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Immune Response to Hepatitis A and E Viruses

Role in Disease Pathogenesis and Viral Elimination

  • Chapter
Liver Immunology

Abstract

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a nonenveloped small RNA virus in the hepatovirus genus of the picornavirus family (1) and is the most common defined cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. In the United States, the number of notified cases annually is around 23,000, but estimates of the real number of cases of clinical disease range up to 75,000 per year. The infection is usually transmitted via a fecal-oral route and is associated only with acute forms of viral hepatitis. Much higher virus titers are found in bile and in stool than in blood. Whereas infection in children and the very young is most often unrecognized, most infections in adults are symptomatic and associated with acute icteric hepatitis. Risk factors for a fulminant clinical course include an age greater than 40 yr and some forms of preexisting liver disease. As the incidence of HAV infection among children and adolescents has declined in many countries owing to improved socioeconomic status, these individuals are at increased risk of disease later in life because of the lower prevalence of immunity (2). Diagnosis is made on the medical history, clinical features, and a positive anti-HAV-IgM antibody.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany

    Johannes Hadem MD

  2. Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

    Michael P. Manns MD

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  1. Johannes Hadem MD
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA

    M. Eric Gershwin MD, FACP

  2. Departments of Medicine and Surgery Baylor Liver Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX

    John M. Vierling MD, FACP

  3. Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Medical School of Hannover, Hannover, Germany

    Michael P. Manns MD

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Hadem, J., Manns, M.P. (2007). Immune Response to Hepatitis A and E Viruses. In: Gershwin, M.E., Vierling, J.M., Manns, M.P. (eds) Liver Immunology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-518-3_14

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