Skip to main content

Empirical Support for Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Eating Disorders

  • Chapter
Handbook of Evidence-Based Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

Abstract

The available research suggests that the etiology of eating disorders (EDs) is multifactorial and individually variable, with risk conferred from personality pathology, family history, developmental history, sociocultural phenomena, comorbid disorders, and genetic endowment [1–5]. The treatment of EDs is complicated by characteristic problems in interpersonal relationships, resistance to change in symptomatic behavior, and difficulty in accessing emotional experience [6, 7]. Psychotherapy for EDs must target not only overt symptoms, but also motivation, emotion regulation, insight, and resistance [8]. Among the various forms of “talk therapy,” psychodynamic psychotherapy arguably has the most techniques for addressing the complex problems characteristic of individuals with EDs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    We focus here on CBT therapists because they show more variability in the degree to which they integrate psychodynamic psychotherapy into their practice. Psychodynamic psychotherapists are uniformly psychodynamic, and therefore no relationship is seen between the use of these interventions and the outcome.

References

  1. Bulik, C.M. (2005). Exploring the gene–environment nexus in eating disorders. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 30, 335–339.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Cassin, S.E., and von Ranson, K.M. (2005). Personality and eating disorders: a decade in review. Clin Psychol Rev, 25, 895–916.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Gowers, S.G., and Shore, A. (2001). Development of weight and shape concerns in the aetiology of eating disorders. Br J Psychiatry, 179, 236–242.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Polivy, J., and Herman, C.P. (2002). Causes of eating disorders. Annu Rev Psychol, 53, 187–213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Westen, D., Thompson-Brenner, H., and Peart, J. (2006). Personality and eating disorders. Annu Rev Eat Disord, 2, 97–112. Abingdon, UK: Radcliffe Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Agras, W.S., Brandt, H.A., Bulik, C.M., et al. (2004). Report of the National Institutes of Health workshop on overcoming barriers to treatment research in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord, 35, 509–521.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Troop, N.A., Schmidt, U.H., and Treasure, J.L. (1995). Feelings and fantasy in eating disorders: a factor analysis of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Int J Eat Disord, 18, 151–157.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Thompson-Brenner, H., and Westen, D. (2005). A naturalistic study of psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa, Part 2: therapeutic interventions in the community. J Nerv Ment Dis, 193, 585–595.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Blagys, M.D., and Hilsenroth, M.J. (2000). Distinctive features of short-term psychodynamic interpersonal psychotherapy: a review of the comparative psychotherapy process literature. Clin Psychol: Sci Pract, 7, 167–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Thompson-Brenner, H., Glass, S., and Westen, D. (2003). A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. Clin Psychol: Sci Pract, 10, 269–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Compas, B.E., Haaga, D.A.F., Keefe, F.J., Leitenberg, H., and Williams, D.A. (1998). Sampling of empirically supported psychological treatments from health psychology: smoking, chronic pain, cancer, and bulimia nervosa. J Consult Clin Psychol, 66, 89–112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Wilson, G.T., and Fairburn, C.G. (1998). Treatments for eating disorders. In: P.E. Nathan and J.M. Gorman (eds) A guide to treatments that work. New York: Oxford University Press, 501–530.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Westen, D., Novotny, C.M., and Thompson-Brenner, H. (2004). The empirical status of empirically supported psychotherapies: assumptions, findings, and reporting in controlled clinical trials. Psychol Bull, 130, 631–663.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Thompson-Brenner, H., and Westen, D. (2005). A naturalistic study of psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa, Part 1: comorbidity and therapeutic outcome. J Nerv Ment Dis, 193, 573–584.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Thompson-Brenner, H., and Westen, D. (2005). Personality subtypes in eating disorders: validation of a classification in a naturalistic sample. Br J Psychiatry, 186, 516–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Haas, H.L., and Clopton, J.R. (2003). Comparing clinical and research treatments for eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord, 33, 412–420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bachar, E., Latzer, Y., Kreitler, S., and Berry, E.M. (1999). Empirical comparison of two psychological therapies self psychology and cognitive orientation in the treatment of anorexia and bulimia. J Psychother Pract Res, 8, 115–128.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Dare, C., Eisler, I., Russell, G., Treasure, J., and Dodge, L. (2001). Psychological therapies for adults with anorexia nervosa randomised controlled trial of out-patient treatments. Br J Psychiatry, 178, 216–221.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Murphy, S., Russell, L., and Waller, G. (2005). Integrated psychodynamic therapy for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: theory, practice and preliminary findings. Eur Eat Disord Rev, 13, 383–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Treasure, J., Todd, G., Brolly, M., Tiller, J., Nehmed, A., and Denman, F. (1995). A pilot study of a randomised trial of cognitive analytical therapy vs educational behavioral therapy for adult anorexia nervosa. Behav Res Ther, 33, 363–367.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Thompson-Brenner, H., Boisseau, C.L., Satir, D.A., Eddy, K.T., Weingeroff, J, and Westen, D. (2007). Treatment approach and outcome for adolescent EDs. Presentation at the International Conference for the Academy of Eating Disorders, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  22. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th edition, Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  23. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004). Eating Disorders: core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and related eating disorders. Retrieved 10/21/2004 from http://www.nice.org/uk/cg009NICEguideline.

  24. Treasure, J., Schmidt, U., and Troop, N. (2000). Cognitive analytical therapy and the transtheoretical framework. In: Miller, K.J. and Mizes, J.S. (eds) Comparative treatments for eating disorders. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 283–308.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Malan, D.H. (1976). Toward the validation of dynamic psychotherapy. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Tasca, G.A., Ritchie, K., Conrad, G., Balfour, L., Gayton, J., Lybanon, V., et al. (2006). Attachment scales predict outcome in a randomized controlled trial for binge eating disorder: an aptitude by treatment interaction. Psychother Res, 16, 106–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Strupp, H.H., and Binder, J.L. (1984). Psychotherapy in a new key: a guide to time-limited dynamic psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Tasca, G.A., Mikai, S.F., and Hewitt, P.L. (2005). Group psychodynamic interpersonal psychotherapy: summary of a treatment model and outcomes for depressive symptoms. In: Abelian, M.E. (ed.) Focus on psychotherapy research. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 159–188.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Johnson, C.L., Connors, M.E., and Tobin, D.L. (1987). Symptom management of bulimia. J Consult Clin Psychol, 55, 668–676.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Steiger, H. (1989). An integrated psychotherapy for eating-disordered patients. Am J Psychother, 43, 229–237.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Tobin, D.L., and Johnson, C.L. (1991). The integration of psychodynamic and behaviour therapy in the treatment of eating disorders: clinical issues versus theoretical mystique. In: Johnson, C.L. (ed.) Psychodynamic treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Agras, W.S., Walsh, B.T., Fairburn, C.B., Wilson, G.T., and Kraemer, H.C. (2000). A multicenter comparison of cognitive–behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 57, 459–466.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Fairburn, C.G., Jones, R., Peveler, R.C., Carr, S.J., Solomon, R.A., O’Connor, M.E., Burton, J., and Hope, R.A. (1991). Three psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa: a comparative trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 48, 463–469.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Fairburn, C.G., Marcus, M.D., and Wilson, G.T. (1993). Cognitive–behavioral therapy for binge eating and bulimia nervosa: a comprehensive treatment manual. In: Fairburn, C.G., and Wilson, G.T. (eds) Binge eating: nature, assessment, and treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 361–404.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Shafran, R., Fairburn, C.G., Robinson, P., and Lask, B. (2004). Body checking and its avoidance in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord, 35, 93–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Fairburn, C.G., Cooper, Z., and Shafran, R. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment. Behav Res Ther, 41, 509–528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Shafran, R., Lee, M., Payne, E., and Fairburn, C.G. (2006). An experimental analysis of body checking. Behav Res Ther, 45, 113–121.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Marino, M.F., and Zanarini, M.C. (2001). Relationship between EDNOS and its subtypes and borderline personality disorder. Int J Eat Disord, 29, 349–353.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Fairburn, C.G. (2007). Transdiagnostic cognitive behavior therapy: effects and significance. Presentation at the International Conference for the Academy of Eating Disorders, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Fairburn, C.G., Bohn, K., and Hutt, M. (2004). EDNOS (Eating Disorder not otherwise specified): why it is important, and how to treat it using cognitive behavior therapy. Workshop Session at the Academy for Eating Disorders Annual Conference, Orlando, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Hilsenroth, M.J, Ackerman, S.J., Blagys, M.D., Bonge, D.R., and Blais, M.A., (2005). Measuring psychodynamic-interpersonal and cognitive–behavioral techniques: development of the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale. Psychother: Theory, Res, & Pract, 42, 340–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Jacobi, C., Hayward, C., de Zwaan, M., Kraemer, H.C., and Agras, W.S. (2004). Coming to terms with risk factors for eating disorders: application of risk terminology and suggestions for a general taxonomy. Psychol Bull, 130, 19–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Stice, E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull, 128, 825–848.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Wonderlich, S.A., Connelley, K.M., and Stice, E. (2004). Impulsivity as a risk factor for eating disorder behavior: assessment implications with adolescents. Int J Eat Disord, 36, 172–182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bruce, K.R., and Steiger, H. (2005). Treatment implications of axis-II comorbidity in eating disorders. Eat Disord, 13, 93–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Espelage, D.L., Mazzeo, S.E., Sherman, R., and Thompson, R. (2002). MCMI-II profiles of women with eating disorders: a cluster analytic investigation. J Pers Disord, 16, 453–463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Goldner, E.M., Srikameswaran, S., Schroeder, M.L., Livesley, W.J., and Birmingham, C.L. (1999). Dimensional assessment of personality pathology in patients with eating disorders. Psychiatry Res, 85, 151–159.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Thompson-Brenner, H., Eddy, K.T., Satir, D., Boisseau, C.L., and Westen, D. (2008). Personality subtypes in adolescents with eating disorders: validation of a classification approach. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 49(2), 170–180.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Westen, D., and Harnden-Fischer, J. (2001). Personality profiles in eating disorders: rethinking the distinction between axis I and axis II. Am J Psychiatry, 158, 547–562.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Wonderlich, S.A., Crosby, R.D., Joiner, T., et al. (2005). Personality subtyping and bulimia nervosa: psychopathological and genetic correlates. Psychol Med, 35, 649–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Thompson-Brenner, H., Eddy, K., Franko, D.L., Dorer, D., Vaschenko, M., and Herzog, D.B. (2007). A personality classification system for eating disorders: a longitudinal study. Paper presentation at the International Conference for the Academy of Eating Disorders, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Tantleff-Dunn, S., Gokee-LaRose, J., and Peterson, R. (2004). Interpersonal psychotherapy for the treatment of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. In: Thompson, J.K. (ed.) Handbook of eating disorders and obesity. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 163–185.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Frank, E., and Spanier, C. (1995). Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression: overview, clinical efficacy, and future directions. Clin Psychol: Sci Pract, 2, 349–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Fairburn, C.G. (1997). Interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. In: Garner, D.M. and Garfinkel, P. E. (eds) Handbook for the treatment of eating disorders, 2nd edition. New York: Guilford Press, 278–294.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Wilfley, D.E., Dounchis, J.Z., and Welch, R.R. (2000). Interpersonal Psychotherapy. In: Miller, K.J. and Mizes, J.S. (eds) Comparative treatments for eating disorders. New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc., 128–282.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Fairburn, C.G., Kirk, J., O’Connor, M., Anastasiades, P., and Cooper, P.J. (1987). Prognostic factors in bulimia nervosa. Br J Clin Psychol, 26, 223–224.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. McIntosh, V.V., Bulik, C.M., McKenzie, J.M., Luty, S.E., and Jordan, J. (2000). Interpersonal psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord, 27, 125–139.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ablon, J.S., and Jones, E.E. (1999). Psychotherapy process in the national institute of mental health treatment of depression collaborative research program. J Consult Clin Psychol, 67, 64–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. McIntosh, V.V., Jordan, J., Carter, F.A., McKenzie, J.M., Bulik, C.M., Frampton, C.M.A., et al. (2005). Three psychotherapies for anorexia nervosa: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry, 162, 741–747.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Garner, D.M., Rockert, W., Davis, R., Garner, M.V., Olmsted, M.P., and Eagle, M. (1993). Comparison of cognitive–behavioral and supportive-expressive therapy for bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry, 150, 37–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Linehan, M.M. (1993). Dialectical–behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Safer, D.L., Telch, C.F., and Agras, W.S. (2001). Dialectical behavior therapy for bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry, 158, 632–634.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Telch, C.F., Agras, W.S., and Linehan, M.M. (2000). Group dialectical behavior therapy for binge-eating disorder: a preliminary, uncontrolled trial. Behav Ther, 31, 569–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Telch, C.F., Agras, W.S., and Linehan, M.M. (2001). Dialectical behavior therapy for binge eating disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol, 69, 1061–1065.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Wisniewski, L., and Kelly, E. (2003). The application of dialectical behavior therapy to the treatment of eating disorders. Cogn Behav Pract, 10, 131–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Wiser, S. and Telch, C.F. (1999). Dialectical behavior therapy for binge-eating disorder. J Clin Psychol, 55, 755–768.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Sansone, R.A., Levitt, J.L., and Sansone, L.A. (2005). The prevalence of personality disorders among those with eating disorders. Eat Disord, 13, 7–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Zanarini, M.C., Frankenburg, F.R, Dubo, E.D., Sickel, A.E., Trikha, A., Levin, A., et al. (1998). Axis I comorbidity of borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 155, 1733–1739.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Leichsenring, F., and Leibing, E. (2003). The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of personality disorders: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry, 160, 1223–1232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Bateman, A.W., and Fonagy, P. (2000). Effectiveness of psychotherapeutic treatment of personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry, 177, 138–143.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Johnson, C.L., Stuckey, M.K., Lewis, L.D., and Schwartz, D.M. (1982). Bulimia: a descriptive survey of 316 cases. Int J Eat Disord, 2, 3–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Norman, D.K. and Herzog, D.B. (1984). Persistent social maladjustment in bulimia: a 1-yearfollow-up. Am J Psychiatry, 141, 444–446.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Telch, C.F., and Agras, W.S. (1994). Obesity, binge-eating, and psychopathology: are they related? Int J Eat Disord, 15, 53–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Wilfley, D.E., Agras, W.S., Telch, C.F., Rossiter, E.M., Schneider, J.A., Cole, A.G., et al. (1993). Group cognitive–behavioral therapy and group interpersonal psychotherapy for the nonpurging bulimic individual: a controlled comparison. J Consult Clin Psychol, 61, 296–305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Steiger, H., Gauvin, L., Jabalpurwala, S., Seguin, J.R., and Stotland, S. (1999). Hypersensitivity to social interactions in bulimic syndromes: relationship to binge eating. J Consult Clin Psychol, 67, 765–775.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Greenberg, J.R., and Mitchell, S.A. (1983). Object relations in psychoanalytic theory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Bateman, A., and Fonagy, P. (1999). The effectiveness of partial hospitalization in the treatment of borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry, 156, 1563–1569.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Bateman, A., and Fonagy, P. (2001). Treatment of borderline personality disorder with psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization: an 18-month follow-up. Am J Psychiatry, 158, 36–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Bateman, A.W., and Fonagy, P. (2003). Health service utilization costs for borderline personality disorder patients treated with psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization versus general psychiatric care. Am J Psychiatry, 160, 169–171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Fonagy, P., and Bateman, A.W. (2006). Mechanisms of change in mentalization-based treatment of BPO. J Clin Psychol, 62, 411–430.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Clarkin, J.F., Foelsch, P.A., Levy, K.N., Hull, J.W., Delaney, J.C., and Kernberg, O.F. (2001). The development of a psychodynamic treatment for patients with borderline personality disorder: a preliminary study of behavioral change. J Personal Disord, 15, 487–495.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Clarkin, J.F., Levy, K.N., Lenzenweger, M.F., and Kernberg, O.F. (2004). The personality disorders institute/borderline personality disorder research foundation randomized control trial for borderline personality disorder: rationale, methods, and patient characteristics. J Personal Disord, 18, 52–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Carano, A., De Berardis, D., Gambi, F., Di Paolo, C., Campanella, D., Pelusi, L., et al. (2006). Alexithymia and body image in adult outpatients with binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord, 39, 332–340.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Avnon, L., Zubery, E., and Jeczmien, P. (2006). Emotional processing in eating disorders: specific impairment or general distress related deficiency? Depress Anxiety, 23, 331–339.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Strober, M. (2004). Managing the chronic, treatment-resistant patient with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord, 36, 245–255.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Garner, D.M., Garfinkel, P.E., and Bemis, K.M. (1982). A multidimensional psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord, 1, 3–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Gaston, L., Marmar, C.R., Thompson, L.W., and Gallagher, D. (1988). Relation of patient pretreatment characteristics to the therapeutic alliance in diverse psychotherapies. J Consult Clin Psychol, 56, 483–489.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Foreman, S.A., and Marmar, C.R. (1985). Therapist actions that address initially poor therapeutic alliances in psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry, 142, 922–926.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Heather Thompson-Brenner PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Thompson-Brenner, H., Weingeroff, J., Westen, D. (2009). Empirical Support for Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Eating Disorders. In: Levy, R.A., Ablon, J.S. (eds) Handbook of Evidence-Based Psychodynamic Psychotherapy. Current Clinical Psychiatry. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-444-5_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-444-5_4

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-934115-11-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-444-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics