Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Urology ((CCU))

  • 914 Accesses

Summary

Prostatitis in the immunocompromised patient can be challenging for the caregiver. The immunocompromised state (solid-organ transplant, steroid use) of such patients can make them susceptible to organisms for which the physician is not as familiar in terms of presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. The following chapter will review the current literature on fungal, viral, parasitic, and bacterial infections of the prostate that can be encountered among patients with an abnormal immune system. Presentation, diagnostics, and treatment will be presented and discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Tampieri, M. P. (2006) Mycetes and urban areas. Parassitologia 48, 121–124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Brummer, E. (1998) Human defenses against Cryptococcus neoformans: An update. Mycopathologia 143, 121–125.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Miller, G. P. (1986) The immunology of cryptococcal disease. Semin. Respir. Infect. 1, 45–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. London, R., Orozco, B. S., Mylonakis, E., London, R., Orozco, B. S., and Mylonakis, E. (2006) The pursuit of cryptococcal pathogenesis: Geterologous hosts and the study of crypto-coccal host-pathogen interactions. FEMS Yeast Res. 6, 567–573.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Idnurm, A., Bahn, Y. S., Nielsen, K., Lin, X., Fraser, J. A., Heitman, J., et al. (2005) Deciphering the model pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Nat. Rev. 3, 753–764.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Caballes, R. L., Caballes, R. A., Jr., Caballes, R. L., and Caballes, R. A. J. (1999) Primary cryptococcal prostatitis in an apparently uncompromised host. Prostate 39, 119–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Salyer, W. R., and Salyer, D. C. (1973) Involvement of the kidney and prostate in cryptococcosis. J. Urol. 109, 695–698.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Plunkett, J. M., Turner, B. I., Tallent, M. B., and Johnson, H. K. (1981) Cryptococcal septicemia associated with urologic instrumentation in a renal allograft recipient. J. Urol. 125, 241–242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ndimbie, O. K., Dekker, A., Martinez, A. J., and Dixon, B. (1994) Prostatic sequestration of Cryptococcus neoformans in immunocompromised persons treated for cryptococcal menin-goencephalitis. Histol. Histopathol. 9, 643–648.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Fuse, H., Ohkawa, M., Yamaguchi, K., Hirata, A., and Matsubara, F. (1995) Cryptococcal prostatitis in a patient with Behcet's disease treated with fluconazole. Mycopathologia 130, 147–150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Lief, M., and Sarfarazi, F. (1986) Prostatic cryptococcosis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Urology 28, 318–319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Sharma, N., Varma, S., Varma, N., Kumari, S., and Chakraborty, A. (2000) Cryptococcal prostatitis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J. Assoc. Phys. India 48, 1015–1016.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hinchey, W. W., and Someren, A. (1981) Cryptococcal prostatitis. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 75, 257–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Siddiqui, T. J., Zamani, T., and Parada, J. P. (2005) Primary cryptococcal prostatitis and correlation with serum prostate specific antigen in a renal transplant recipient. J. Infect. 51, e153–e157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Seo, I. Y., Jeong, H. J., Yun, K. J., and Rim, J. S. (2006) Granulomatous cryptococcal prostatitis diagnosed by transrectal biopsy. Int. J. Urol. 13, 638–639.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Perfect, J. R., and Casadevall, A. (2002) Cryptococcosis. Infect. Dis. Clin. N Am. 16, 837–874.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Bailly, M. P., Boibieux, A., Biron, F., Durieu, I., Piens, M. A., Peyramond, D., et al. (1991) Persistence of Cryptococcus neoformans in the prostate: Failure of fluconazole despite high doses. J. Infect. Dis. 164, 435–436.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Yip, S. K., Cheng, C., Wong, M. Y., Tan, B. H., Sim, C. S., and Lim, S. H. (1998) Cryptococcal prostatic abscess in an immunocompromised patient: A case report and review of the literature. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 27, 873–876.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hood, S. V., Bell, D., McVey, R., Wilson, G., Wilkins, E. G., Hood, S. V., et al. (1998) Prostatitis and epididymo-orchitis due to Aspergillus fumigatus in a patient with AIDS. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26, 229–231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Abbas, F., Kamal, M. K., and Talati, J. (1995) Prostatic aspergillosis. J. Urol. 153, 748–750.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kaplan-Pavlovcic, S., Masera, A., Ovcak, Z., and Kmetec, A. (1999) Prostatic aspergillosis in a renal transplant recipient. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant 14, 1778–1780.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Cherasse, A., Herin, M., Oana, M., and Marievoet, C. (1997) Aspergillus prostatitis and prolonged corticotherapy. Apropos of a case report. Acta Urol. Belg. 65, 43–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Denning, D. W., Tucker, R. M., Hanson, L. H., and Stevens, D. A. (1989) Treatment of invasive aspergillosis with itraconazole. Am. J. Med. 86, 791–800.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Viviani, M. A., Tortorano, A. M., Langer, M., Almaviva, M., Negri, C., Cristina, S., et al. (1989) Experience with itraconazole in cryptococcosis and aspergillosis. J. Infect. Dis. 18, 151–165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Stevens, D. A., Kan, V. L., Judson, M. A., Morrison, V. A., Dummer, S., Denning, D. W., et al. (2000) Practice guidelines for diseases caused by Aspergillus. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30, 696–709.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lang, D. J., and Kummer, J. F. (1972) Demonstration of cytomegalovirus in semen. N. Engl. J. Med. 287, 756–758.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Benson, P. J., Smith, C. S., Benson, P. J., and Smith, C. S. (1992) Cytomegalovirus prostatitis. Urology 40, 165–167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mastroianni, A., Coronado, O., Manfredi, R., Chiodo, F., Scarani, P., Mastroianni, A., et al. (1996) Acute cytomegalovirus prostatitis in AIDS. Genitourinary Med. 72, 447–448.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. McKay, T. C., Albala, D. M., Sendelbach, K., Gattuso, P., McKay, T. C., Albala, D. M., et al. (1994) Cytomegalovirus prostatitis. Case report and review of the literature. [Review]. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 26, 535–540.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Doble, A., Harris, J. R., Taylor-Robinson, D. (1991) Prostatodynia and herpes simplex virus infection. Urology 38, 247–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Zahradnik, J. M., Spencer, M. J., and Porter, D. D. (1980) Adenovirus infection in the immunocompromised patient. Am. J. Med. 68, 725–732.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Dikov, D., Chatelet, F. P., Dimitrakov, J., Dikov, D., Chatelet, F. P., and Dimitrakov, J. (2005) Pathologic features of necrotizing adenoviral prostatitis in an AIDS patient. Int. J. Surg. Pathol. 13, 227–231.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pappas, P. G., Threlkeld, M. G., Bedsole, G. D., Cleveland, K. O., Gelfand, M. S., and Dismukes, W. E. (1993) Blastomycosis in immunocompromised patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 72, 311–325.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Wheat, J. (1995) Endemic mycoses in AIDS: a clinical review. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 8, 146–159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Eickenberg H-U, Amin, M., and Lich, R., Jr. (1975) Blastomycosis of the genitourinary tract. J. Urol. 113, 650–652.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Bergner, D. M., Kraus, S. D., Duck, G. B., and Lewis, R. (1981) Systemic blastomycosis presenting with acute prostatic abscess. J. Urol. 126, 132–133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Seo, R., Oyasu, R., and Schaeffer, A. (1997) Blastomycosis of the epididymis and prostate. Urology 50, 980–982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Davies, S. F., and Sarosi, G. A. (1989) Blastomycosis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 8, 474–479.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Kauffman, C. A. (1994) Newer developments in therapy for endemic mycoses. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19(Suppl 1), S28–S32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Pappas, P. G., Bradsher, R. W., Chapman, S. W., Kauffman, C. A., Dine, A., Cloud, G. A., et al. (1995) Treatment of blastomycosis with fluconazole: A pilot study. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. Clin. Infect. Dis. 20, 267–271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Shah, R. D., Nardi, P. M., Han, C. C., Shah, R. D., Nardi, P. M., and Han, C. C. (1996) Histoplasma prostatic abscess: Rare cause in an immunocompromised patient. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 166, 471.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Marans, H. Y., Mandell, W., Kislak, J. W., Starrett, B., and Moussouris, H. F. (1991) Prostatic abscess due to Histoplasma capsulatum in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Urol. 145, 1275–1276.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Zighelboim, J., Goldfarb, R. A., Mody, D., Williams, T. W., Bradshaw, M. W., and Harris, R. L. (1992) Prostatic abscess due to Histoplasma capsulatum in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Urol. 147, 166–168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Wheat, J., Sarosi, G., McKinsey, D., Hamill, R., Bradsher, R., Johnson, P., et al. (2000) Practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30, 688–695.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Galgiani, J. N., Ampel, N. M., Blair, J. E., Catanzaro, A., Johnson, R. H., Stevens, D. A., et al. (2005) Coccidioidomycosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41, 1217–1223.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Stevens, D. A. (1995) Coccidioidomycosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 1077–1082.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Sohail, M. R., Andrews, P. E., and Blair, J. E. (2005) Coccidioidomycosis of the male genital tract. J. Urol. 173, 1978–1982.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Yurkanin, J. P., Ahmann, F., and Dalkin, B. L. (2006) Coccidioidomycosis of the prostate: A determination of incidence, report of 4 cases, and treatment recommendations. J. Infect. 52, e19–e25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Mahlknecht, A., Pecorari, V., Richter, A., Mahlknecht, A., Pecorari, V., and Richter, A. (2005) Sepsis due to asymptomatic Candida prostatitis. [Review] Arch Ital. Urol. Androl. 77, 155–156.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Indudhara, R., Singh, S. K., Vaidyanathan, S., Banerjee, C. K., Indudhara, R., Singh, S. K., et al. (1992) Isolated invasive candidal prostatitis. Urol. Int. 48, 362–364.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Collado, A., Ponce de, L. J., Salinas, D., Salvador, J., Vicente, J., and Collado, A. (2001) Prostatic abscess due to Candida with no systemic manifestations. Urol. Int. 67, 186–188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Golz, R., Mendling, W., Golz, R., and Mendling, W. (1991) Candidosis of the prostate: A rare form of endomycosis. Mycoses 34, 381–384.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Bartkowski, D. P., Lanesky, J. R., Bartkowski, D. P., and Lanesky, J. R. (1988) Emphysematous prostatitis and cystitis secondary to Candida albicans. J. Urol. 139, 1063–1065.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Yu, S., and Provet, J. (1992) Prostatic abscess due to Candida tropicalis in a nonacquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient. J. Urol. 148, 1536–1538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Lentino, J. R., Zielinski, A., Stachowski, M., Cummings, J. E., Maliwan, N., and Reid, R. W. (1984) Prostatic abscess due to Candida albicans. J. Infect. Dis. 149, 282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Elert, A., von, K. R., Nusser, R., Heidenreich, A., and Hofmann, R. (2000) Isolated candidal prostatitis. J. Urol. 163, 244.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Pappas, P. G., Rex, J. H., Sobel, J. D., Filler, S. G., Dismukes, W. E., Walsh, T. J., et al. (2004) Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38, 161–189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Schwartz, D. A., Visvesvara, G., Weber, R., and Bryan, R. T. Male genital tract microsporidiosis and AIDS: Prostatic abscess due to Encephalitozoon hellem. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 41, 61S.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Skerk, V., Schonwald, S., Granic, J., Krhen, I., Barsic, B., Marekovic, I., et al. (2002) Chronic prostatitis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis—diagnosis and treatment. J. Chemother. 14, 537–538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ohkawa, M., Yamaguchi, K., Tokunaga, S., Nakashima, T., and Fujita, S. (1992) The incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis in chronic prostatitis patients determined by culture using a newly modified liquid medium. J. Infect. Dis. 166, 1205–1206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Gardner, W. A., Jr., Culberson, D. E., and Bennett, B. D. (1986) Trichomonas vaginalis in the prostate gland. Arch. Pathol. Laboratory. Med. 110, 430–432.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Skerk, V., Schonwald, S., Krhen, I., Markovinovic, L., Beus, A., Kuzmanovic, N. S., et al. (2002) Aetiology of chronic prostatitis. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 19, 471–474.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Bertschinger, K., Trinkler, F., Reili, I., and Kubik-Huch, R. A. (1999) Sonographic and MR findings of an extensive, HIV-related prostatic abscess. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 9, 488–490.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Leport, C., Rousseau, F., Perronne, C., Salmon, D., Joerg, A., and Vilde, J. L. (1989) Bacterial prostatitis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J. Urol. 141, 334–336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Meares, E. M., Jr. (1987) Acute and chronic prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 1, 855–873.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Baron, J. C., Delmas, V., and Boccon-Gibod, L. (1990) [Infectious manifestations of AIDS in the urogenital tract]. Ann. Urol. (Paris) 24, 241–244.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Clairmont, G. J., Zon, L. I., Groopman, J. E., Clairmont, G. J., Zon, L. I., and Groopman, J. E. (1987) Hemophilus parainfluenzae prostatitis in a homosexual man with chronic lym-phadenopathy syndrome and HTLV-III infection. Am. J. Med. 82, 175–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. LaFontaine, P. D., Middleman, B. R., Graham, S. D., Jr., and Sanders, W. H. (1997) Incidence of granulomatous prostatitis and acid-fast bacilli after intravesical BCG therapy. Urology 49, 363–366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Galbis, S. F., Jimenez, C. M., Rodriguez, R. R., Perez Elias, M. J., Gomez, d. S. V., Rivas Escudero, J. A. (1997) Tuberculous prostatic abscess in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch. Espanoles Urol. 50, 393–395.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Gebo, K. A. (2002) Prostatic tuberculosis in an HIV infected male. Sexually Transmitted Infect. 78, 147–148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Trauzzi, S. J., Kay, C. J., Kaufman, D. G., and Lowe, F. C. (1994) Management of prostatic abscess in patients with human immunodeficiency syndrome. Urology 43, 629–633.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Lee, Y., Huang, W., Huang, J., Wang, J., Yu, C., Jiaan, B., et al. (2001) Efficacy of chemotherapy for prostatic tuberculosis–a clinical and histologic follow-up study. Urology 57, 872–877.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science + Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Duclos, A.J. (2008). Prostatitis in the Immunocompromised Patient. In: Shoskes, D.A. (eds) Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. Current Clinical Urology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-472-8_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-472-8_4

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-934115-27-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-472-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics