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Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries pp 639–656Cite as

Rapid Urbanization and the Challenges of Obtaining Food and Nutrition Security

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Notes

  1. 1.

    1 The countries and years of data included in the analysis were Bangladesh, 1983/1992; China 1988/1995; Colombia 1978/1992; Ghana 1987/1993; India 1977/1994; Indonesia 1990/1993; Nigeria 1985/1993; and Pakistan 1984/1991.

  2. 2.

    2 The prevalence of underweight, as opposed to stunted, children was examined because data on height-for-age were usually not available in the data sets used. We recognize, however, the limitations of underweight data, which do not allow to differentiate between stunting (low weight-for-age) and wasting (low weight-for-height).

  3. 3.

    3 The countries and years of data included in this analysis were the following: Bangladesh 1985/1996; Brazil 1989/1996; China 1992/1995; Egypt 1990/1995; Honduras 1987/1995; Madagascar 1992/1995; Malawi 1992/1995; Mauritania 1990/1996; Nigeria 1990/1993; Peru 1991/1996; Philippines 1987/1993; Uganda 1988/1995; Tanzania 1991/1996; Zambia 1992/1997.

  4. 4.

    4 Obviously, not all programs are the same size and have the same coverage. Unfortunately, expenditure figures were unavailable for most of the programs; in any case, it was not possible to verify the accuracy of these report figures.

  5. 5.

    5 The countries and year of survey included in this analysis were as follows: for Asia: Bangladesh 1993 and Pakistan 1991; for Africa: Ghana 1993, Tanzania 1991/1992, Senegal 1992/1993, Zambia 1992; and for Latin America: Brazil 1996, Dominical Republic 1991, Peru 1992, Colombia 1995, and Guatemala 1995.

  6. 6.

    6 Popkin [36] defined the nutrition transition as the shifts in dietary patterns and lifestyle that have resulted from urbanization and rapid economic development.

  7. 7.

    7 This is as suggested by Brockerhoff and Brennan [69].

  8. 8.

    8 For a selected set of examples of successful interventions, see Ruel, Haddad, and Garrett [24].

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Acknowledgments

Many of the ideas in this chapter were developed in the context of a wider IFPRI multicountry research program on Urban Challenges to Food and Nutrition Security. In particular, we would like to thank Daniel Maxwell, Saul Morris, Carol Levin, Patrice Engle, Arne Oshaug, and Bonnie McClafferty for their insights on the issues we present and Alison Slack of IFPRI and Purnima Menon of Cornell University for their invaluable research assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Food Consumption and Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC

    Marie T. Ruel & James L. Garrett

  2. Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK

    Lawrence Haddad

Authors
  1. Marie T. Ruel
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  2. James L. Garrett
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  3. Lawrence Haddad
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Richard D. Semba MD, MPH

  2. Nutrition and HIV/AIDS Policy, United Nations World Food Programme, Rome, Italy

    Martin W. Bloem MD, PhD

  3. Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Martin W. Bloem MD, PhD

  4. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA

    Martin W. Bloem MD, PhD

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Ruel, M.T., Garrett, J.L., Haddad, L. (2008). Rapid Urbanization and the Challenges of Obtaining Food and Nutrition Security. In: Semba, R.D., Bloem, M.W., Piot, P. (eds) Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries. Nutrition and Health Series. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-464-3_22

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