Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes pp 41–68Cite as

Myxoviruses

  • Chapter

  • 959 Accesses

Part of the book series: Infectious Disease™ ((ID))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. 1. Lamb RA, Collins PL, Kolakofsky D, Melero JA, Nagai Y, Oldstone MBA, Pringle CR, Rima BK. Family Paramyxoviridae. Virus Taxonomy. Seventh Report of the International Committe on Taxonomy of Viruses. 2000. Van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, Maniloff J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Pringle CR, Wickner RB (eds). Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  2. 2. Hall CB. Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1917–1928.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. 3. Hall CB. Parainfluenza Viruses. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 2004. Feigin RD, Cherry JD, Demmler GJ, Kaplan SL (eds). Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 2270–2283.

    Google Scholar 

  4. 4. Craver RD, Gohd RS, Sundin DR, Hierholzer JC. Isolation of parainfluenza virus type 3 from cerebrospinal fluid associated with aseptic meningitis. Am J Clin Pathol 1993; 99:705–707.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. 5. Frank JA, Jr., Warren RW, Tucker JA, Zeller J, Wilfert CM. Disseminated parainfluenza infection in a child with severe combined immunodeficiency. Am J Dis Child 1983; 137:1172–1174.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. 6. Isaia G, Teodosiu O, Popescu G, Dinca A, Niculescu R, Toma E, Paun L, Popescu E. Isolation of parainfluenza virus type 3 from an infant with meningoencephalitis. Virologie 1980; 31:191–195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. 7. Jantausch BA, Wiedermann BL, Jeffries B. Parainfluenza virus type 2 meningitis and parotitis in an 11-year-old child. South Med J 1995; 88:230–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. 8. Lindquist SW, Darnule A, Istas A, Demmler GJ. Parainfluenza virus type 4 infections in pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16:34–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. 9. Roman G, Phillips CA, Poser CM. Parainfluenza virus type 3: isolation from CSF of a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome. JAMA 1978; 240:1613–1615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. 10. Vreede RW, Schellekens H, Zuijderwijk M. Isolation of parainfluenza virus type 3 from cerebrospinal fluid. J Infect Dis 1992; 165:1166.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. 11. Wong VK, Steinberg E, Warford A. Parainfluenza virus type 3 meningitis in an 11-month-old infant. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988; 7:300–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. 12. Arisoy ES, Demmler GJ, Thakar S, Doerr C. Meningitis due to parainfluenza virus type 3: report of two cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17:995–997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. 13. Arguedas A, Stutman HR, Blanding JG. Parainfluenza type 3 meningitis. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1990; 29:175–178.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. 14. Rubin EE, Quennec P, McDonald JC. Infections due to parainfluenza virus type 4 in children. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17:998–1002.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. 15. Powell HC, Rosenberg RN, McKellar B. Reye's syndrome: isolation of parainfluenza virus. Report of three cases. Arch Neurol 1973; 29:135–139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. 16. McCarthy VP, Zimmerman AW, Miller CA. Central nervous system manifestations of parainfluenza virus type 3 infections in childhood. Pediatr Neurol 1990; 6:197–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. 17. Downham MA, McQuillin J, Gardner PS. Diagnosis and clinical significance of parainfluenza virus infections in children. Arch Dis Child 1974; 49:8–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. 18. Rantala H, Uhari M, Tuokko H. Viral infections and recurrences of febrile convulsions. J Pediatr 1990; 116:195–199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. 19. Plotkin S. Mumps Vaccine. Vaccines. 2004. Plotkin S, Orenstein W (eds). 4th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 441–469.

    Google Scholar 

  20. 20. Cherry JD. Mumps Virus. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 2004. Feigin R, Cherry J, Demmler G, Kaplan S (eds). 5th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 2305–2314.

    Google Scholar 

  21. 21. Galazka AM, Robertson SE, Kraigher A. Mumps and mumps vaccine: a global review. Bull World Health Organ 1999; 77:3–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Summary of Notifiable Diseases, United States, 1998. MMWR 1999; 47:ii–92.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Summary of Notifiable Diseases, United States, 2002. MMWR 2004; 51:1–84.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Update: multistate outbreak of mumps, United States, January 1-May 2, 2006. MMWR 2006; 55:559–563.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Mumps epidemic—United kingdom, 2004–2005. MMWR 2006; 55:173–175.

    Google Scholar 

  26. 26. Jubelt B. Enterovirus and mumps virus infections of the nervous system. Neurol Clin 1984; 2:187–213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. 27. Russell RR, Donald JC. The neurological complications of mumps. Br Med J 1958; 30:27–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Control CfD. Mumps-United States. MMWR 1978; 27:379–381.

    Google Scholar 

  29. 29. Meyer HM, Jr., Johnson RT, Crawford IP, Dascomb HE, Rogers NG. Central nervous system syndromes of “vital” etiology. A study of 713 cases. Am J Med 1960; 29:334–347.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. 30. Lennette EH, Magoffin RL, Knouf EG. Viral central nervous system disease. An etiologic study conducted at the Los Angeles County General Hospital. JAMA 1962; 179: 687–695.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. 31. Azimi PH, Cramblett HG, Haynes RE. Mumps meningoencephalitis in children. JAMA 1969; 207:509–512.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. 32. Wilfert CM. Mumps meningoencephalitis with low cerebrospinal-fluid glucose, prolonged pleocytosis and elevation of protein. N Engl J Med 1969; 280:855–859.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. 33. Levitt LP, Rich TA, Kinde SW, Lewis AL, Gates EH, Bond JO. Central nervous system mumps. A review of 64 cases. Neurology 1970; 20:829–834.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. 34. Strussberg S, Winter S, Friedman A, Benderly A, Kahana D, Freundlich E. Notes on mumps meningoencephalitis. Some features of 199 cases in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1969; 8:373–374.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. 35. Koskiniemi M, Donner M, Pettay O. Clinical appearance and outcome in mumps encephalitis in children. Acta Paediatr Scand 1983; 72:603–609.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. 36. Kanra G, Kara A, Cengiz AB, Isik P, Ceyhan M, Atas A. Mumps meningoencephalitis effect on hearing. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21:1167–1169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. 37. Pollack S, Bar-On E, Enat R. Guillain-Barré syndrome; association with mumps. N Y State J Med 1981; 81:795–797.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. 38. Majda-Stanislawska E. Mumps cerebellitis. Eur Neurol 2000; 43:117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. 39. Ghosh S. Guillain-Barré syndrome complicating mumps. Lancet 1967; 1:895.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. 40. Johnstone JA, Ross CA, Dunn M. Meningitis and encephalitis associated with mumps infection. A 10-year survey. Arch Dis Child 1972; 47:647–651.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. 41. Bakshi N, Lawson J, Hanson R, Ames C, Vinters HV. Fatal mumps meningoencephalitis in a child with severe combined immunodeficiency after bone marrow transplantation. J Child Neurol 1996; 11:159–162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. 42. Cinalli G, Spennato P, Ruggiero C, Aliberti F, Maggi G. Aqueductal stenosis 9 years after mumps meningoencephalitis: treatment by endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Childs Nerv Syst 2004; 20:61–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. 43. Bang HO, Bang J. Involvement of the central nervous system in mumps. Acta Meica Scandinavica 1943; 113:487–505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. 44. Donohue WL, Playfair FD, Whitaker L. Mumps encephalitis; pathology and pathogenesis. J Pediatr 1955; 47:395–412.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. 45. Johnson RT, Johnson KP. Hydrocephalus as a sequela of experimental myxovirus infections. Exp Mol Pathol 1969; 10:68–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. 46. Johnson RT, Johnson KP, Edmonds CJ. Virus-induced hydrocephalus: development of aqueductal stenosis in hamsters after mumps infection. Science 1967; 157:1066–1067.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. 47. Wolinsky JS. Mumps virus-induced hydrocephalus in hamsters. Ultrastructure of the chronic infection. Lab Invest 1977; 37:229–236.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. 48. Herndon RM, Johnson RT, Davis LE, Descalzi LR. Ependymitis in mumps virus meningitis. Electron microscopical studies of cerebrospinal fluid. Arch Neurol 1974; 30:475–479.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. 49. Zysno E, Reichnmiller HE, Dold U. EEG changes in mumps meningoencephalitis of the adult. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1967; 23:184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. 50. Tarr RW, Edwards KM, Kessler RM, Kulkarni MV. MRI of mumps encephalitis: comparison with CT evaluation. Pediatr Radiol 1987; 17:59–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. 51. Poggio GP, Rodriguez C, Cisterna D, Freire MC, Cello J. Nested PCR for rapid detection of mumps virus in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with neurological diseases. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:274–278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. 52. Afzal MA, Marsden SA, Hull RM, Pipkin PA, Bentley ML, Minor PD. Evaluation of the neurovirulence test for mumps vaccines. Biologicals 1999; 27:43–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. 53. Gellis S, McGuiness A, M P. A study of the prevention of mumps orchitis by gammaglobulin. Am J Med Sci 1945; 210:661–664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. 54. Rotbart HA. Viral meningitis. Semin Neurol 2000; 20:277–292.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. 55. Nalin DR. Mumps vaccine complications: which strain? Lancet 1989; 2:1396.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. 56. Sugiura A, Yamada A. Aseptic meningitis as a complication of mumps vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991; 10:209–213.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. 57. DeStefano F, Thompson WW. MMR vaccine and autism: an update of the scientific evidence. Expert Rev Vaccines 2004; 3:19–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. 58. Smeeth L, Cook C, Fombonne E, Heavey L, Rodrigues LC, Smith PG, Hall AJ. MMR vaccination and pervasive developmental disorders: a case-control study. Lancet 2004; 364:963–969.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. 59. Black FL. Measles. Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control. 1989. Evans AS (ed). 3rd ed. Plenum Medical, New York, pp 451–469.

    Google Scholar 

  60. 60. Enders JF, Peebles TC. Propagation in tissue cultures of cytopathogenic agents from patients with measles. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1954; 86:277–286.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. 61. Milovanovic MV, Enders JF, Mitus A. Cultivation of measles virus in human amnion cells and in developing chick embryo. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1957; 95:120–127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. 62. Langmuir AD. Medical importance of measles. Am J Dis Child 1962; 103:224–226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. 63. Barkin RM. Measles mortality. Analysis of the primary cause of death. Am J Dis Child 1975; 129:307–309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. 64. Babbott FL, Jr., Gordon JE. Modern measles. Am J Med Sci 1954; 228:334–361.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. 65. Strebel PM, Papania MJ, Halsey NA. Measles Vaccine. Vaccines. 2004. Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA (eds). 4th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 389–440.

    Google Scholar 

  66. 66. Gindler J, Tinker S, Markowitz L, Atkinson W, Dales L, Papania MJ. Acute measles mortality in the United States, 1987–2002. J Infect Dis 2004; 189 Suppl 1:S69–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. 67. Robbins FC. Measles: clinical features. Pathogenesis, pathology and complications. Am J Dis Child 1962; 103:266–273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. 68. Perry RT, Halsey NA. The clinical significance of measles: a review. J Infect Dis 2004; 189 Suppl 1:S4–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. 69. Cherry JD. Measles Virus. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 2004. Feigin RD, Cherry JD, Demmler GJ, Kaplan SL (eds). 5th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 2283–2304.

    Google Scholar 

  70. 70. Cherry JD, Feigin RD, Lobes LA, Jr., Shackelford PG. Atypical measles in children previously immunized with attenuated measles virus vaccines. Pediatrics 1972; 50:712–717.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. 71. Kohn J, Koiransky H. Successive roentgenograms of the chest of children during measles. Am J Dis Child 1929; 38:258–270.

    Google Scholar 

  72. 72. La Boccetta AC, Tornay AS. Measles Encephalitis. Report of 61 Cases. Am J Dis Child 1964; 107:247–255.

    Google Scholar 

  73. 73. Miller DL. Frequency of Complications of Measles, 1963. Report on a National Inquiry by the Public Health Laboratory Service in Collaboration with the Society of Medical Officers of Health. Br Med J 1964; 5401:75–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. 74. Modlin JF, Jabbour JT, Witte JJ, Halsey NA. Epidemiologic studies of measles, measles vaccine, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Pediatrics 1977; 59:505–512.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. 75. Bellini WJ, Rota JS, Lowe LE, Katz RS, Dyken PR, Zaki SR, Shieh WJ, Rota PA. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: more cases of this fatal disease are prevented by measles immunization than was previously recognized. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:1686–1693.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. 76. Mustafa MM, Weitman SD, Winick NJ, Bellini WJ, Timmons CF, Siegel JD. Subacute measles encephalitis in the young immunocompromised host: report of two cases diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction and treated with ribavirin and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16:654–660.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. 77. Hamilton PM, Hanna RJ. Encephalitis complicating measles: report on 241 cases from the literature and on 44 additional cases. Am J Dis Child 1941; 61:483–493.

    Google Scholar 

  78. 78. Tyler HR. Neurological complications of rubeola (measles). Medicine (Baltimore) 1957; 36:147–167.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. 79. Applebaum E, Dolgopol V, Dolgin J. Measles Encephalitis. Am J Dis Child 1949; 77:25–48.

    Google Scholar 

  80. 80. Aicardi J, Goutieres F, Arsenio-Nunes ML, Lebon P. Acute measles encephalitis in children with immunosuppression. Pediatrics 1977; 59:232–239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. 81. Ford F. Nervous complications of measles, with a summary of the literature and publication of 12 additional case reports. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1928; 43:140–184.

    Google Scholar 

  82. 82. Litvak AM, Sands IJ, Gibel H. Encephalitis complicating measles: report of 56 cases with follow-up studies in 32. Am J Dis Child 1943; 65:265–295.

    Google Scholar 

  83. 83. Griffin DE. Measles Virus. Fields Virology. 2001. Knipe DN, Howley PM (eds). 4th ed. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 1401–1441.

    Google Scholar 

  84. 84. Gendelman HE, Wolinsky JS, Johnson RT, Pressman NJ, Pezeshkpour GH, Boisset GF. Measles encephalomyelitis: lack of evidence of viral invasion of the central nervous system and quantitative study of the nature of demyelination. Ann Neurol 1984; 15:353–360.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. 85. Johnson RT, Griffin DE, Hirsch RL, Wolinsky JS, Roedenbeck S, Lindo de Soriano I, Vaisberg A. Measles encephalomyelitis—clinical and immunologic studies. N Engl J Med 1984; 310:137–141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. 86. Dawson JR, Jr. Cellular inclusions in cerebral lesions of lethargic encephalitis. Am J Pathol 1933; 9:7–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. 87. Garg RK. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Postgrad Med J 2002; 78:63–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. 88. Greenfield JG. Encephalitis and encephalomyelitis in England and Wales during last decade. Brain 1950; 73:141–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. 89. Connolly JH, Allen IV, Hurwitz LJ, Millar JH. Measles-virus antibody and antigen in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Lancet 1967; 1:542–544.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. 90. Horta-Barbosa L, Fuccillo DA, Sever JL, Zeman W. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: isolation of measles virus from a brain biopsy. Nature 1969; 221:974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. 91. Jabbour JT, Duenas DA, Sever JL, Krebs HM, Horta-Barbosa L. Epidemiology of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). A report of the SSPE registry. JAMA 1972; 220:959–962.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. 92. Modlin JF, Halsey NA, Eddins DL, Conrad JL, Jabbour JT, Chien L, Robinson H. Epidemiology of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. J Pediatr 1979; 94:231–236.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. 93. Chao D. Subacute inclusion body encephalitis. Report of 3 cases. J Pediatr 1962; 61:501–510.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. 94. Foley J, Williams D. Inclusion encephalitis and its relation to subacute sclerosing leucoencephalitis; a report of five cases. Q J Med 1953; 22:157–194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. 95. Green SH, Wirtschafter JD. Ophthalmoscopic findings in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Br J Ophthalmol 1973; 57:780–787.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. 96. Dyken PR. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Current status. Neurol Clin 1985; 3:179–196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. 97. Santoshkumar B, Radhakrishnan K. Substantial spontaneous long-term remission in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). J Neurol Sci 1998; 154:83–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. 98. Billeter MA, Cattaneo R, Spielhofer P, Kaelin K, Huber M, Schmid A, Baczko K, ter Meulen V. Generation and properties of measles virus mutations typically associated with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 724:367–377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. 99. Bitnun A, Shannon P, Durward A, Rota PA, Bellini WJ, Graham C, Wang E, Ford-Jones EL, Cox P, Becker L, Fearon M, Petric M, Tellier R. Measles inclusion-body encephalitis caused by the vaccine strain of measles virus. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:855–861.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. 100. ter Meulen V, Muller D, Kackell Y, Katz M, Meyermann R. Isolation of infectious measles virus in measles encephalitis. Lancet 1972; 2:1172–1175.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. 101. Nakayama T, Mori T, Yamaguchi S, Sonoda S, Asamura S, Yamashita R, Takeuchi Y, Urano T. Detection of measles virus genome directly from clinical samples by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and genetic variability. Virus Res 1995; 35:1–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. 102. Esolen LM, Takahashi K, Johnson RT, Vaisberg A, Moench TR, Wesselingh SL, Griffin DE. Brain endothelial cell infection in children with acute fatal measles. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:2478–2481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. 103. Gibbs FA, Gibbs EL, Carpenter PR, Spies HW. Electroencephalographic abnormality in “uncomplicated” childhood diseases. JAMA 1959; 171:1050–1055.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. 104. Aarli JA. Nervous complications of measles. Clinical manifestations and prognosis. Eur Neurol 1974; 12:79–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. 105. Lee KY, Cho WH, Kim SH, Kim HD, Kim IO. Acute encephalitis associated with measles: MRI features. Neuroradiology 2003; 45:100–106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. 106. Kim SJ, Kim JS, Lee DY. Neurologic outcome of acute measles encephalitis according to the MRI patterns. Pediatr Neurol 2003; 28:281–284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. 107. Sever JL, Zeman W. Serological studies of measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Neurology 1968; 18:95–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. 108. Horta-Barbosa L, Krebs H, Ley A, Chen TC, Gilkeson MR, Sever JL. Progressive increase in cerebrospinal fluid measles antibody levels in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Pediatrics 1971; 47:782–783.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. 109. Yaqub BA. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE): early diagnosis, prognostic factors and natural history. J Neurol Sci 1996; 139:227–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. 110. Brismar J, Gascon GG, von Steyern KV, Bohlega S. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: evaluation with CT and MR. Am J Neuroradiol 1996; 17:761–772.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. 111. Tuncay R, Akman-Demir G, Gokyigit A, Eraksoy M, Barlas M, Tolun R, Gursoy G. MRI in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Neuroradiology 1996; 38:636–640.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. 112. Ozturk A, Gurses C, Baykan B, Gokyigit A, Eraksoy M. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of 36 patients. J Child Neurol 2002; 17:25–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. 113. Katz SL. Measles—its complications, treatment and prophylaxis. Med Clin North Am 1962; 46:1163–1175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. 114. DuRant RH, Dyken PR, Swift AV. The influence of inosiplex treatment on the neurological disability of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. J Pediatr 1982; 101:288–293.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. 115. Jones CE, Dyken PR, Huttenlocher PR, Jabbour JT, Maxwell KW. Inosiplex therapy in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. A multicentre, non-randomised study in 98 patients. Lancet 1982; 1:1034–1037.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. 116. Dyken PR, Swift A, DuRant RH. Long-term follow-up of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis treated with inosiplex. Ann Neurol 1982; 11:359–364.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. 117. Gascon GG. Randomized treatment study of inosiplex versus combined inosiplex and intraventricular interferon-alpha in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE): international multicenter study. J Child Neurol 2003; 18:819–827.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. 118. Freeman AF, Jacobsohn DA, Shulman ST, Bellini WJ, Jaggi P, de Leon G, Keating GF, Kim F, Pachman LM, Kletzel M, Duerst RE. A new complication of stem cell transplantation: measles inclusion body encephalitis. Pediatrics 2004; 114:e657–660.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. 119. Thorner AR, Dolin R. Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses: Hendra, Nipah, and Menangle Viruses. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 2005. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds). 6th ed. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp 2038–2044.

    Google Scholar 

  120. 120. Murray K, Rogers R, Selvey L, Selleck P, Hyatt A, Gould A, Gleeson L, Hooper P, Westbury H. A novel Morbillivirus pneumonia of horses and its transmission to humans. Emerg Infect Dis 1995; 1:31–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. 121. O'Sullivan JD, Allworth AM, Paterson DL, Snow TM, Boots R, Gleeson LJ, Gould AR, Hyatt AD, Bradfield J. Fatal encephalitis due to novel paramyxovirus transmitted from horses. Lancet 1997; 349:93–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. 122. Goh KJ, Tan CT, Chew NK, Tan PS, Kamarulzaman A, Sarji SA, Wong KT, Abdullah BJ, Chua KB, Lam SK. Clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1229–1235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. 123. Selvey LA, Wells RM, McCormack JG, Ansford AJ, Murray K, Rogers RJ, Lavercombe PS, Selleck P, Sheridan JW. Infection of humans and horses by a newly described Morbillivirus. Med J Aust 1995; 162:642–645.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. 124. Tan CT, Goh KJ, Wong KT, Sarji SA, Chua KB, Chew NK, Murugasu P, Loh YL, Chong HT, Tan KS, Thayaparan T, Kumar S, Jusoh MR. Relapsed and late-onset Nipah encephalitis. Ann Neurol 2002; 51:703–708.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. 125. Chua KB. Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia. J Clin Virol 2003; 26:265–275.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. 126. Wong KT, Shieh WJ, Kumar S, Norain K, Abdullah W, Guarner J, Goldsmith CS, Chua KB, Lam SK, Tan CT, Goh KJ, Chong HT, Jusoh R, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Zaki SR. Nipah virus infection: pathology and pathogenesis of an emerging paramyxoviral zoonosis. Am J Pathol 2002; 161:2153–2167.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. 127. Chua KB, Lam SK, Goh KJ, Hooi PS, Ksiazek TG, Kamarulzaman A, Olson J, Tan CT. The presence of Nipah virus in respiratory secretions and urine of patients during an outbreak of Nipah virus encephalitis in Malaysia. J Infect 2001; 42:40–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. 128. Chong HT, Kamarulzaman A, Tan CT, Goh KJ, Thayaparan T, Kunjapan SR, Chew NK, Chua KB, Lam SK. Treatment of acute Nipah encephalitis with ribavirin. Ann Neurol 2001; 49:810–813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. 129. Treanor JJ. Influenza Virus. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 2005. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds). 6th ed. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 2060–2085.

    Google Scholar 

  130. 130. Glezen WP. Influenza Viruses. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 2004. Feigin RD, Cherry JD, Demmler GJ, Kaplan SL (eds). 5th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 2252–2269.

    Google Scholar 

  131. 131. Chiu SS, Tse CY, Lau YL, Peiris M. Influenza A infection is an important cause of febrile seizures. Pediatrics 2001; 108:E63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. 132. Haber P, DeStefano F, Angulo FJ, Iskander J, Shadomy SV, Weintraub E, Chen RT. Guillain-Barré syndrome following influenza vaccination. JAMA 2004; 292:2478–2481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. 133. Nakamura N, Nokura K, Zettsu T, Koga H, Tachi M, Terada M, Katoh H, Itoh Y, Osawa H, Ozeki T, Yamamoto H. Neurologic complications associated with influenza vaccination: two adult cases. Intern Med 2003; 42:191–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. 134. Migita M, Matsumoto T, Fujino O, Takaishi Y, Yuki N, Fukunaga Y. Two cases of influenza with impaired ocular movement. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2001; 5:83–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. 135. Belay ED, Bresee JS, Holman RC, Khan AS, Shahriari A, Schonberger LB. Reye's syndrome in the United States from 1981 through 1997. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:1377–1382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. 136. Wilkins RH, Brody IA. Neurological classics IV. Encephalitis lethargica. Arch Neurol 1968; 18:324–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. 137. Flewett TH, Hoult JG. Influenzal encephalopathy and postinfluenzal encephalitis. Lancet 1958; 2:11–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. 138. Taylor JC, Ross C, Stott EJ. Influenza in the west of Scotland, 1966. British Medical Journal 1967; 3:406–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. 139. de Jong MD, Bach VC, Phan TQ, Vo MH, Tran TT, Nguyen BH, Beld M, Le TP, Truong HK, Nguyen VV, Tran TH, Do QH, Farrar J. Fatal avian influenza A (H5N1) in a child presenting with diarrhea followed by coma. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:686–691.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. 140. Togashi T, Matsuzono Y, Narita M. Epidemiology of influenza-associated encephalitis-encephalopathy in Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan. Pediatr Int 2000; 42:192–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. 141. Yoshikawa H, Yamazaki S, Watanabe T, Abe T. Study of influenza-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy in children during the 1997 to 2001 influenza seasons. J Child Neurol 2001; 16:885–890.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. 142. Newland JG, Romero JR, Varman M, Drake C, Holst A, Safranek T, Subbarao K. Encephalitis associated with influenza B virus infection in 2 children and a review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:e87–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. 143. Morishima T, Togashi T, Yokota S, Okuno Y, Miyazaki C, Tashiro M, Okabe N. Encephalitis and encephalopathy associated with an influenza epidemic in Japan. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:512–517.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. 144. Maricich SM, Neul JL, Lotze TE, Cazacu AC, Uyeki TM, Demmler GJ, Clark GD. Neurologic complications associated with influenza A in children during the 2003–2004 influenza season in Houston, Texas. Pediatrics 2004; 114:e626–633.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. 145. Steininger C, Popow-Kraupp T, Laferl H, Seiser A, Godl I, Djamshidian S, Puchhammer-Stockl E. Acute encephalopathy associated with influenza A virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:567–574.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. 146. Sazgar M, Robinson JL, Chan AK, Sinclair DB. Influenza B acute necrotizing encephalopathy: a case report and literature review. Pediatr Neurol 2003; 28:396–399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. 147. Togashi T, Matsuzono Y, Narita M, Morishima T. Influenza-associated acute encephalopathy in Japanese children in 1994–2002. Virus Res 2004; 103:75–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. 148. Sugaya N. Influenza-associated encephalopathy in Japan: pathogenesis and treatment. Pediatr Int 2000; 42:215–218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. 149. Takahashi M, Yamada T, Nakashita Y, Saikusa H, Deguchi M, Kida H, Tashiro M, Toyoda T. Influenza virus-induced encephalopathy: clinicopathologic study of an autopsied case. Pediatr Int 2000; 42:204–214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. 150. Fujimoto S, Kobayashi M, Uemura O, Iwasa M, Ando T, Katoh T, Nakamura C, Maki N, Togari H, Wada Y. PCR on cerebrospinal fluid to show influenza-associated acute encephalopathy or encephalitis. Lancet 1998; 352:873–875.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. 151. McCullers JA, Facchini S, Chesney PJ, Webster RG. Influenza B virus encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:898–900.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. 152. Mori I, Nagafuji H, Matsumoto K, Kimura Y. Use of the polymerase chain reaction for demonstration of influenza virus dissemination in children. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24:736–737.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. 153. Kurita A, Furushima H, Yamada H, Inoue K. Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges in influenza B-associated encephalopathy. Intern Med 2001; 40:813–816.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. 154. Mizuguchi M. Acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood: a novel form of acute encephalopathy prevalent in Japan and Taiwan. Brain Dev 1997; 19:81–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. 155. Takanashi J, Barkovich AJ, Yamaguchi K, Kohno Y. Influenza-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum: a case report and literature review. Am J Neuroradiol 2004; 25:798–802.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. 156. Straumanis JP, Tapia MD, King JC. Influenza B infection associated with encephalitis: treatment with oseltamivir. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21:173–175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Missouri–Kansas City, Section of Infectious Disease, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO

    Jason G. Newland M.D., F.A.A.P. (Assistant Professor of Pediatrics)

  2. Professor of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Microbiology, Director, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE

    José R. Romero M.D., F.A.A.P.

Authors
  1. Jason G. Newland M.D., F.A.A.P.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. José R. Romero M.D., F.A.A.P.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science + Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Newland, J., Romero, J. (2008). Myxoviruses. In: The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes. Infectious Disease™. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-391-2_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-391-2_2

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-967-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-391-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation