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Bladder Cancer pp 67–77Cite as

Identification of Nodal Metastases: The role of Iron Oxide Enhanced MRI

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Part of the book series: Current Clinical Urology ((CCU))

Abstract

The natural history of invasive bladder cancer follows a pathway of progression in which tumor involving the primary tumor advances to the regional lymph nodes and then to distant sites. The overall lymph node positive rate in large radical cystectomy series is approximately 20–25%. Most of the involved lymph nodes are not suspected prior to surgery and are only found on pathologic evaluation after cystectomy. Currently size criteria alone are used to distinguish normal from potentially involved lymph nodes. Significant understaging continues to limit the overall accuracy of clinical staging. Advances in imaging techniques, particularly MRI using novel enhancing agents, have the potential for dramatically improving lymph node staging. The development of lymphotrophic iron oxide nanoparticles have provided an additional imaging option for the detection of malignant lymph nodes in bladder cancer patients.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Urology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

    Bernard H. Bochner

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  1. Bernard H. Bochner
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Correspondence to Bernard H. Bochner .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Urology, University of Michigan Health System, E. Medical Center Dr. 1500 , Ann Arbor, 48109-0252, U.S.A.

    Cheryl T. Lee

  2. Dept. Urology, University of Michigan Health System, E. Medical Center Dr. 1500 , Ann Arbor, 48109-0252, U.S.A.

    David P. Wood

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Bochner, B.H. (2009). Identification of Nodal Metastases: The role of Iron Oxide Enhanced MRI. In: Lee, C., Wood, D. (eds) Bladder Cancer. Current Clinical Urology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-417-9_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-417-9_8

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