Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ocean Disposal Technology and Assessment

  • Chapter
Biosolids Engineering and Management

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 7))

Abstract

The current, managed process of disposal at sea, practiced by most nations worldwide, is in sharp contrast to practices, extending even as late as 1970, involving indiscriminant dumping, based largely on ignorance and an attitude that the ocean had unlimited resources and an unending capacity to absorb impact. If done in an environmentally acceptable manner, disposal at sea can be an attractive option, since it is generally less expensive than other waste management options such as waste treatment or land disposal. The London Convention 1972 and the London 1996 Protocol have essentially banned the disposal at sea of all waste and other matter other than the wastes listed in the Annexes to the convention, namely, dredged material, sewage sludge, ships and platforms, fish wastes, organic wastes of natural origin, inert inorganic geologic material and bulky wastes. Ocean disposal should be the last option if the wastes can be recovered for beneficial use. For instance, ocean disposal of nutrient-rich biosolids has been terminated in the U.S. in favor of land application and compost, in which biosolids are used as a soil amendment, fertilizing material, or compost conditioner. This chapter discusses these important topics: international convention on marine pollution prevention and control, waste assessment guidance, waste assessment audit, waste characterization process and resource recovery, an ocean disposal permit system, disposal site selection and monitoring, and land-based discharges of wastes to the sea. A design example is provided, and the biosolids Environmental Management System (EMS) of the City of Los Angeles for ocean pollution prevention is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. E. D. Goldbert, The oceans as waste space: the argument. Oceanus, 24 (1), 2–9 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  2. M. A. Champ, M. A. Conti, and P. K. Park, Multimedia. Risk assessment and ocean waste management. In: Oceanic Processes in Marine Pollution, Vol. 3: Marine Waste Management: Science and Policy, M. A. Champ and P. K. Park (eds.), Robert E. Krieger, Malabar, FL, pp. 3–24 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  3. K. S. Kamlet, Ocean dumping regulations: issues and approaches. In: Oceanic Processes in Marine Pollution, Vol. 3: Marine Waste Management: Science and Policy, M. A. Champ and P. K. Park (eds.), Robert E. Krieger, Malabar, FL, pp. 111–121 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  4. D. A. Wolfe, Urban wastes in coastal waters: assimilative capacity and management. In: Oceanic Processes in Marine Pollution, Vol. 5: Urban Wastes in Coastal Marine Environments, D. A. Wolfe and T. P. O'Connor (eds.), Robert E. Krieger, Malabar, FL, pp. 3–22 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  5. International Maritime Organization (IMO), London Dumping Convention: The First Decade and Beyond—Provisions of the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter, 1972 and Decisions Made by the Consultative Meeting of Contracting Parties (1975–1988). London, UK (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  6. I. W. Duedall, B. H. Ketchum, P. K. Park, and D. R. Kester, Global inputs, characteristics, and fates of ocean-dumped industrial and sewage wastes: an overview. In: Wastes in the Ocean, Vol. 1: Industrial and Sewage Wastes in the Ocean, I. W. Duedall, B. H. Ketchum, P. K. Park, and D. R. Kester (eds.), Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 3–45 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  7. M. K. Nauke, Obligations of contracting parties to the London Dumping Convention. In: Oceanic Processes in Marine Pollution, Vol. 3: Marine Waste Management: Science and Policy, M. A. Champ and P. K. Park (eds.), Robert E. Krieger, Malabar, FL, pp. 123–136 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  8. W. C. Holton, No safe harbor. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 (5), 228–233 (1998).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. K. L. Tay, Controlling the disposal of waste at sea in Canada. In: Proceedings of The Sixth Mainland-Taiwan Environmental Protection Conference. National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, pp. 989–993 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  10. J. M. Osborne, and K. R. Karr, Environmental Code of Practice for Treatment and Disposal of Wastes Discharges from Offshore Oil and Gas Operations, Report EPS 1/PN/2, Environment Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  11. S. Patin, Environmental Aspects of Offshore Oil and Gas Industry. EcoMonitor, New York (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  12. United Nations Environment Program, 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Principle 15 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  13. B. Thorne-Miller, The LDC, the precautionary approach, and the assessment of wastes for sea-disposal. Maritime Pollution Bulletin, 24 (7), 335–339 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, Statutes of Canada 1999, Chapter 33, Part VI, Canada Gazette, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Environment Canada, Users Guide to the Application Form for Ocean Disposal, Environmental Protection Series, report EPS 1/MA/1, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  16. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material, Engineer Manual, EM 110-2-5026, Washington, DC (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  17. L. A. Murray, Progress in England and Wales on the development of beneficial uses of dredged material. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dredging and Dredged Material Placement, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, 13–16 November, 1994, E. C. McNair, Jr. (ed.), American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 644–653 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  18. D. R. Parrott, Monitoring of the Offshore Disposal Site in the Middle Shoal Area, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, 19–30 October 2002, Environment Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, 60 pp. (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  19. U.S. Congress, The Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) of 1972 (“The Ocean Dumping Act”), Public Law 92–532, U.S. Code. 86 Stat. 1052. 33 U.S.C. 1401 et seq. as amended, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Evaluating Environmental Effects of Dredged Material Management Alternatives: A Technical Frameworks, US EPA 542-B-92-008, Washington, DC (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Environment Canada. Technical Guidance on Biological Monitoring for Ocean Disposal, EVS Environment Consultants, EVS Project No. 3/047-52, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment, Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  23. E. Erdheim, US marine waste disposal policy. In: Wastes in the Ocean, Vol. 6: Nearshore Waste Disposal, B. H. Ketchum, J. M. Capuzzo, W. V. Burt, I. W. Duedall, P. K. Park, and D. R. Kester (eds.), Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 421–460 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed for Ocean Disposal, US EPA 503/8-91/001, Washington, DC 214 pp. (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  25. P. M. Chapman, Why are we still emphasizing chemical screening-level numbers? Maritime Pollution Bulletin, 40 (6), 465–466 (2000).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Environment Canada, Guidance Document on Collection and Preparation of Sediments for Physicochemical Characterization and Biological Testing, Environmental Protection Series, report EPS 1/RM/29, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Environment Canada, Reference Method for Determining Acute Lethality of Sediment to Marine or Estuarine Amphipods, report EPS 1/RM/35, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Environment Canada, Biological Test Method: Solid-Phase Reference Method for Determining the Toxicity of Sediment Using Luminescent Bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), EPS 1/RM/42, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Environment Canada, Biological Test Method: Fertilization Assay Using Echinoids (Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars), report EPS 1/RM/27, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  30. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guidance Manual: Bedded Sediment Bioaccumulation Tests, US EPA/600/R-93/183, Washington, DC (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  31. C. J. True and A. A. Heyward, Relationships between Microtox test results, extraction methods, and physical and chemical compositions of marine sediment samples. Toxicologic Assessment, 5, 29–45 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. K. L. Tay, K. G. Doe, S. I. Wade, D. A. Vaughan, R. E. Berrigan, and M. J. Moore, Sediment bioassessment in Halifax Harbour. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 11, 1567– 1581 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. B. A. Zajdlik, K. G. Doe, and L. M. Porebski, Report on Biological Toxicity Tests Using Pollution Gradient Studies—Sydney Harbour, Marine Environment Division, Environment Canada, EPS 3/AT/2, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  34. K. L. Tay, K. G. Doe, A. J. MacDonald, and K. Lee, The influence of particle size, ammonia and sulfide on toxicity of dredged materials for ocean disposal. In: Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology—Advance, Techniques and Practice, P. G. Wells, K. Lee, and C. Blaise (eds.), CRC Lewis, Florida, pp. 559–574 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  35. T. P. O'Connor, Comparative criteria: land application of sewage sludge and ocean disposal of dredged material. Maritime Pollution Bulletin, 36 (3), 181–184 (1998).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. T. S. Bridges and D. M. Moore, Summary of a Workshop on Interpreting Bioaccumulation Data Collected During Regulatory Evaluations of Dredged Material, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Paper D-96–1 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  37. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Proceedings of the National Sediment Bioaccumulation Conference, US EPA 823-R-98-002, Washington, DC (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  38. K. L. Tay, S. J. Teh, K. Doe, K. Lee, and P. Jackman, Histopathologic and histochemical biomarker responses of baltic clam, Macoma balthica, to contaminated Sydney Harbour sediment, Nova Scotia, Canada. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111 (3), 273–280 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. K. Essink, Ecological effects of dumping of dredged sediments; options for management. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 5, 69–80 (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. D. J. Wildish and J. Power, Avoidance of suspended sediments by smelt as determined by a new “single fish” behavioral bioassay. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 34, 770–774 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Seakem Oceanography Limited, Assessment of the Effects of Suspended Dredge Material on Aquaculture Organisms. Report submitted to Environment Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, January (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  42. J. Grant and B. Thorpe, Effects of suspended sediment on growth, respiration, and excretion of the soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria). Canadian Journal of Fishery and Aquatic Science, 48, 1285–1292 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  43. G. Radenac, P. Miramand, and J. Tardy, Search for impact of a dredged material disposal site on growth and metal contamination of Mytilus edulis (L.) in Charente-Maritime (France). Maritime Pollution Bulletin, 34 (9), pp. 721–729 (1997).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. J. A. Babinchak, J. T. Graikoski, S. Dudley, and M. F. Nitkowski, Effect of dredge spoil deposition on fecal coliform counts in sediments at a disposal site. Applied Environmental Microscopy, 34 (1), 38–41 (1977).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. R. Engler, L. Saunders, and T. Wright, Environmental effects of aquatic disposal of dredged material. The Environmental Profession, 13, 317–325 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  46. GESAMEP, Scientific Criteria for the Selection of Waste Disposal Sites at Sea, Reports and Studies 16, Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMEP) (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, Statutes of Canada 1992, Chapter 37, Canada Gazette, Queen's Printer for Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Environment Canada, An Overview of Biological Community Data in the Ocean Disposal Permit Review Process, Atlantic Region—Current Practice, Statistical Validity, and Biological Communities. Ocean Disposal Report 10, ISBN: 0-662-27742-2, Environment Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  49. C. D. Levings, E. P. Anderson, and G. W. O'Connell, Biological effects of dredged-material disposal in Alberni Inlet. In: Wastes in the Ocean, Vol. 6: Nearshore Waste Disposal, B. H. Ketchum, J. M. Capuzzo, W. V. Burt, I. W. Duedall, P. K. Park, and D. R. Kester (eds.), Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 131–158 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  50. R. D. Roberts, M. R. Gregory, and B. A. Foster, Developing an efficient macrofauna monitoring index from an impact study—a dredge spoil example. Maritime Pollution Bulletin, 36 (3), 231–235 (1998).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. M. Harvey, D. Gauthier, and J. Munro, Temporal changes in the composition and abundance of the macro-benthic invertebrate communities at dredged material disposal sites in the Anse à Beaufils, Baie des Chaleurs, Eastern Canada. Maritime Pollution Bulletin, 36 (1), 41– 55 (1998).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. S. D. Smith and M. J. Rule, The effects of dredge-spoil dumping on a shallow water soft-sediment community in the Solitary Islands Marine Park, NSW, Australia. Maritime Pollution Bulletin, 42(11), pp. 1040–1048 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. S. G. Bolam and H. L. Rees, Minimizing impacts of maintenance dredged material disposal in the coastal environment: a habitat approach. Environmental Management, 32 (2), 171– 188 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. A. Chevier and P. A. Topping, National Guidelines for Monitoring at Ocean Disposal Site, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  55. K. L. Tay, K. G. Doe, A. J. MacDonald, and K. Lee, Monitoring of the Black Point Ocean Disposal Site, Saint John Harbour, New Brunswick, 1992–1994, Ocean Dumping Report #9, Environment Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  56. C. L. Amos, M. Hughes, A. Robertson, B. Wile, and K. L. Tay, Seabed Stability Monitoring at Dump Site B of Saint John Harbour, New Brunswick, Using Sea Carousel, Geological Survey of Canada, internal technical report, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  57. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Disposal Area Monitoring System (DAMOS)—An Investigation of Sediment Dynamics in the Vicinity of Mystic River CAD Cells Utilizing Artificial Sediment Tracers, DAMOS Contribution 150 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Envirosphere Consultants Limited, Monitoring Seabed Animal Communities in Outer Saint John Harbour and at the Black Point Ocean Disposal Site—2001 Survey and Comparison to Previous Studies, technical report submitted to Environment Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, December (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Environment Canada, Pulp and Paper Technical Guidance for Aquatic Environmental Effects Monitoring, EEM/1998/1, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Envirosphere Consultants Limited, Environmental Monitoring at the Black Point Ocean Disposal Site: Assessing Long-term Impacts of Dredge Spoil Disposal in Saint John Harbour, New Brunswick, report submitted to Environment Canada under contract agreement (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  61. J. D. Germano, D. C. Rhoads, L. F. Boyer, C. A. Menzie, and J. Ryther, Jr., REMOTS® Imaging and side-scan sonar: efficient tools for mapping seafloor topography, sediment type, bedforms, and benthic biology. In: Oceanic Processes in Marine Pollution, Vol. 4, Scientific Monitoring Strategies for Ocean Waste Disposal Hood, D. W Hood, D. W. A. Schoener, and P. K. Park (eds.), Robert E. Krieger, Malabar, FL, pp. 39–48 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  62. D. C. Rhoads and J. D. Germano, The Use of REMOTS® Imaging Technology for Disposal Site Selection and Monitoring, ASTM STP 1087, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, pp. 50–64 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  63. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Post-Storm Monitoring Survey at the New London Disposal Site Seawolf Mound, DAMOS Contribution 149, New England District, 81 pp. (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  64. L. P. Hildebrand, An Overview of Environmental Quality in Saint John Harbour, New Brunswick, Environmental Protection Service Report Series, Environment Canada, Atlantic Region, Halifax, Nova Scotia, EPS-5-AR-81-1 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  65. HydroSimTec Consultant, Analysis of S4 Data, Black Point Dumping Site, report No. 010001 submitted to Geological Survey of Canada, Atlantic Region, Bedford Oceanography Institute, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, March (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  66. HydroSimTec Consultant, Numerical Simulation of Tidal Circulation and Sediment Transport for Black Point Dumping Site, report No. 010002 submitted to Geological Survey of Canada, Atlantic Region, Bedford Oceanography Institute, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, September (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  67. HydroSimTec Consultant, Numerical Simulation of Dredge Material Dumping and Sediment Dispersion for Black Point Dumping Site, report No. 030001 submitted to Geological Survey of Canada, Atlantic Region, Bedford Oceanography Institute, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, May (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  68. M. Comeau, Dredged Material Deposited at Amherst Cove, PEI, During the Construction of the Confederation Bridge: An Assessment of Habitat Enhancement for Lobster, report submitted under the MOU between Environment Canada and Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  69. U.S. Congress, The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments (FWPCA) of 1972, Public Law 92–500, in U. S. Code. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 86 Stat. 816. 33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq. as amended (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  70. Fisheries Act, Statutes of Canada 1992, C. 51, Canada Gazette. Queen's Printer for Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  71. Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  72. L. K. Wang, Dredging operations and waste disposal. In: Water Resources and Natural Control Processes, 1st ed., L. K. Wang and N. C. Pereira (eds.). Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp. 447–492 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  73. L. K. Wang and C. Huang, Dredging and environmental risk assessments. In: Handbook of Environmental Engineering Series, 2nd ed., L. K. Wang, et al. (eds.). Humana Press, Totowa, NJ (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  74. G. Abraham, Jet Diffusion in Stagnant, Ambient Fluid. Publication No. 29. Delft Hydraulics Laboratory, New York (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  75. E. A. Pearson, An Investigation of the Efficiency of Submarine Outfall Disposal of Sewage and Sludge, California Water Pollution Control Board, CA, Publication No. 14 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  76. M. E. Burchett, G. Tchobanoglous, and A. J. Burdoinn, A practical approach to submarine outfall calculations. Public Works, 98, 5 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  77. Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District, Biosolids Fact Sheet: Historical Use of Biosolids (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  78. New England Biosolids Residuals Association, History of Bioslids Use. Tamworth, NH, http://www.nebiosolids.org/history.html, May (2007).

  79. City of Los Angeles, The City of Los Angeles Biosolids Environmental Management System (EMS), www.lacity.org/san/biosolidsems/index.htm (2007).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Contaminated Sites and Wastes Management Unit, Environment Canada, Atlantic Region, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Kok-Leng Tay (Head)

  2. Jim Osborne Environmental Consultants, Chelsea, Quebec, Canada

    James Osborne (Senior Manager)

  3. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA

    Lawrence K. Wang (Dean and Director (retired), Assistant to the President (retired), Vice President (retired)

  4. Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA

    Lawrence K. Wang (Dean and Director (retired), Assistant to the President (retired), Vice President (retired)

  5. Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, NY

    Lawrence K. Wang (Dean and Director (retired), Assistant to the President (retired), Vice President (retired)

Authors
  1. Kok-Leng Tay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. James Osborne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lawrence K. Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, 1 Dawn Drive, Latham, NY, 12110, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang PhD, PE, DEE (Dean & Director (retired), Assistant to the President, Vice President) (Dean & Director (retired), Assistant to the President, Vice President)

  2. Krofta Engineering Corporation, 1 Dawn Drive, Latham, NY, 12110, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang PhD, PE, DEE (Dean & Director (retired), Assistant to the President, Vice President) (Dean & Director (retired), Assistant to the President, Vice President)

  3. Zorex Corporation, 1 Dawn Drive, Latham, NY, 12110, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang PhD, PE, DEE (Dean & Director (retired), Assistant to the President, Vice President) (Dean & Director (retired), Assistant to the President, Vice President)

  4. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, 35 Flintstone Drive, Pittsfield, MA, 01201, USA

    Nazih K. Shammas PhD (Professor and Environmental Engineering Consultant Ex-Dean and Director, Advisor) (Professor and Environmental Engineering Consultant Ex-Dean and Director, Advisor)

  5. Krofta Engineering Corporation, 35 Flintstone Drive, Pittsfield, MA, 01201, USA

    Nazih K. Shammas PhD (Professor and Environmental Engineering Consultant Ex-Dean and Director, Advisor) (Professor and Environmental Engineering Consultant Ex-Dean and Director, Advisor)

  6. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, 16945 Deerfield Drive, Strongsville, OH, 44136, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung PhD, PE, DEE (Professor) (Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tay, KL., Osborne, J., Wang, L.K. (2008). Ocean Disposal Technology and Assessment. In: Wang, L.K., Shammas, N.K., Hung, YT. (eds) Biosolids Engineering and Management. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 7. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-174-1_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation