Abstract
Anxiety is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2000)) as an “apprehensive anticipation of future danger or misfortune accompanied by a feeling of dysphoria or somatic symptoms of tension” (American Psychiatric Association (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2000 p. 820)). The anxiety disorders in the DSM-IV include panic disorder with and without agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder. Measures for evaluating anxiety disorders can be useful in clinical practice and research as a tool for measuring change due to treatment, comparing disorder severity and symptom presentation across groups, motivating patients by systematically discussing the extent of their symptoms and impairment, and informing the clinician of symptom presentation and areas of impairment in each individual patient. This chapter is designed to aid clinicians and researchers in choosing empirically driven measures to guide their clinical and research endeavors for each of the aforementioned anxiety disorders. Whenever appropriate, measures are reprinted to facilitate this process.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth, Text Revision ed. 2000, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Brown, T.A., P.A. Di Nardo, and D.H. Barlow, Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV. 1994, San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
First, M.B., et al., Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-Patient Editions (SCID-I/P, Version 2.0). 1996, New York: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
Blanchard, E.B., et al., The utility of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS) in the diagnosis of the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam veterans. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1986. 24(5): pp. 577–580.
Bouman, T.K. and C. de Ruiter, The validity of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Revised (ADIS-R): A pilot study. Gedragstherapie, 1991. 24(2): pp. 77–88.
Grisham, J.R., T.A. Brown, and L.A. Campbell, The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV), in Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment, Vol 2: Personality assessment. 2004, John Wiley & Sons, Inc: Hoboken, NJ. pp. 163–177.
First, M.B. and M. Gibbon, The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II), in Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment, Vol 2: Personality assessment. 2004, John Wiley & Sons, Inc: Hoboken, NJ. pp. 134–143.
Sheehan, D.V., et al., The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1998. 59 Suppl 20: pp. 22–33;quiz 34–57.
Beck, A.T., et al., An Inventory for Measuring Clinical Anxiety: Psychometric Properties. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 1988. 56(6): pp. 893–897.
Cox, B.J., et al., Does the Beck Anxiety Inventory measure anything beyond panic attack symptoms? Behaviour Research & Therapy, 1996. 34(11–12): pp. 949–54; discussion 955–61.
Beck, A.T. and R.A. Steer, Beck Inventory Manual. 1993, San Antonio, TX: Psychological Coorporation.
de Beurs, E., et al., Convergent and divergent validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory for patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Depression & Anxiety, 1997. 6(4): pp. 140–6.
Creamer, M., et al., The Beck Anxiety Inventory in a non-clinical sample. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 1995. 33(4): pp. 477–85.
Leyfer, O.T., et al., Examination of the utility of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and its factors as a screener for anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2006. 20(4): pp. 444–58.
Dattilio, F.M. and J. Salas-Auvert, Panic Disorder: Assessment and treatment through a wide-angle lens. 2000, Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker & Co.
Shear, M.K., et al., Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS). 1992, Pittsburg, PA: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburg School of Medicine.
Shear, M.K., et al., Reliability and validity of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale: replication and extension. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2001. 35(5): pp. 293–6.
Pollack, M.H., et al., Sertraline in the treatment of panic disorder: a flexible-dose multicenter trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1998. 55(11): pp. 1010–6.
Simon, N.M., et al., An open-label trial of risperidone augmentation for refractory anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2006. 67(3): pp. 381–5.
Otto, M.W., et al., Group cognitive-behavior therapy for patients failing to respond to pharmacotherapy for panic disorder: a clinical case series. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1999. 37(8): pp. 763–770.
Shear, M.K., et al., Multicenter collaborative panic disorder severity scale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1997. 154(11): pp. 1571–5.
Houck, P.R., et al., Reliability of the self-report version of the panic disorder severity scale. Depression & Anxiety, 2002. 15(4): pp. 183–5.
Monkul, E.S., et al., Panic Disorder Severity Scale: reliability and validity of the Turkish version.Depression & Anxiety, 2004. 20(1): pp. 8–16.
Yamamoto, I., et al., Cross-cultural evaluation of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale in Japan. Depression & Anxiety, 2004. 20(1): pp. 17–22.
Reiss, S., et al., Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the predictions of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1986. 24(1): pp. 1–8.
Peterson, R.A. and S. Reiss, Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Revised test manual. 1993, Worthington, OH: IDS Publishing Corporation.
Peterson, R.A. and R.L. Heilbronner, The Anxiety Sensitivity Index: Construct validity and factor analytic structure. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1987. 1(2): pp. 117–121.
Zinbarg, R.E., et al., Anxiety sensitivity, panic, and depressed mood: A reanalysis teasing apart the contributions of the two levels in the hierarchical structure of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2001. 110(3): pp. 372–377.
Chambless, D.L., et al., Assessment of fear of fear in agoraphobics: The Body Sensations Questionnaire and the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 1984. 52(6): pp. 1090–1097.
Khawaja, N.G., Revisiting the Factor Structure of the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire and Body Sensations Questionnaire: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis Study. Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 2003. 25(1): pp. 57–63.
Heimberg, R.G., Cognitive assessment strategies and the measurement of outcome of treatment for social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1994. 32(2): pp. 269–280.
Liebowitz, M.R. and M.R. Liebowitz, Social phobia. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 1987. 22: pp. 141–73.
Mennin, D.S., et al., Screening for social anxiety disorder in the clinical setting: using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2002. 16(6): pp. 661–73.
Liebowitz, M.R., et al., A randomized controlled trial of venlafaxine extended release in generalized social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2005. 66(2): pp. 238–47.
Heimberg, R.G., et al., Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Psychological Medicine, 1999. 29(1): pp. 199–212.
Baldwin, D., et al., Paroxetine in social phobia/social anxiety disorder: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1999. 175(Aug 1999): pp. 120–126, Royal College of Psychiatrists.
Bouwer, C. and D.J. Stein, Use of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram in the treatment of generalized social phobia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 1998. 49(1): pp. 79–82.
Lott, M., et al., Brofaromine for social phobia: A multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 1997. 17(4): pp. 255–260.
Liebowitz, M.R., et al., Pharmacotherapy of social phobia. A condition distinct from panic attacks. Psychosomatics, 1987. 28(6): pp. 305–8.
Safren, S.A., et al., Factor structure of social fears: The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1999. 13(3): pp. 253–70.
Yao, S.N., et al., Social anxiety in patients with social phobia: validation of the Liebowitz social anxiety scale: the French version. Encephale, 1999. 25(5): pp. 429–35.
Soykan, C., et al., Liebowitz social anxiety scale: the Turkish version. Psychological Reports, 2003. 93(3 Pt 2): pp. 1059–69.
Levin, J.B., et al., Psychometric properties and three proposed subscales of a self-report version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale translated into Hebrew. Depression & Anxiety, 2002. 16(4): pp. 143–51.
Kobak, K.A., et al., Computer-administered rating scales for social anxiety in a clinical drug trial. [see comment]. Depression & Anxiety, 1998. 7(3): pp. 97–104.
Baker, S.L., et al., The liebowitz social anxiety scale as a self-report instrument: a preliminary psychometric analysis. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 2002. 40(6): pp. 701–15.
Cox, B.J., et al., A comparison of social phobia outcome measures in cognitive-behavioral group therapy. Behavior Modification, 1998. 22(3): pp. 285–97.
Fresco, D.M., et al., The Liebowitz social anxiety scale: a comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats. Psychological Medicine, 2001. 31(6): pp. 1025–1035.
Turner, S.M., et al., An empirically derived inventory to measure social fears and anxiety: The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 1989. 1: pp. 35–40.
Peters, L. and L. Peters, Discriminant validity of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI), the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS). Behaviour Research & Therapy, 2000. 38(9): pp. 943–50.
Rodebaugh, T.L., et al., Convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory. Depression & Anxiety, 2000. 11(1): pp. 10–4.
Beidel, D.C., et al., The social phobia and anxiety inventory: concurrent validity with a clinic sample. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 1989. 27(5): pp. 573–6.
Beidel, D.C., et al., Assessing reliable and clinically significant change in social phobia: validity of the social phobia and anxiety inventory. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 1993. 31(3): pp. 331–7.
Mattick, R.P. and J.C. Clarke, Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 1998. 36(4): pp. 455–70.
Heimberg, R.G., et al., Assessment of anxiety in social interaction and being observed by others: The Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale. Behavior Therapy, 1992. 23(1): pp. 53–73.
Osman, A., et al., The Social Phobia and Social Interaction Anxiety Scales: Evaluation of psychometric properties. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 1998. 20(3): pp. 249–264.
Borkovec, T., The nature, functions, and origins of worry, in Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment. 1994, John Wiley & Sons: Oxford, England. pp. 5–33.
Hamilton, M., Diagnosis and rating of anxiety. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1969. Special Publication No 3.: pp. 76–79.
Hamilton, M., The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 1959. 32: pp. 50–55.
Shear, M.K., et al., Reliability and validity of a structured interview guide for the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (SIGH-A). Depression & Anxiety, 2001. 13(4): pp. 166–78.
Kim, T.S., et al., Comparison of venlafaxine extended release versus paroxetine for treatment of patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 2006. 60(3): pp. 347–51.
Brawman-Mintzer, O., et al., Adjunctive risperidone in generalized anxiety disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.[see comment]. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2005. 66(10): pp. 1321–5.
Nimatoudis, I., et al., Remission rates with venlafaxine extended release in Greek outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder. A double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2004. 19(6): pp. 331–6.
Perugi, G., et al., Open-label evaluation of venlafaxine sustained release in outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder with comorbid major depression or dysthymia: effectiveness, tolerability and predictors of response. Neuropsychobiology, 2002. 46(3): pp. 145–9.
Montgomery, S.A., et al., Characterization of the longitudinal course of improvement in generalized anxiety disorder during long-term treatment with venlafaxine XR. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2002. 36(4): pp. 209–17.
Meoni, P., et al., Pattern of symptom improvement following treatment with venlafaxine XR in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2001. 62(11): pp. 888–93.
Moras, K., P.A. di Nardo, and D.H. Barlow, Distinguishing anxiety and depression: Reexamination of the reconstructed Hamilton scales. Psychological Assessment, 1992. 4(2): pp. 224–227.
Kobak, K.A., W.M. Reynolds, and J.H. Greist, Development and validation of a computer-administered version of the Hamilton Rating Scale. Psychological Assessment, 1993. 5(4): pp. 487–492.
Maier, W., et al., The Hamilton anxiety scale: reliability, validity and sensitivity to change in anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 1988. 14(1): pp. 61–8.
Bruss, G.S., et al., Hamilton anxiety rating scale interview guide: joint interview and test-retest methods for interrater reliability. Psychiatry Research, 1994. 53(2): pp. 191–202.
Meyer, T., et al., Development and validation of the Penn State worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1990. 28(6): pp. 487–495.
Spitzer, R.L., et al., A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2006. 166(10): pp. 1092–7.
Goodman, W.K., et al., The Yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale. II. Validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1989. 46(11): pp. 1012–6.
Goodman, W.K., et al., The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1989. 46(11): pp. 1006–1011.
Tolin, D.F., J.S. Abramowitz, and G.J. Diefenbach, Defining Response in Clinical Trials for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Signal Detection Analysis of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2005. 66(12): pp. 1549–1557.
DeVeaugh-Geiss, J., P. Landau, and R. Katz, Preliminary results from a multicenter trial of clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 1989. 25: pp. 36–40.
Steketee, G., et al., The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 1996. 34(8): pp. 675–84.
Steketee, G., et al., Psychometric validation of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire and the Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory: Part I. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2003. 41(8): pp. 863–878.
Steketee, G. and R. Frost, Development and initial validation of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire and the Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2001. 39(8): pp. 987–1006.
Aardema, F., K.P. O’Connor, and P.M. Emmelkamp, Inferential Confusion and Obsessive Beliefs in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 2006. 35(3): pp. 138–147.
Julien, D., et al., The specificity of belief domains in obsessive-compulsive symptom subtypes. Personality and Individual Differences, 2006. 41(7): pp. 1205–1216.
Taylor, S., D. McKay, and J.S. Abramowitz, Hierarchical structure of dysfunctional beliefs in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 2005. 34(4): pp. 216–228.
Taylor, S., J.S. Abramowitz, and D. McKay, Are There Interactions Among Dysfunctional Beliefs in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder? Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 2005. 34(2): pp. 89–98.
Woods, C.M., D.F. Tolin, and J.S. Abramowitz, Dimensionality of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 2004. 26(2): pp. 113–125.
Foa, E.B., et al., The validation of a new obsessive-compulsive disorder scale: the obsessive-compulsive inventory. Psychological Assessment, 1998. 10(3): pp. 206–214.
Simonds, L.M., S.J. Thorpe, and S.A. Elliott, The Obsessive Compulsive Inventory: psychometric properties in a nonclinical student sample. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2000. 28(2): pp. 153–159.
Wu, K.D. and D. Watson, Further investigation of the obsessive-compulsive inventory: Psychometric analysis in two non-clinical samples. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2003. 17(3): pp. 305–319.
Abramowitz, J.S., D.F. Tolin, and G.J. Diefenbach, Measuring Change in OCD: Sensitivity of the Obsessive- Compulsive Inventory-Revised. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 2005. 27(4): pp. 317–324.
Abramowitz, J.S. and B.J. Deacon, Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2006. 20(8): pp. 1016–1035.
Rosario-Campos, M.C., et al., The Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS): an instrument for assessing obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions. Molecular Psychiatry, 2006. 11(5): pp. 495–504.
Blake, D.D., et al., The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1995. 8(1): pp. 75–90.
Connor, K.M., et al., SPRINT: a brief global assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2001. 16(5): pp. 279–84.
Connor, K.M. and J. Davidson, SPRINT: A brief global assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2001. 16(5): pp. 279–284.
Davidson, J.R., et al., Mirtazapine vs. placebo in posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot trial. Biological Psychiatry, 2003. 53(2): pp. 188–191.
Bahk, W.-M., et al., Effects of mirtazapine in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder in Korea: A pilot study. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 2002. 17(7): pp. 341–344.
Kim, W., et al., The effectiveness of mirtazapine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a 24-week continuation therapy. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2005. 59(6): pp. 743–747.
Vaishnavi, S., et al., A comparison of the SPRINT and CAPS assessment scales for posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression & Anxiety, 2006. 23(7): pp. 437–40.
Davidson, J.R., H.M. Tharwani, and K.M. Connor, Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS): normative scores in the general population and effect sizes in placebo-controlled SSRI trials. Depression & Anxiety, 2002. 15(2): pp. 75–8.
Foa, E.B., et al., The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychological Assessment, 1997. 9(4): pp. 445–451.
Connor, K.M., et al., Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression & Anxiety, 2003. 18(2): pp. 76–82.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Marques, L., Chosak, A., Simon, N.M., Phan, DM., Wilhelm, S., Pollack, M. (2009). Rating Scales for Anxiety Disorders. In: Baer, L., Blais, M.A. (eds) Handbook of Clinical Rating Scales and Assessment in Psychiatry and Mental Health. Current Clinical Psychiatry. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-387-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-387-5_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-966-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-387-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)