Abstract
Point-of-use (POU) system is the treatment process aimed to treat only water intended for direct consumption (drinking and cooking), typically at a single tap or limited number of taps. Point-of-entry (POE) treatment devices are typically installed to treat all water entering a single home, business, school, or facility. Reverse osmosis (RO) is recognized by the industry as one of the top POU and POE treatment technologies. This chapter describes the advantages and limitations in using RO for POU and POE applications. Types and configurations of reverse osmosis, and installation, operation and maintenance, and testing of RO are also included.
Key Words
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
U.S. EPA (2009) Point-of-use or point-of-entry treatment options for small drinking water system, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA 815-R-06-010
Pronk W, Zurbrügg C, Swartz C, Pronk W (2008) Decentralized systems for potable water and the potential of membrane technology. Water Res, doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.030
Sobsey MD (2002) Managing water in the home: accelerated health gains from improved water supply. Water, sanitation and health. Department of Protection of the Human Environment, World Health Organization, Geneva, pp 1–70
Kaiser N, Liang K, Maertens M, Snider R (2007) BSF Evaluation Report: Summary of All Laboratory and Field Studies. Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, http://www.cawst.org
Clasen T, Brown J, Suntura O, Collin S (2004) Safe household water treatment and storage using ceramic drip filters: a randomised controlled trial in Bolivia. Water Sci Technol. 50(1):111–115
WSC (2007) Water Systems Council, Wellcare Information sheets, Water Treatment. http://www.watersystemscouncil.org/wellcare/infosheets.cfm (accessed on Dec 10, 2008)
Ecosoft (2007) Health and beauty filters. http://nashavoda.com.ua/en/main/ (accessed on Dec 10, 2008)
LifeStraw (2008) Vestergaard Frandsen. http://www.vestergaard-frandsen.com/lifestraw.htm (accessed on Dec 10, 2008)
Li XY, Chu HP (2003) Membrane bioreactor for the drinking water treatment of polluted surface water supplies. Water Res 37:4781–4791
Pillay VL (2006) Durban Institute of Technology (DIT), personal communication
Homespring (2007) GE Water & Process Technology. http://www.homespring.com (accessed on Dec 10, 2008)
Wegelin M, Canonica S, Mechsner K, Fleischmann T, Pesaro F, Metzler A (1994) Solar water disinfection: scope of the process and analysis of radiation experiments. J Water Supply Res Technol-Aqua 43:154–169
Reed RH, Mani SK, Meyer V (2000) Solar photo-oxidative disinfection of drinking water: preliminary field observations. Lett Appl Microbiol 30:432–436
Mintz E, Bartram J, Lochery P, Wegelin M (2001) Not just a drop in the bucket: expanding access to point-of-use water treatment systems. Am J Public Health 91:1565–1570
Clasen T, Bastable A (2003) Faecal contamination of drinking water during collection and household storage: the need to extend protection to the point of use. J Water Health 1:109–115
Huq A, Xu B, Chowdhury MAR, Islam MS, Montilla R, Colwell RR (1996) A simple filtration method to remove plankton-associated Vibrio cholerae in raw water supplies in developing countries. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:2508–2512
Sobsey MD, Stauber CE, Casanova LM, Brown JM, Elliott MA (2008) Point of use household drinking water filtration: a practical, effective solution for providing sustained access to safe drinking water in the developing world. Environ Sci Technol 42:4261–4267
Mohamed ES, Papadakis G, Mathioulakis E, Belessiotis V (2005) The effect of hydraulic energy recovery in a small sea water reverse osmosis desalination system; experimental and economical evaluation. Desalination 184:241–246
Atikol U, Aybar HS (2005) Estimation of water production cost in the feasibility analysis of RO systems. Desalination 184:253–258
Afonso MD, Jaber JO, Mohsen MS (2004) Brackish groundwater treatment by reverse osmosis in Jordan. Desalination 164:157–171
Van der Bruggen B (2003) Desalination by distillation and by reverse osmosis – trends towards the future. Membr Technol 2:6–9
Madaeni SS, Koocheki S (2006) Application of taguchi method in the optimization of wastewater treatment using spiral-wound reverse osmosis element. Chem Eng J 119:37–44
López-Ramírez JA, Oviedo MDC, Alonso JMQ (2006) Comparative studies of reverse osmosis membranes for wastewater reclamation. Desalination 191:137–147
Suthanthararajan R, Ravindranath E, Chits K, Umamaheswari B, Ramesh T, Rajamam S (2004) Membrane application for recovery and reuse of water from treated tannery wastewater. Desalination 164:151–156
Kim I-C, Lee K-H (2006) Dyeing process wastewater treatment using fouling resistant nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination 192:246–251
Jung Y-J, Kiso Y, Yamada T, Shibata T, Lee T-G (2006) Chemical cleaning of reverse osmosis membranes used for treating wastewater from a rolling mill process. Desalination 190:181–188
Lee J-W, Kwon T-O, Moon I-S (2006) Performance of polyamide reverse osmosis membranes for steel wastewater reuse. Desalination 189:309–322
Bódalo A, Gómez JL, Gómez E, Hidalgo AM, Alemán A (2005) Viability study of different reverse osmosis membranes for application in the tertiary treatment of wastes from the tanning industry. Desalination 180:277–284
Into M, Jönsson A-S, Lengdén G (2004) Reuse of industrial wastewater following treatment with reverse osmosis. J Membr Sci 242:21–25
Kneen B, Lemley A, Wagenet L (1995) Water treatment notes: reverse osmosis treatment of drinking water, Cornell Cooperative Extension, FACT SHEET 4
Cath TY, Childress AE, Elimelech M (2006) Forward osmosis: principles, applications, and recent developments. J Membr Sci 281:70–87
Votta F, Barnett SM, Anderson DK (1974) Concentration of industrial waste by direct osmosis: completion report, Providence, RI
Anderson DK (1977) Concentration of Dilute Industrial Wastes by Direct Osmosis, University of Rhode Island, Providence
Holloway RW, Cath TY, Dennett KE, Childress AE (2005) Forward osmosis for concentration of anaerobic digester centrate, in: Proceedings of the AWWA membrane technology conference and exposition, Phoenix, AZ
Beaudry EG, Herron JR (1997) Direct osmosis for concentrating wastewater, in: Proceedings of the 27th international conference on environmental systems, Lake Tahoe, NV
York RJ, Thiel RS, Beaudry EG (1999) Full-scale experience of direct osmosis concentration applied to leachate management, in: Margherita di Pula S. (ed) Proceedings of the seventh international waste management and landfill symposium, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
Osmotek Inc (2003) Landfill leachate treatment. (http://www.rimnetics.com/osmotek.htm, Avaliable: 14 November 2006)
Beaudry EG, Lampi KA (1990) Membrane technology for directs osmosis concentration of fruit juices. Food Technol 44:121
Dova MI, Petrotos KB, Lazarides HN (2007) On the direct osmotic concentration of liquid foods. Part I: Impact of process parameters on process performance. J Food Eng 78(2):422–430
Dova MI, Petrotos KB, Lazarides HN (2007) On the direct osmotic concentration of liquid foods: Part II. Development of a generalized model. J Food Eng 78(2):431–437
Jiao B, Cassano A, Drioli E (2004) Recent advances on membrane processes for the concentration of fruit juices: a review. J Food Eng 63:303–324
Petrotos KB, Quantick PC, Petropakis H (1998) A study of the direct osmotic concentration of tomato juice in tubular membrane-module configuration. I. The effect of certain basic process parameters on the process performance. J Membr Sci 150:99–110
Petrotos KB, Quantick PC, Petropakis H (1999) Direct osmotic concentration of tomato juice in tubular membrane-module configuration. II. The effect of using clarified tomato juice on the process performance. J Membr Sci 160:171–177
Petrotos KB, Lazarides HN (2001) Osmotic concentration of liquid foods. J Food Eng 49:201–206
Popper K, Camirand WM, Nury F, Stanley WL (1966) Dialyzer concentrates beverages. Food Eng. 38:102–104
Wrolstad RE, McDaniel MR, Durst RW, Micheals N, Lampi KA, Beaudry EG (1993) Composition and sensory characterization of red raspberry juice concentrated by direct-osmosis or evaporation. J Food Sci 58:633–637
Beaudry EG, Herron JR, Peterson SW (1999) Direct osmosis concentration of waste water: final report, Osmotek Inc., Corvallis, OR
Cath TY, Gormly S, Beaudry EG, Adams VD, Childress AE (2005) Membrane contactor processes for wastewater reclamation in space. I. Direct osmotic concentration as pretreatment for reverse osmosis. J Membr Sci 257:85–98
Cath TY, Adams VD, Childress AE (2005) Membrane contactor processes for wastewater reclamation in space. II. Combined direct osmosis, osmotic distillation, and membrane distillation for treatment of metabolic wastewater. J Membr Sci 257:111–119
Flynn M, Fisher J, Borchers B (1998) An evaluation of potential Mars transit vehicle water treatment systems, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA
Kravath RE, Davis JA (1975) Desalination of seawater by direct osmosis. Desalination 16:151–155
McCutcheon JR, McGinnis RL, Elimelech M (2005) A novel ammonia–carbon dioxide forward (direct) osmosis desalination process. Desalination 174:1–11
Cohen D (2004) Mixing moves osmosis technology forward, in: Chemical Processing magazine (http://www.chemicalprocessing.com/ articles/2004/346.html, Avaliable: 14 November 2006)
Aaberg RJ (2003) Osmotic power – a new and powerful renewable energy source, ReFocus 4:48–50
Jellinek HHG, Masuda H (1981) Osmo-power: theory and performance of an osmo-power pilot plant. Ocean Eng 8:103–128
Lee KL, Baker RW, Lonsdale HK (1981) Membranes for power generation by pressure-retarded osmosis. J Membr Sci 8:141–171
Loeb S (1975) Osmotic power plants. Science 189:654–655
Loeb S (1976) Production of energy from concentrated brines by pressureretarded osmosis. I. Preliminary technical and economic correlations. J Membr Sci 1:49–63
Loeb S (1998) Energy production at the Dead Sea by pressure-retarded osmosis: challenge or chimera. Desalination 120:247–262
Loeb S (2001) One hundred and thirty benign and renewable megawatts from Great Salt Lake. The possibilities of hydroelectric power by pressure retarded osmosis. Desalination 141:85–91
Loeb S (2002) Large-scale power production by pressure-retarded osmosis using river water and sea water passing through spiral modules. Desalination 143:115–122
Mehta GD (1982) Further results on the performance of present-day osmotic membranes in various osmotic regions. J Membr Sci 10:3–19
Seppälä A, Lampinen MJ (1999) Thermodynamic optimizing of pressureretarded osmosis power generation systems. J Membr Sci 161:115–138
Wick GL (1978) Energy from salinity gradients. Energy 3:95–100
Mehta GD, Loeb S (1978) Internal polarization in the porous substructure of a semi-permeable membrane under pressure-retarded osmosis. J Membr Sci 4:261–265
U.S. EPA (2005) Membrane filtration guidance manual, EPA 815-R-06-009, Office of Water
Nederlof MM, Kxuithof JC, Herman JAMH, de Koning M, van der Hoek J-P, Bonne PAC (1998) Integrated multi-objective membrane systems application of reverse osmosis at the Amsterdam Water Supply. Desalination 119:263–273
Boerlage SFE, Kennedy MD, Bonne PAC, Galjaard NG, Schippers JC (1997) Prediction of flux decline in membrane systems due to particulate fouling. Desalination 113:231–233
Butt FH, Rahman F, Baduruthamal U (1995) Identification of scale deposits through membrane autopsy. Desalination 101:219–230
Graham SI, Reitz RL, Hickman CE (1989) Improving reverse osmosis performance through periodic cleaning. Desalination 74:113–124
Hong S, Elimelech M (1997) Chemical and physical aspects of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of nanofiltration membranes. J Membr Sci 132:159–181
Griebe T, Flemming H-C (1998) Biocide-free antifouling strategy to protect RO membranes from biofouling. Desalination 118:153–156
van der Kooij D, Veenendaal HR, Baars-Lorist C, van der Klift DW, Drost YC (1995) Biofilm formation on surfaces of glass and Teflon exposed to treated water. Water Res 29:1655–1662
Donlan RM, Pipes WO (1988) Selected drinking water characteristics and attached microbial population density. J Am War Works Assoc 80:70–76
LeChevallier MW, Babcock TM, Lee RG (1987) Examination and characterization of distribution system biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 53:2714–2724
van der Wende E, Characklis WG, Smith DB (1989) Biofilms and bacterial drinking water quality. Water Res. 23:1313–1322
Van der Kooij D (1992) Assimilable organic carbon as an indicator of bacterial regrowth. J Am Water Works Assoc 84:57–65
Srinivasan R, Stewart PS, Griebe T, Chen C-I, Xu X (1995) Biofilm parameters influencing biocide efficacy. Biotechnol Bioeng 46:553–560
The Dow Chemical Company (2006) Liquid separations. (http://www.dow.com/liquidseps/service/lm_feas.htm
Wang LK, Wang MHS, Suozzo T, Dixon RA, Wright TL, Sarraino S (2009) Chemical and Biochemical Technologies for Environmental Infrastructure Sustainability. 2009 National Engineers Week Conference, Albany Marriott, Albany, NY. Feb. 5–6
Andrew R (2009) POU and POE standards in Canada. Water Conditioning Purif 51(9):6–58
Andrew R (2007) Point of entry systems and the NSF/ANSI standards. Water Conditioning Purif 49(10):6–88
Wolfe C (2009) Water purifiers keep army moving. Water Conditioning Purif 51(8):44–45
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kajitvichyanukul, P., Hung, YT., Wang, L.K. (2011). Membrane Technologies for Point-of-Use and Point-of-Entry Applications. In: Wang, L.K., Chen, J.P., Hung, YT., Shammas, N.K. (eds) Membrane and Desalination Technologies. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 13. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-278-6_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-278-6_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-940-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-278-6
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)