosis-Associated Pulmonary Hypertension with Bosentan. Respiration 2008;75:211–214.
Sharma S, Kashour T, Philipp R. Secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension:treated with endothelin receptor blockade. Tex Heart Inst J 2005;32:405–410.
Letizia C, Danese A, Reale MG, et al. Plasma levels of endothelin-1 increase in patients with sarcoidosis and fall after disease remission. Panminerva Med 2001;43:257–261.
Terashita K, Kato S, Sata M, et al. Increased endothelin-1 levels of BAL fluid in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Respirology 2006;11:145–151.
Galie N, Ghofrani HA, Torbicki A, et al. Sildenafil citrate therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2148–2157.
Ghofrani HA, Wiedemann R, Rose F, et al. Sildenafil for treatment of lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension:a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:895–900.
Collard HR, Anstrom KJ, Schwarz MI, et al. Sildenafil improves walk distance in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2007;131:897–899.
Milman N, Burton CM, Iversen M, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in end-stage pulmonary sarcoidosis:therapeutic effect of sildenafil? J Heart Lung Transplant 2008;27:329–334.
Pietinalho A, Ohmichi M, Lofroos AB, et al. The prognosis of sarcoidosis in Finland and Hokkaido, Japan. A comparative five-year study of biopsy-proven cases. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2000;17:158–166.
Baughman RP, Lower EE. Therapy for sarcoidosis. Eur Respir Mon 2005;32:301–315.
Baughman RP, Sparkman BK, Lower EE. Six-minute walk test and health status assessment in sarcoidosis. Chest 2007;132:207–213.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Baughman, R.P., Lower, E.E., Engel, P. (2009). Sarcoidosis. In: Baughman, R.P., Carbone, R.G., Bottino, G. (eds) Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Interstitial Lung Diseases. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-074-8_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-074-8_11
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-695-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-074-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)