Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Autoimmune Hypophysitis

  • Chapter
Autoimmune Diseases in Endocrinology

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 269.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Hashimoto H. Zur Kenntnsiss der lymphomatosen veranderung def schilddruse (struma lymphomatos). Arch Klin Chir 1912;97:219–23.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Goudie RB, Pinkerton PH. Anterior hypophysitis and Hashimoto’s disease in a young woman. J Pathol Bacteriol 1962;83:584–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Sheehan HL, Summers VK. The syndrome of hypopituitarism. Q J Med 1949;18(72):319–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Carpenter CC, Solomon N, Silverberg SG, et al. Schmidt’s syndrome (thyroid and adrenal insufficiency).A review of the literature and a report of fifteen new cases including ten instances of coexistent diabetes mellitus. Medicine (Baltimore) 1964;43:153–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Duff GL, Bernstein C. Five cases of Addison’s disease with so-called atrophy of the adrenal gland. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1933;52:67–83.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Susman W. Atrophy of the adrenals associated with Addison’s disease. J Pathol Bacteriol 1930;33(3):749–60.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Winqvist O, Karlsson FA, Kampe O. 21-Hydroxylase,a major autoantigen in idiopathic Addison’s disease. Lancet 1992;339(8809):1559–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Verge CF, Gianani R, Kawasaki E, et al. Number of autoantibodies (against insulin, GAD or ICA512/IA2) rather than particular autoantibody specificities determines risk of type I diabetes. J Autoimmun 1996;9(3):379–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bellastella A, Bizzarro A, Coronella C, Bellastella G, Sinisi AA, De Bellis A. Lymphocytic hypophysitis: a rare or underestimated disease? Eur J Endocrinol 2003;149(5):363–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Beressi N, Beressi JP, Cohen R, Modigliani E. Lymphocytic hypophysitis. A review of 145 cases. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1999;150(4):327–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Cosman F, Post KD, Holub DA, Wardlaw SL. Lymphocytic hypophysitis. Report of 3 new cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1989;68(4):240–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Crock PA. Lymphocytic hypophysitis. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabet 1997;4:115–23.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hashimoto K, Takao T, Makino S. Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis and lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis. Endocr J 1997;44(1):1–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Thodou E, Asa SL, Kontogeorgos G, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Ezzat S. Clinical case seminar: lymphocytic hypophysitis: clinicopathological findings. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80(8):2302–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Simmonds JP, Brandes WW. The pathology of the hypophysis.II. Lymphocytic infiltration. Am J Pathol 1925;1:273–80.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Shanklin WM. Lymphocytes and lymphoid tissue in the human pituitary. Anat Rec 1951;111(2):177–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Scheithauer BW, Sano T, Kovacs KT, Young WF Jr, Ryan N, Randall RV. The pituitary gland in pregnancy: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 69 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1990;65(4):461–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Caturegli P, Newschaffer C, Olivi A, Pomper MG, Burger PC, Rose NR. Autoimmune hypophysitis. Endocr Rev 2005;26(5):599–614.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Sautner D, Saeger W, Ludecke DK, Jansen V, Puchner MJ. Hypophysitis in surgical and autoptical specimens. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1995;90(6):637–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Fehn M, Sommer C, Ludecke DK, Plockinger U, Saeger W. Lymphocytic hypophysitis: light and electron microscopic findings and correlation to clinical appearance. Endocr Pathol 1998;9(1):71–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Honegger J, Fahlbusch R, Bornemann A, et al. Lymphocytic and granulomatous hypophysitis: experience with nine cases. Neurosurgery 1997;40(4):713–22, discussion 22–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Leung GK, Lopes MB, Thorner MO, Vance ML, Laws ER Jr. Primary hypophysitis: a single-center experience in 16 cases. J Neurosurg 2004;101(2):262–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Buxton N, Robertson I. Lymphocytic and granulocytic hypophysitis: a single centre experience. Br J Neurosurg 2001;15(3):242–5, discussion 5–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Asa SL, Bilbao JM, Kovacs K, Josse RG, Kreines K. Lymphocytic hypophysitis of pregnancy resulting in hypopituitarism: a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Ann Intern Med 1981;95(2):166–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Feigenbaum SL, Martin MC, Wilson CB, Jaffe RB. Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis: a pituitary mass lesion occurring in pregnancy. Proposal for medical treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164(6 Pt 1):1549–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Guay AT, Agnello V, Tronic BC, Gresham DG, Freidberg SR. Lymphocytic hypophysitis in a man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;64(3):631–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mayfield RK, Levine JH, Gordon L, Powers J, Galbraith RM, Rawe SE. Lymphoid adenohypophysitis presenting as a pituitary tumor. Am J Med 1980;69(4):619–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Meichner RH, Riggio S, Manz HJ, Earll JM. Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis causing pituitary mass. Neurology 1987;37(1):158–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Miyamoto M, Sugawa H, Mori T, Hashimoto N, Imura H. A case of hypopituitarism due to granulomatous and lymphocytic adenohypophysitis with minimal pituitary enlargement: a possible variant of lymphocytic adenohypophysitis. Endocrinol Jpn 1988;35(4):607–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Pestell RG, Best JD, Alford FP. Lymphocytic hypophysitis.The clinical spectrum of the disorder and evidence for an autoimmune pathogenesis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1990;33(4):457–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Pholsena M, Young J, Couzinet B, Schaison G. Primary adrenal and thyroid insufficiencies associated with hypopituitarism: a diagnostic challenge. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994;40(5):693–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Supler ML, Mickle JP. Lymphocytic hypophysitis: report of a case in a man with cavernous sinus involvement. Surg Neurol 1992;37(6):472–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Yamaguchi T, Abe H, Matsui T, et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis, pustulosis palmaris et plantaris and eosinophilia. Intern Med 1994;33(3):150–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Srikanta S, Mehra NK, Vaidya MC, Malaviya AN, Ahuja MM. HLA antigens in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in North India. Metabolism 1981;30(10):992–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Gal R, Schwartz A, Gukovsky-Oren S, Peleg D, Goldman J, Kessler E. Lymphoid hypophysitis associated with sudden maternal death: report of a case review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1986;41(10):619–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Blisard KS, Pfalzgraf RR, Balko MG. Sudden death due to lymphoplasmacytic hypophysitis. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1992;13(3):207–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Bensing S, Kasperlik-Zaluska AA, Czarnocka B, Crock PA, Hulting A. Autoantibodies against pituitary proteins in patients with adrenocorticotropin-deficiency. Eur J Clin Invest 2005;35(2):126–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Jensen MD, Handwerger BS, Scheithauer BW, Carpenter PC, Mirakian R, Banks PM. Lymphocytic hypophysitis with isolated corticotropin deficiency. Ann Intern Med 1986;105(2):200–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Lee MS, Pless M. Apoplectic lymphocytic hypophysitis.Case report. J Neurosurg 2003;98(1):183–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Crock PA. Cytosolic autoantigens in lymphocytic hypophysitis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83(2):609–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Dan NG, Feiner RI, Houang MT, Turner JJ. Pituitary apoplexy in association with lymphocytic hypophysitis. J Clin Neurosci 2002;9(5):577–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Halimi D, Benhamou CL, Amor B, Bricaire H, Luton JP. [Osteoarticular pathology, hypercalcemia and adrenal insufficiency.Analysis of 113 cases of adrenal insufficiency]. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 1986;47(6):403–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Jowsey J, Simons GW. Normocalcaemia in relation to cortisone secretion. Nature 1968;217(135):1277–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Mundy GR, Shapiro JL, Bandelin JG, Canalis EM, Raisz LG. Direct stimulation of bone resorption by thyroid hormones. J Clin Invest 1976;58(3):529–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Novoa-Takara L, Cornford M, Williams C, Tayek JA. Lymphocytic hypophysitis in a man presenting with hypercalcemia. Am J Med Sci 2001;321(3):206–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Richtsmeier AJ, Henry RA, Bloodworth JM Jr, Ehrlich EN. Lymphoid hypophysitis with selective adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency. Arch Intern Med 1980;140(9):1243–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Strachan MW, Walker JD, Patrick AW. Severe hypercalcaemia secondary to isolated adrenocorticotrophic hormone deficiency and subacute thyroiditis. Ann Clin Biochem 2003;40(Pt 3):295–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Vasikaran SD, Tallis GA, Braund WJ. Secondary hypoadrenalism presenting with hypercalcaemia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994;41(2):261–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Patel MC, Guneratne N, Haq N, West TE, Weetman AP, Clayton RN. Peripartum hypopituitarism and lymphocytic hypophysitis. QJM 1995;88(8):571–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Brandes JC, Cerletty JM. Pregnancy in lymphocytic hypophysitis: case report and review. Wis Med J 1989;88(11):29–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Gagneja H, Arafah B, Taylor HC. Histologically proven lymphocytic hypophysitis: spontaneous resolution and subsequent pregnancy. Mayo Clin Proc 1999;74(2):150–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hayes FJ, McKenna TJ. The occurrence of lymphocytic hypophysitis in a first but not subsequent pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81(8):3131–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Tsur A, Leibowitz G, Samueloff A, Gross DJ. Successful pregnancy in a patient with pre-existing lymphocytic hypophysitis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996;75(8):772–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Ezzat S, Josse RG. Autoimmune hypophysitis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1997;8:74–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Bottazzo GF, Pouplard A, Florin-Christensen A, Doniach D. Autoantibodies to prolactin-secreting cells of human pituitary. Lancet 1975;2(7925):97–101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. De Bellis A, Bizzarro A, Pivonello R, Lombardi G, Bellastella A. Prolactin and autoimmunity. Pituitary 2005;8(1):25–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Aimaretti G, Ambrosio MR, Di Somma C, et al. Traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid haemorrhage are conditions at high risk for hypopituitarism: screening study at 3 months after the brain injury. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004;61(3):320–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Darzy KH, Shalet SM. Radiation-induced growth hormone deficiency. Horm Res 2003;59(Suppl 1):1–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Nussbaum CE, Okawara SH, Jacobs LS. Lymphocytic hypophysitis with involvement of the cavernous sinus and hypothalamus. Neurosurgery 1991;28(3):440–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Tubridy N, Saunders D, Thom M, et al. Infundibulohypophysitis in a man presenting with diabetes insipidus and cavernous sinus involvement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;71(6):798–801.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Ikeda J, Kuratsu J, Miura M, Kai Y, Ushio Y. Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis accompanying occlusion of bilateral internal carotid arteries–case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1990;30(5):346–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Nakamura Y, Okada H, Wada Y, Kajiyama K, Koshiyama H. Lymphocytic hypophysitis: its expanding features. J Endocrinol Invest 2001;24(4):262–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Li JY, Lai PH, Lam HC, et al. Hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis and lymphocytic hypophysitis in Sjogren’s syndrome. Neurology 1999;52(2):420–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Lecube A, Francisco G, Rodriguez D, et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis successfully treated with azathioprine: first case report. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74(11):1581–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Matta MP, Kany M, Delisle MB, Lagarrigue J, Caron PH. A relapsing remitting lymphocytic hypophysitis. Pituitary 2002;5(1):37–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Paja M, Estrada J, Ojeda A, Ramon y Cajal S, Garcia-Uria J, Lucas T. Lymphocytic hypophysitis causing hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus, and associated with autoimmune thyroiditis, in a non-pregnant woman. Postgrad Med J 1994;70(821):220–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Vanneste JA, Kamphorst W. Lymphocytic hypophysitis. Surg Neurol 1987;28(2):145–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kristof RA, Van Roost D, Klingmuller D, Springer W, Schramm J. Lymphocytic hypophysitis: non-invasive diagnosis and treatment by high dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;67(3):398–402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Imura H, Nakao K, Shimatsu A, et al. Lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis as a cause of central diabetes insipidus. N Engl J Med 1993;329(10):683–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Abe T, Matsumoto K, Sanno N, Osamura Y. Lymphocytic hypophysitis: case report. Neurosurgery 1995;36(5):1016–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Duran Martinez M, Santonja C, Pavon de Paz I, Monereo Megias S. Lymphocytic hypophysitis: report of an unusual case of a rare disorder. J Endocrinol Invest 2001;24(3):190–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Hashimoto K, Asaba K, Tamura K, Takao T, Nakamura T. A case of lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Endocr J 2002;49(6):605–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Iglesias P, Diez JJ. Diabetes insipidus as a primary manifestation of lymphocytic hypophysitis in a post-menopausal woman. Endocrinologist 2000;10:127–30.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Miyagi K, Shingaki T, Ito K, et al. [Lymphocytic infundibulo-hypophysitis with diabetes insipidus as a new clinical entity: a case report and review of the literature]. No Shinkei Geka 1997;25(2):169–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Nishioka H, Ito H, Sano T, Ito Y. Two cases of lymphocytic hypophysitis presenting with diabetes insipidus: a variant of lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis. Surg Neurol 1996;46(3):285–90, discussion 90–1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Saito T, Yoshida S, Nakao K, Takanashi R. Chronic hypernatremia associated with inflammation of the neurohypophysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1970;31(4):391–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Shimono T, Yamaoka T, Nishimura K, et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis presenting with diabetes insipidus: MR findings. Eur Radiol 1999;9(7):1397–400.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Tamiya A, Saeki N, Kubota M, Oheda T, Yamaura A. Unusual MRI findings in lymphocytic hypophysitis with central diabetes insipidus. Neuroradiology 1999;41(12):899–900.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Iida M, Takamoto S, Masuo M, Makita K, Saito T. Transient lymphocytic panhypophysitis associated with SIADH leading to diabetes insipidus after glucocorticoid replacement. Intern Med 2003;42(10):991–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Leger J, Velasquez A, Garel C, Hassan M, Czernichow P. Thickened pituitary stalk on magnetic resonance imaging in children with central diabetes insipidus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(6):1954–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Bensing S, Rorsman F, Crock P, et al. No evidence for autoimmunity as a major cause of the empty sella syndrome. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2004;112(5):231–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kajita K, Yasuda K, Yamakita N, et al. Anti-pituitary antibodies in patients with hypopituitarism and their families: longitudinal observation. Endocrinol Jpn 1991;38(2):121–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Sauter NP, Toni R, McLaughlin CD, Dyess EM, Kritzman J, Lechan RM. Isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency associated with an autoantibody to a corticotroph antigen that is not adrenocorticotropin or other proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70(5):1391–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Sugiura M, Hashimoto A, Shizawa M, et al. Detection of antibodies to anterior pituitary cell surface membrane with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency. Diabetes Res 1987;4(2):63–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Barbaro D, Loni G. Lymphocytic hypophysitis and autoimmune thyroid disease. J Endocrinol Invest 2000;23(5):339–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Ludwig H, Schernthaner G. [Multi-organ specific autoimmunity in idiopathic adrenal insufficiency: autosensitization to steroid hormone-producing cells and antigens of the anterior pituitary gland (author’s transl)]. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1978;90(20):736–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Sobrinho-Simoes M, Brandao A, Paiva ME, Vilela B, Fernandes E, Carneiro-Chaves F. Lymphoid hypophysitis in a patient with lymphoid thyroiditis, lymphoid adrenalitis, and idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1985;109(3):230–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Bayram F, Kelestimur F, Ozturk F, Selcuklu A, Patiroglu TE, Beyhan Z. Lymphocytic hypophysitis in a patient with Graves’ disease. J Endocrinol Invest 1998;21(3):193–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Mazzone T, Kelly W, Ensinck J. Lymphocytic hypophysitis. Associated with antiparietal cell antibodies and vitamin B12 deficiency. Arch Intern Med 1983;143(9):1794–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Ward L, Paquette J, Seidman E, et al. Severe autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy in an adolescent girl with a novel AIRE mutation: response to immunosuppressive therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(3):844–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Hasegawa Y, Matsumoto M, Kamimura A, Yamamoto M. [A case of systematic lupus erythematosus with autoimmune hypophysitis]. Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 1993;82(4):582–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Ji JD, Lee SY, Choi SJ, Lee YH, Song GG. Lymphocytic hypophysitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2000;18(1):78–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Katano H, Umemura A, Kamiya K, Kanai H, Yamada K. Visual disturbance by lymphocytic hypophysitis in a non-pregnant woman with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1998;7(8):554–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Pinol V, Cubiella J, Navasa M, et al. [Autoimmune hepatitis associated with thyroiditis and hypophysitis.A case report]. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000;23(3):123–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Nishiki M, Murakami Y, Koshimura K, et al. A case of autoimmune hypophysitis associated with asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. Endocr J 1998;45(5):697–700.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Hama S, Arita K, Kurisu K, Sumida M, Kurihara K. Parasellar chronic inflammatory disease presenting Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus: a case report. Endocr J 1996;43(5):503–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Hida C, Yamamoto T, Endo K, Tanno Y, Saito T, Tsukamoto T. Inflammatory involvement of the hypophysis in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Intern Med 1995;34(11):1093–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Olmos PR, Falko JM, Rea GL, Boesel CP, Chakeres DW, McGhee DB. Fibrosing pseudotumor of the sella and parasellar area producing hypopituitarism and multiple cranial nerve palsies. Neurosurgery 1993;32(6):1015–21, discussion 21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hansen I, Petrossians P, Thiry A, et al. Extensive inflammatory pseudotumor of the pituitary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(10):4603–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Joussen AM, Sommer C, Flechtenmacher C, Voelcker HE. Lymphocytic hypophysitis associated with dacryoadenitis: an autoimmunologically mediated syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117(7):959–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Lidove O, Piette JC, Charlotte F, Cassoux N, Correas JM, Papo T. Lymphocytic hypophysitis with lachrymal,salivary and thyroid gland involvement. Eur J Intern Med 2004;15(2):121–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Alvarez A, Cordido F, Sacristan F. Hypopituitarism due to lymphocytic hypophysitis in a patient with retroperitoneal fibrosis. Postgrad Med J 1997;73(865):732–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Ermann J, Fathman CG. Autoimmune diseases: genes, bugs and failed regulation. Nat Immunol 2001;2(9):759–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Wong RW, Ooi TC, Benoit B, Zackon D, Jansen G, Telner A. Lymphocytic hypophysitis with a long latent period before development of a pituitary mass. Can J Neurol Sci 2004;31(3):406–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Krimholtz MJ, Thomas S, Bingham J, Powrie JK. Lymphocytic hypophysitis: spontaneous resolution on MRI with progression of endocrine defect. Int J Clin Pract 2001;55(5):339–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Ozawa Y, Shishiba Y. Recovery from lymphocytic hypophysitis associated with painless thyroiditis: clinical implications of circulating antipituitary antibodies. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1993;128(6):493–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Parent AD. The course of lymphocytic hypophysitis. Surg Neurol 1992;37(1):71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Zeller JR, Cerletty JM, Rabinovitch RA, Daniels D. Spontaneous regression of a postpartum pituitary mass demonstrated by computed tomography. Arch Intern Med 1982;142(2):373–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Anderson MS, Venanzi ES, Klein L, et al. Projection of an immunological self shadow within the thymus by the aire protein. Science 2002;298(5597):1395–401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Liston A, Lesage S, Wilson J, Peltonen L, Goodnow CC. Aire regulates negative selection of organ-specific T cells. Nat Immunol 2003;4(4):350–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Clifton-Bligh P, Lee C, Smith H, Posen S. The association of diabetes insipidus with hypoparathyroidism.Addison’s disease and mucocutaneous candidiasis. Aust N Z J Med 1980;10(5):548–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Scherbaum WA, Wass JA, Besser GM, Bottazzo GF, Doniach D. Autoimmune cranial diabetes insipidus: its association with other endocrine diseases and with histiocytosis X. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1986;25(4):411–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Hung SO, Patterson A. Ectodermal dysplasia associated with autoimmune disease. Br J Ophthalmol 1984;68(5):367–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Castells S, Inamdar S, Orti E. Familial moniliasis,defective delayed hypersensitivity,and adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency. J Pediatr 1971;79(1):72–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Arvanitakis C, Knouss RF. Selective hypopituitarism.Impaired cell-mediated immunity and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. JAMA 1973;225(12):1492–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. O’Dwyer DT, McElduff P, Peterson P, Perheentupa J, Crock PA. Pituitary autoantibodies in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy – candidiasis – ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). Acta Biomed 2007;78; Suppl 1:248–254.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Kent GN, Stuckey BG, Allen JR, Lambert T, Gee V. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction: clinical assessment and relationship to psychiatric affective morbidity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999;51(4):429–38.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Goswami R, Kochupillai N, Crock PA, Jaleel A, Gupta N. Pituitary autoimmunity in patients with Sheehan’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87(9):4137–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Bastida Eizaguirre M, Arto Urzainqui MJ, Iturbe Ortiz de Urbina R. [Diabetes insipidus and panhypopituitarism in an 8-year-old girl due to probable lymphocytic hypophysitis]. An Esp Pediatr 1996;44(4):402–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Cemeroglu AP, Blaivas M, Muraszko KM, Robertson PL, Vazquez DM. Lymphocytic hypophysitis presenting with diabetes insipidus in a 14-year-old girl: case report and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr 1997;156(9):684–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Ogawa R. A child with necrotizing infundibulo-neurohypophysitis. Hormone to Rinsho 1995;43(Suppl 27):33–6.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Younes JS, Secord EA. Panhypopituitarism in a child with common variable immunodeficiency. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002;89(3):322–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Folkerth RD, Price DL Jr, Schwartz M, Black PM, De Girolami U. Xanthomatous hypophysitis. Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22(6):736–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Heinze HJ, Bercu BB. Acquired hypophysitis in adolescence. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1997;10(3):315–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Mueller B, Burgi U, Seiler R. Lymphocytic and granulomatous hypophysitis: experience with nine cases. Neurosurgery 1999;44(2):426–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Krummel MF, Allison JP. CD28 and CTLA-4 have opposing effects on the response of T cells to stimulation. J Exp Med 1995;182(2):459–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Tivol EA, Borriello F, Schweitzer AN, Lynch WP, Bluestone JA, Sharpe AH. Loss of CTLA-4 leads to massive lymphoproliferation and fatal multiorgan tissue destruction, revealing a critical negative regulatory role of CTLA-4. Immunity 1995;3(5):541–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Phan GQ, Yang JC, Sherry RM, et al. Cancer regression and autoimmunity induced by cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100(14):8372–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Ribas A, Camacho LH, Lopez-Berestein G, et al. Antitumor activity in melanoma and anti-self responses in a phase I trial with the anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 monoclonal antibody CP-675,206. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(35):8968–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Beck KE, Blansfield JA, Tran KQ, et al. Enterocolitis in patients with cancer after antibody blockade of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4. J Clin Oncol 2006;24(15):2283–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Blansfield JA, Beck KE, Tran K, et al. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 blockage can induce autoimmune hypophysitis in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cancer. J Immunother 2005;28(6):593–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Sakane N, Yoshida T, Yoshioka K, Umekawa T, Kondo M, Shimatsu A. Reversible hypopituitarism after interferonalfa therapy. Lancet 1995;345(8960):1305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Ahmadi J, Meyers GS, Segall HD, Sharma OP, Hinton DR. Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis: contrast-enhanced MR imaging in five cases. Radiology 1995;195(1):30–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Farah JO, Rossi M, Foy PM, MacFarlane IA. Cystic lymphocytic hypophysitis,visual field defects and hypopituitarism. Int J Clin Pract 1999;53(8):643–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Flanagan DE, Ibrahim AE, Ellison DW, Armitage M, Gawne-Cain M, Lees PD. Inflammatory hypophysitis – the spectrum of disease. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2002;144(1):47–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Lee SJ, Yoo HJ, Park SW, Choi MG. A case of cystic lymphocytic hypophysitis with cacosmia and hypopituitarism. Endocr J 2004;51(3):375–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Saiwai S, Inoue Y, Ishihara T, et al. Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis: skull radiographs and MRI. Neuroradiology 1998;40(2):114–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Miki Y, Asato R, Okumura R, et al. Anterior pituitary gland in pregnancy: hyperintensity at MR. Radiology 1993;187(1):229–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Sato N, Sze G, Endo K. Hypophysitis: endocrinologic and dynamic MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19(3):439–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Hashimoto M, Yanaki T, Nakahara N, Masuzawa T. Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis: an immunohistochemical study. Surg Neurol 1991;36(2):137–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Mau M, Ratner R, Gindoff P. Antipituitary antibodies in a postpartum woman with partial pituitary deficiency and a normal pituitary MRI scan. South Med J 1994;87(2):267–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Cheung CC, Ezzat S, Smyth HS, Asa SL. The spectrum and significance of primary hypophysitis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(3):1048–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Gutenberg A, Buslei R, Fahlbusch R, Buchfelder M, Bruck W. Immunopathology of primary hypophysitis: implications for pathogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29(3):329–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Tashiro T, Sano T, Xu B, et al. Spectrum of different types of hypophysitis: a clinicopathologic study of hypophysitis in 31 cases. Endocr Pathol 2002;13(3):183–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Vidal S, Rotondo F, Horvath E, Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW. Immunocytochemical localization of mast cells in lymphocytic hypophysitis. Am J Clin Pathol 2002;117(3):478–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Horvath E, Vidal S, Syro LV, Kovacs K, Smyth HS, Uribe H. Severe lymphocytic adenohypophysitis with selective disappearance of prolactin cells: a histologic, ultrastructural and immunoelectron microscopic study. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 2001;101(6):631–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Megan Ogilvie C, Payne S, Evanson J, Lister TA, Grossman AB. Lymphoma metastasizing to the pituitary: an unusual presentation of a treatable disease. Pituitary 2005;8(2):139–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. McCutcheon IE, Oldfield EH. Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis presenting as infertility. Case report. J Neurosurg 1991;74(5):821–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Levine SN, Benzel EC, Fowler MR, Shroyer JV 3rd, Mirfakhraee M. Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis: clinical,radiological,and magnetic resonance imaging characterization. Neurosurgery 1988;22(5):937–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. McKeel DW. Common histopathologica and ultrastructural features in granulomatous and lymphoid adenohypophysitis. Endocrinology 1983;112(Suppl):190.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Ahmed SR, Aiello DP, Page R, Hopper K, Towfighi J, Santen RJ. Necrotizing infundibulo-hypophysitis: a unique syndrome of diabetes insipidus and hypopituitarism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76(6):1499–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Bhansali A, Velayutham P, Radotra BD, Pathak A. Idiopathic granulomatous hypophysitis presenting as non-functioning pituitary adenoma: description of six cases and review of literature. Br J Neurosurg 2004;18(5):489–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Burt MG, Morey AL, Turner JJ, Pell M, Sheehy JP, Ho KK. Xanthomatous pituitary lesions: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Pituitary 2003;6(3):161–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Deodhare SS, Bilbao JM, Kovacs K, et al. Xanthomatous hypophysitis: a novel entity of obscure etiology. Endocr Pathol 1999;10(3):237–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Kovacs K, Horvath E. The differential diagnosis of lesions involving the sella turcica. Endocr Pathol 2001;12(4):389–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Puchner MJ, Ludecke DK, Saeger W. The anterior pituitary lobe in patients with cystic craniopharyngiomas: three cases of associated lymphocytic hypophysitis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994;126(1):38–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. McConnon JK, Smyth HS, Horvath E. A case of sparsely granulated growth hormone cell adenoma associated with lymphocytic hypophysitis. J Endocrinol Invest 1991;14(8):691–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Holck S, Laursen H. Prolactinoma coexistent with granulomatous hypophysitis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1983;61(3–4):253–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Daikokuya H, Inoue Y, Nemoto Y, Tashiro T, Shakudo M, Ohata K. Rathke’s cleft cyst associated with hypophysitis: MRI. Neuroradiology 2000;42(7):532–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Hama S, Arita K, Tominaga A, et al. Symptomatic Rathke’s cleft cyst coexisting with central diabetes insipidus and hypophysitis: case report. Endocr J 1999;46(1):187–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Roncaroli F, Bacci A, Frank G, Calbucci F. Granulomatous hypophysitis caused by a ruptured intrasellar Rathke’s cleft cyst: report of a case and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 1998;43(1):146–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Wearne MJ, Barber PC, Johnson AP. Symptomatic Rathke’s cleft cyst with hypophysitis. Br J Neurosurg 1995;9(6):799–803.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Houdouin L, Polivka M, Henegar C, Blanquet A, Delalande O, Mikol J. [Pituitary germinoma and lymphocytic hypophysitis: a pitfall. Report of two cases]. Ann Pathol 2003;23(4):349–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Bettendorf M, Fehn M, Grulich-Henn J, et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis with central diabetes insipidus and consequent panhypopituitarism preceding a multifocal, intracranial germinoma in a prepubertal girl. Eur J Pediatr 1999;158(4):288–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Fehn M, Bettendorf M, Ludecke DK, Sommer C, Saeger W. Lymphocytic hypophysitis masking a suprasellar germinoma in a 12-year-old girl–a case report. Pituitary 1999;1(3–4):303–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Donadieu J, Rolon MA, Thomas C, et al. Endocrine involvement in pediatric-onset Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis: a population-based study. J Pediatr 2004;144(3):344–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Hayashi H, Yamada K, Kuroki T, et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Report of a case. Am J Clin Pathol 1991;95(4):506–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Goyal M, Kucharczyk W, Keystone E. Granulomatous hypophysitis due to Wegener’s granulomatosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21(8):1466–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Bullmann C, Faust M, Hoffmann A, et al. Five cases with central diabetes insipidus and hypogonadism as first presentation of neurosarcoidosis. Eur J Endocrinol 2000;142(4):365–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Basaria S, Ayala AR, Guerin C, Dobs AS. A rare pituitary lesion. J Endocrinol Invest 2000;23(3):189–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Estopinan V, Riobo P, Varona C, Lara JI, Gonzalez F, de la Calle H. [Granulomatous giant-cell hypophysitis.Report of a case and review of the literature]. Med Clin (Barc) 1987;89(15):650–2.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Toth M, Szabo P, Racz K, et al. Granulomatous hypophysitis associated with Takayasu’s disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996;45(4):499–503.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. de Bruin WI, van’t Verlaat JW, Graamans K, de Bruin TW. Sellar granulomatous mass in a pregnant woman with active Crohn’s disease. Neth J Med 1991;39(3–4):136–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Pereira J, Vaz R, Carvalho D, Cruz C. Thickening of the pituitary stalk: a finding suggestive of intrasellar tuberculoma? Case report. Neurosurgery 1995;36(5):1013–5, discussion 5–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Crock PA, Bensing S, Smith CJA, Burns C, Robinson PJ. Pituitary autoantibodies. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabet 2006;13(4):344–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Baekkeskov S, Aanstoot HJ, Christgau S, et al. Identification of the 64K autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes as the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. Nature 1990;347(6289):151–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Weetman AP. Thyroid peroxidase as an antigen in autoimmune thyroiditis. Clin Exp Immunol 1990;80(1):1–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Palmer JP, Asplin CM, Clemons P, et al. Insulin antibodies in insulin-dependent diabetics before insulin treatment. Science 1983;222(4630):1337–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Furmaniak J, Smith BR. Immunity to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1993;14(3):309–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Mirakian R, Cudworth AG, Bottazzo GF, Richardson CA, Doniach D. Autoimmunity to anterior pituitary cells and the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1982;1(8275):755–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Schatz DA, Atkinson MA. Islet cell autoantibodies: a case of a premature obituary. Pediatr Diabetes 2005;6(4):181–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Pietropaolo M, Yu S, Libman IM, et al. Cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies remain valuable in defining risk of progression to type 1 diabetes in subjects with other islet autoantibodies. Pediatr Diabetes 2005;6(4):184–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Hansen BL, Hegedus L, Hansen GN, Hagen C, Hansen JM, Hoier-Madsen M. Pituitary-cell autoantibody diversity in sera from patients with untreated Graves’ disease. Autoimmunity 1989;5(1–2):49–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Janes SE, Santosh B, Thomas D, Vyas H. Hashimoto’s encephalopathy: an unusual cause of seizures in the intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2004;5(6):578–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Piga M, Serra A, Deiana L, et al. Brain perfusion abnormalities in patients with euthyroid autoimmune thyroiditis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;31(12):1639–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Nakahara R, Tsunekawa K, Yabe S, et al. Association of antipituitary antibody and type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase antibody in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocr J 2005;52(6):691–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. O’Dwyer DT, Clifton V, Hall A, Smith R, Robinson PJ, Crock PA. Pituitary autoantibodies in lymphocytic hypophysitis target both gamma- and alpha-enolase – a link with pregnancy? Arch Physiol Biochem 2002;110(1–2):94–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Tatsumi KI, Tanaka S, Takano T, et al. Frequent appearance of autoantibodies against prohormone convertase 1/3 and neuroendocrine protein 7B2 in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. Endocrine 2003;22(3):335–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Fricker LD, Supattapone S, Snyder SH. Enkephalin convertase: a specific enkephalin synthesizing carboxypeptidase in adrenal chromaffin granules, brain,and pituitary gland. Life Sci 1982;31 (16–17):1841–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Tanaka S, Tatsumi K, Tomita T, et al. Novel autoantibodies to pituitary gland specific factor 1a in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42(2):353–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Engelberth O, Jezkova Z. Autoantibodies in Sheehan’s syndrome. Lancet 1965;1:1075.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Goudie RB. Anterior hypophysitis associated with autoimmune disease. Proc R Coll Med 1968;61:275.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Gluck M, Schrell U, Scherbaum WA. Reactivity and intracellular location of the ACTH cell autoantigen in human fetal and adult anterior pituitary tissue. Autoimmunity. 1993;14(4):299–305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Wild RA, Kepley M. Lymphocytic hypophysitis in a patient with amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia.A case report. J Reprod Med 1986;31(3):211–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Onodera T, Toniolo A, Ray UR, Jenson AB, Knazek RA, Notkins AL. Virus-induced diabetes mellitus. XX. Polyendocrinopathy and autoimmunity. J Exp Med 1981;153(6):1457–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Maghnie M, Lorini R, Severi F. Antipituitary antibodies in patients with pituitary abnormalities and hormonal deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1994;40(6):809–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Maghnie M, Lorini R, Vitali L, Mastricci N, Carra AM, Severi F. Organ- and non-organ-specific auto-antibodies in children with hypopituitarism on growth hormone therapy. Eur J Pediatr. 1995;154(6):450–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. De Bellis A, Bizzarro A, Conte M, Perrino S, Coronella C, Solimeno S, Sinisi AM, Stile LA, Pisano G, Bellastella A. Antipituitary antibodies in adults with apparently idiopathic growth hormone deficiency and in adults with autoimmune endocrine diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(2):650–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Bottazzo GF, McIntosh C, Stanford W, Preece M. Growth hormone cell antibodies and partial growth hormone deficiency in a girl with Turner’s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1980;12(1):1–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Pouplard A, Bigorgne JC, Chevalier JM, Rohmer V, Poron MF. Pituitary insufficiency and auto-immunity (author’s transl) Nouv Presse Med. 1980;9(25):1757–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Mπller A, Hansen BL, Hansen GN, Hagen C. Autoantibodies in sera from patients with multiple sclerosis directed against antigenic determinants in pituitary growth hormone-producing cells and in structures containing vasopressin/oxytocin.J Neuroimmunol. 1985;8(2–3):177–84.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Pouplard A, Job JC, Luxembourger I, Chaussain JL. Antigonadotropic cell antibodies in the serum of cryptorchid children and infants and of their mothers. J Pediatr 1985;107(1):26–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Kobayashi I, Inukai T, Takahashi M, Ishii A, Ohshima K, Mori M, Shimomura Y, Kobayashi S, Hashimoto A, Sugiura M. Anterior pituitary cell antibodies detected in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease. Endocrinol Jpn. 1988;35(5):705–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Komatsu M, Kondo T, Yamauchi K, et al. Antipituitary antibodies in patients with the primary empty sella syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67(4):633–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Crock P, Salvi M, Miller A, Wall J, Guyda H. Detection of anti-pituitary autoantibodies by immunoblotting. J Immunol Methods 1993;162(1):31–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Nishiki M, Murakami Y, Ozawa Y, Kato Y. Serum antibodies to human pituitary membrane antigens in patients with autoimmune lymphocytic hypophysitis and infundibuloneurohypophysitis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001;54(3):327–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. O’Dwyer DT, Smith AI, Matthew ML, et al. Identification of the 49-kDa autoantigen associated with lymphocytic hypophysitis as alpha-enolase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87(2):752–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Kasperlik-Zaluska AA, Czarnocka B, Czech W. Autoimmunity as the most frequent cause of idiopathic secondary adrenal insufficiency: report of 111 cases. Autoimmunity 2003;36(3):155–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Stromberg S, Crock P, Lernmark A, Hulting AL. Pituitary autoantibodies in patients with hypopituitarism and their relatives. J Endocrinol. 1998;157(3):475–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Takao T, Nanamiya W, Matsumoto R, Asaba K, Okabayashi T, Hashimoto K. Antipituitary antibodies in patients with lymphocytic hypophysitis. Horm Res 2001;55(6):288–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Kobayashi T, Yabe S, Kanda T, Kobayashi I. Studies on circulating anti-pituitary antibodies in NIDDM patients. Endocr J 1998;45(3):343–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Yabe S, Murakami M, Maruyama K, Miwa H, Fukumura Y, Ishii S, Sugiura M,Kobayashi I.Western blot analysis of rat pituitary antigens recognized by human antipituitary antibodies. Endocr J. 1995;42(1):115–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Yabe S, Kanda T, Hirokawa M, et al. Determination of antipituitary antibody in patients with endocrine disorders by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis. J Lab Clin Med 1998;132(1):25–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Nishino M, Yabe S, Murakami M, Kanda T, Kobayashi I. Detection of antipituitary antibodies in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocr J 2001;48(2):185–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Kikuchi T, Yabe S, Kanda T, Kobayashi I. Antipituitary antibodies as pathogenetic factors in patients with pituitary disorders. Endocr J 2000;47(4):407–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Keda YM, Krjukova IV, Ilovaiskaia IA, et al. Antibodies to pituitary surface antigens during various pituitary disease states. J Endocrinol 2002;175(2):417–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Grubin CE, Daniels T, Toivola B, et al. A novel radioligand binding assay to determine diagnostic accuracy of isoform-specific glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in childhood IDDM. Diabetologia 1994;37(4):344–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Tanaka S, Tatsumi K, Okubo K, et al. Expression profile of active genes in the human pituitary gland. J Mol Endocrinol 2002;28(1):33–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Tanaka S, Tatsumi KI, Kimura M, et al. Detection of autoantibodies against the pituitary-specific proteins in patients with lymphocytic hypophysitis. Eur J Endocrinol 2002;147(6):767–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Tanaka S, Tatsumi KI, Takano T, et al. Anti-alpha-enolase antibodies in pituitary disease. Endocr J 2003;50(6):697–702.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Prentice L, Sanders JF, Perez M, et al. Thyrotropin (TSH) receptor autoantibodies do not appear to bind to the TSH receptor produced in an in vitro transcription/translation system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82(4):1288–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Mau M, Phillips TM, Ratner RE. Presence of anti-pituitary hormone antibodies in patients with empty sella syndrome and pituitary tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1993;38(5):495–500.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Fetissov SO, Hallman J, Oreland L, et al. Autoantibodies against alpha -MSH, ACTH, and LHRH in anorexia and bulimia nervosa patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99(26):17155–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Levine S. Allergic adenohypophysitis: new experimental disease of the pituitary gland. Science 1967;158(805):1190–1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Levine S. Allergic adrenalitis and adenohypophysitis: further observations on production and passive transfer. Endocrinology 1969;84(3):469–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Klein I, Kraus KE, Martines AJ, Weber S. Evidence for cellular mediated immunity in an animal model of autoimmune pituitary disease. Endocr Res Commun 1982;9(2):145–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Watanabe K, Tada H, Shimaoka Y, et al. Characteristics of experimental autoimmune hypophysitis in rats: major antigens are growth hormone, thyrotropin, and luteinizing hormone in this model. Autoimmunity 2001;33(4):265–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Beck JS, Melvin JM. Chronic adenohypophysitis in a rhesus monkey immunised with extracts of human placenta. J Pathol 1970;102(3):125–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Yoon JW, Choi DS, Liang HC, et al. Induction of an organ-specific autoimmune disease, lymphocytic hypophysitis, in hamsters by recombinant rubella virus glycoprotein and prevention of disease by neonatal thymectomy. J Virol 1992;66(2):1210–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Davis JR, McMahon RF, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG, Lincoln GA, McNeilly AS. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in the ovine pituitary gland is associated with hypophysitis. J Endocrinol 2002;173(2):265–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. de Jersey J, Carmignac D, Barthlott T, Robinson I, Stockinger B. Activation of CD8 T cells by antigen expressed in the pituitary gland. J Immunol 2002;169(12):6753–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. De Jersey J, Carmignac D, Le Tissier P, Barthlott T, Robinson I, Stockinger B. Factors affecting the susceptibility of the mouse pituitary gland to CD8 T-cell-mediated autoimmunity. Immunology 2004;111(3):254–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Yamagami K, Yoshioka K, Sakai H, et al. Treatment of lymphocytic hypophysitis by high-dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Intern Med 2003;42(2):168–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Reusch JE, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Lillehei KO, Rappe D, Gutierrez-Hartmann A. Preoperative diagnosis of lymphocytic hypophysitis (adenohypophysitis) unresponsive to short course dexamethasone: case report. Neurosurgery 1992;30(2):268–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Selch MT, DeSalles AA, Kelly DF, et al. Stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of lymphocytic hypophysitis. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 2003;99(3):591–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Virally-Monod ML, Barrou Z, Basin C, Thomopoulos P, Luton JP. [Lymphocytic hypophysitis: a reality]. Presse Med 1996;25(20):933–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Salvi M, Vannucchi G, Campi I, et al. Efficacy of rituximab treatment for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy as a result of intraorbital B-cell depletion in one patient unresponsive to steroid immunosuppression. Eur J Endocrinol 2006;154(4):511–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Keymeulen B, Vandemeulebroucke E, Ziegler AG, et al. Insulin needs after CD3-antibody therapy in new-onset type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005;352(25):2598–608.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Patrician Anne Crock MBBS,FRACP
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sophie Bensing MD,PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Casey Jo Anne Smith BBiomedSc(Hons)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Christine Burns BSc,Grad.Dip.Med.Lab.Sci.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Phillip J. Robinson BSc,PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Anthony P. Weetman MD,DSc

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Humana Press Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Crock, P.A., Bensing, S., Anne Smith, C., Burns, C., Robinson, P.J. (2007). Autoimmune Hypophysitis. In: Weetman, A.P. (eds) Autoimmune Diseases in Endocrinology. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-517-6_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-517-6_15

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-733-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-517-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation