Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Vitamin C Transporters in the Retina

  • Chapter
Ocular Transporters In Ophthalmic Diseases And Drug Delivery

Part of the book series: Ophthalmology Research ((OPHRES))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. 1. Moeslinger T, Brunner M, Volf I, Spieckermann PG. Spectrophotometric determination of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid. Clin Chem 1995;41:1177–1181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. 2. Jacob RA. Assessment of human vitamin C status. J Nutr 1990;120(Suppl. 11):1480–1485.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. 3. Tessier F, Birlouez-Aragon I, Tjani C, Guilland JC. Validation of a micromethod for determining oxidized and reduced vitamin C in plasma by HPLC-fluorescence. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1996;66:166–170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. 4. Chatterjee IB and Banerjee A. Estimation of dehydroascorbic acid in blood of diabetic patients. Anal Biochem 1979;98:368–374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. 5. Englard S and Seifter S. The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid. Annu Rev Nutr 1986;6:365–406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. 6. Padh H. Cellular functions of ascorbic acid. Biochem Cell Biol 1990;68:1166–1173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. 7. Padayatty SJ, Katz A, Wang Y, Eck P, Kwon O, Lee JH, Chen S, Corpe C, Dutta A, Dutta SK, Levine M. Vitamin C as an antioxidant: evaluation of its role in disease in prevention. J Am Coll Nutr 2003;22:18–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. 8. Beyer RE. The role of ascorbate in antioxidant protection of biomembranes: interaction with vitamin E and coenzyme Q. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1994;26:349–358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. 9. May JM. Is ascorbic acid an antioxidant for the plasma membrane? FASEB J 1999;13: 995–1006.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. 10. Winkler BS, Orselli SM, Rex TS. The redox couple between glutathione and ascorbic acid: a chemical and physiological perspective. Free Radic Biol Med 1994;17:333–349.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. 11. Wells WW and Xu DP. Dehydroascorbate reduction. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1994;26:369–377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. 12. Wilson JX. The physiological role of dehydroascorbic acid. FEBS Lett 2002;527:5–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. 13. Whitbread AK, Masoumi A, Tetlow N, Schmuck E, Coggan M, Board PG. Characterization of the omega class of glutathione transferases. Methods Enzymol 2005;401:78–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. 14. Martensson J and Meister A. Glutathione deficiency decreases tissue ascorbate levels in newborn rats: ascorbate spares glutathione and protects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:4656–4660.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. 15. Del Bello B, Maellaro E, Sugherini L, Santucci A, Comporti M, Casini AF. Purification of NADPH-dependent dehydroascorbate reductase from rat liver and its identification with 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Biochem J 1994;304:385–390.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. 16. May JM, Mendiratta S, Hill KE, Burk RF. Reduction of dehydroascorbate to ascorbate by the selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase. J Biol Chem 1997;272:22607–22610.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. 17. Jung CH, Washburn MP, Wells WW. Ebselen has dehydroascorbate reductase and thioltransferase-like activities. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002;291:550–553.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. 18. Zhao R and Holmgren A. Ebselen is a dehydroascorbate reductase mimic, facilitating the recycling of ascorbate via mammalian thioredoxin systems. Antioxid Redox Signal 2004;6:99–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. 19. Garland DL. Ascorbic acid and the eye. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:1198S–1202S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. 20. Rose RC and Bode AM. Ocular ascorbate transport and metabolism. Comp Biochem Physiol 1991;100A:273–285.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. 21. Woodford BJ, Tso MO, Lam KW. Reduced and oxidized ascorbates in guinea pig retina under normal and light-exposed conditions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1983;24:862–867.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. 22. Lai YL, Fong D, Lam KW, Wang HM, Tsin AT. Distribution of ascorbate in the retina, subretinal fluid, and pigment epithelium. Curr Eye Res 1986;5:933–938.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. 23. Nielsen JC, Naash MI, Anderson RE. The regional distribution of vitamin E and C in mature and premature human retinas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988;29:22–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. 24. Van Reyk DM, Gillies MC, Davies MJ. The retina: oxidative stress and diabetes. Redox Rep 2003;8:187–192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. 25. SanGiovanni JP and Chew EY. The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2005;24:87–138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. 26. Rao NA. Role of oxygen free radicals in retinal damage associated with experimental uveitis. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1990;88:797–850.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. 27. Beatty S, Koh H, Phil M, Henson D, Boulton M. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 2000;45:115–134.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. 28. Hosoya K and Tomi M. Advances in the cell biology of transport via the inner blood-retinal barrier: establishment of cell lines and transport functions. Biol Pharm Bull 2005;28:1–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. 29. Rizzolo LJ. Polarity and the development of the outer blood-retinal barrier. Histol Histopathol 1997;12:1057–1067.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. 30. Tsukaguchi H, Tokui T, Mackenzie B, Berger UV, Chen XZ, Wang Y, Brubaker RF, Hediger MA. A family of mammalian Na+-dependent L-ascorbic acid transporters. Nature 1999;399:70–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. 31. Takanaga H, Mackenzie B, Hediger MA. Sodium-dependent ascorbic acid transporter family SLC23. Pflugers Arch. Eur J Physiol 2004;447:677–682.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. 32. Wang H, Dutta B, Huang W, Devoe LD, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V, Prasad PD. Human Na+-dependent vitamin C transporter 1 (hSVCT1): primary structure, functional characteristics, and evidence for a non-functional splice variant. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999;1461:1–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. 33. Rajan DP, Huang W, Dutta B, Devoe LD, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V, Prasad PD. Human placental sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT2): molecular cloning and transport function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999;262:762–768.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. 34. Daruwala R, Song J, Koh WS, Rumsey SC, Levine M. Cloning and functional characterization of the human sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters hSVCT1 and hSVCT2. FEBS Lett 1999;460:480–484.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. 35. Wang Y, Mackenzie B, Tsukaguchi H, Weremowicz S, Morton CC, Hediger MA. Human vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) transporter SVCT1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;267:488–494.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. 36. Lutsenko EA, Carcamo JM, Golde DW. A human sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 isoform acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor of ascorbic acid transport. Mol Cell Biol 2004;24:3150–3156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. 37. Vera JC, Rivas CI, Fischbarg J, Golde DW. Mammalian facilitative hexose transporters mediate the transport of dehydroascorbic acid. Nature 1993;364:79–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. 38. Rumsey SC, Kwon O, Xu GW, Burant CF, Simpson I, Levine M. Glucose transporter isoforms GLUT1 and GLUT3 transport dehydroascorbic acid. J Biol Chem 1997;272:19882–19889.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. 39. Rumsey SC, Daruwala R, Al-Hasani H, Zarnowski MJ, Simpson I, Levine M. Dehydroascorbic acid transport by GLUT4 in Xenopus oocytes and isolated rat adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2000;275:28246–28253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. 40. Kumagai AK. Glucose transport in brain and retina: implications in the management and complications of diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 1999;15:261–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. 41. Takata K, Kasahara T, Kasahara M, Ezaki O, Hirano H. Ultracytochemical localization of the erythrocyte/HepG2-type glucose transporter (GLUT1) in cells of the blood-retinal barrier in the rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:377–383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. 42. Knott RM, Robertson M, Muckersie E, Forrester JV. Regulation of glucose transporters (GLUT-1 and GLUT-3) in human retinal endothelial cells. Biochem J 1996;318:313–317.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. 43. Hosoya KI, Minamizono A, Katayama K, Terasaki T, Tomi M. Vitamin C transport in oxidized form across the rat blood-retinal barrier. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:1232–1239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. 44. Senanayake P, Calabro A, Hu JG, Bonilha VL, Darr A, Bok D, Hollyfield JG. Glucose utilization by the retinal pigment epithelium: evidence for rapid uptake and storage in glycogen, followed by glycogen utilization. Exp Eye Res 2006;83:235–246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. 45. Takagi H, Tanihara H, Seino Y, Yoshimura N. Characterization of glucose transporter in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells: gene expression and effect of growth factors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994;35:170–177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. 46. Khatami M, Stramm LE, Rockey JH. Ascorbate transport in cultured cat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 1986;43:607–615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. 47. Khatami M. Na+-linked active transport of ascorbate into cultured bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells: Heterologous inhibition by glucose. Memb Biochem 1988;7:115–130.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. 48. Dimattio J and Streitman J. Active transport of ascorbic acid across the retinal pigment epithelium of the bullfrog. Curr Eye Res 1991;10:959–965.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. 49. Lam KW, Yu HS, Glickman RD, Lin T. Sodium-dependent ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid uptake by SV-40-transformed retinal pigment epithelial cells. Ophthalmic Res 1993;25:100–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. 50. Manfredini S, Vertuani S, Pavan B, Vitali F, Scaglianti M, Bortolotti F, Biondi C, Scatturin A, Prasad P, Dalpiaz A. Design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation on HRPE cells of ascorbic acid and 6-bromoascorbic acid conjugates with neuroactive molecules. Bioorg Med Chem 2004;12:5453–5463.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. 51. Mantych GJ, Hageman GS, Devaskar SU. Characterization of glucose transporter isoforms in the adult and developing human eye. Endocrinology 1993;133:600–607.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. 52. Root-Bernstein R, Busik JV, Henry DN. Are diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy caused by hyperglycemic exclusion of dehydroascorbate uptake by glucose transporters? J Theor Biol 2002;216:345–359.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. 53. Minamizono A, Tomi M, Hosoya K. Inhibition of dehydroascorbic acid transport across the rat blood–retinal and –brain barriers in experimental diabetes. Biol Pharm Bull 2006;29:2148–2150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. 54. Greco AM, Fioretti F, Rimo A. Relationship between hemorrhagic ocular diseases and vitamin C deficiency: clinical and experimental data. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol 1980;2:21–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. 55. Sinclair AJ, Girling AJ, Gray L, Le Guen C, Lunec J, Barnett AH. Disturbed handling of ascorbic acid in diabetic patients with and without microangiopathy during high dose ascorbate supplementation. Diabetologia 1991;34:171–175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. 56. Augsten R, Konigsdorffer E, Schweitzer D, Strobel J. Multisubstance analysis of reflection spectra before and after laser photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Eur J Ophthalmol 1997;7:317–321.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. 57. Uldry M, Ibberson M, Hosokawa M, Thorens B. GLUT2 is a high-affinity glucosamine transporter. FEBS Lett 2002;524:199–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. 58. Buse MG. Hexosamines, insulin resistance, and the complications of diabetes: current status. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;290:E1–E8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. 59. Barclay TS, Tsourounis C, McCart GM. Glucosamine. Ann Pharmacother 1998;32: 574–579.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. 60. Manfredini S, Pavan B, Vertuani S, Scaglianti M, Compagnone D, Biondi C, Scatturin A, Tanganelli S, Ferraro L, Prasad P, Dalpiaz A. Design, synthesis and activity of ascorbic acid prodrugs of nipecotic, kynurenic and diclophenamic acids, liable to increase neutrotropic activity. J Med Chem 2002;45:559–562.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. 61. Dalpiaz A, Pavan B, Vertuani S, Vitali F, Scaglianti M, Bortolotti F, Biondi C, Scatturin A, Tanganelli S, Ferraro L, Marzola G, Prasad P, Manfredini S. Ascorbic and 6-Br-ascorbic acid conjugates as a tool to increase the therapeutic effects of potentially central active drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005;24:259–269.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA

    Vadivel Ganapathy, Sudha Ananth & Pamela M. Martin

  2. Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA

    Sylvia B. Smith

Authors
  1. Vadivel Ganapathy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sudha Ananth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sylvia B. Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Pamela M. Martin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Joyce Tombran-Tink Phd  & Joyce Tombran-Tink Phd  & 

  2. Department of Neural andBehavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA

    Colin J. Barnstable Dphil  & Colin J. Barnstable Dphil  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science + Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ganapathy, V., Ananth, S., Smith, S.B., Martin, P.M. (2008). Vitamin C Transporters in the Retina. In: Tombran-Tink, J., Barnstable, C.J. (eds) Ocular Transporters In Ophthalmic Diseases And Drug Delivery. Ophthalmology Research. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-375-2_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-375-2_23

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-958-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-375-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation