Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Beneficial Utilization of Biosolids

  • Chapter
Biosolids Engineering and Management

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 7))

Abstract

Utilization refers to the beneficial use of biosolids or biosolids by-products. Biosolids may be used as a soil amendment and a source of nutrients, a source of heat and work, and a source of other useful products that include waste treatment chemicals, landfill toppings, industrial raw materials, animal feed, and materials of construction. The following aspects of utilization are discussed: biosolids regulations, land application, surface disposal, incineration of biosolids as an energy source, and other uses. Examples are given.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Biosolids Recycling: Benefit Technology for a Better Environment, National Small Flows Clearing House, WWBLGN59, Morgantown, WV, June (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Process Design Manual: Sludge Treatment and Disposal, US EPA 625/1-79-011, Center for Environmental Research Information Technology Transfer, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, September (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  3. J. Bartlett, and E. Kilillea, The characterization, treatment and sustainable reuse of biosolids in Ireland, Water Science Technology, 44, 10, 35–40 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, A Plain English Guide to the US EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule, US EPA/832/R-93/003, Office of Wastewater Management, Washington, DC, September (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Biosolids Generation, Use and Disposal in the United States, US EPA530-R-99-009, Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC, September (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  6. M. Payn, Biosolids and Contract Bean and Grain Production, OMAFRA, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/crops/field/news/croptalk/2004/ct_0604a9.htm(2008).

  7. M. Payn, Land application of sewage biosolids for crop production, Environmental Science & Engineering, www.esemag.com, September (2001).

  8. J. Slagle, Biosolids management with a utilization core, Biocycle, 35, 10, 30–33 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  9. L. H. Moss, E. Epstein, and T. Logan, Comparing the characteristics, risks and benefits of soil amendments and fertilizers used in agriculture, 16th Annual Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, Privatization, Innovation and Optimization—How to Do More for Less, March (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  10. E. Epstein, Land application of biosolids and residuals: public and worker health issues, Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management, February (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  11. E. Epstein, Health issues related to beneficial use of biosolids, 16th Annual Residuals and. Biosolids Management Conference 2002 Privatization, Innovation and Optimization—How to Do More for Less, March (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  12. R. C. Stehouwer, and A. L. Shober, Effects of agronomic biosolids utilization on soil quality, Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management, February (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  13. T. K. O'Connor, R. Lanyon, and J. T. Zurad, Beneficial utilization of biosolids at the metropolitan water reclamation district of greater Chicago, WEFTEC 2002 Conference Proceedings, September (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  14. T. A. Angelo, Sales and marketing of alkaline stabilized EQ biosolids: the nature's blend program, Biosolids 2001: Building Public Support, February (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  15. N. C. Egigian, M. Moore, J. Burror, L. Baroldi, and F. Soroushian, Assessment of viable product markets in Orange County and Southern California, Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference and Exhibition, February (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  16. R. Wallin, and C. Drill, Marketing N-viro soil for specialty crops in Ontario Canada, Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management, February (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Biosolids Web site: http://www.biosolids.com (2008).

  18. National Academy of Science, Use of Reclaimed Water and Sludge in Food Crop Production (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  19. National Academy of Science, Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practices, July (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, A Guide to the Biosolids Risk Assessment Methodology for the US EPA 503 Rule, US EPA/832-R-93-009, Office of Wastewater Management, September (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  21. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Process Design Manual: Land Application of Sewage Sludge and Domestic Septage, Center for Environmental Research Information, Cincinnati, OH (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  22. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Domestic Septage Regulatory Guidance: A Guide to the US EPA 503 Rule, US EPA/832-B-92-005, Office of Wasewater Management, September (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  23. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Regulations and Technology: Control of Pathogens and Vector Attraction in Sewage Sludge, US EPA/625-R-92-013, Office of Research and Development, December (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Water Environment Federation (formerly, Water Pollution Control Federation), Beneficial Use of Waste Solids, Manual of Practice FD-15, Alexandria, VA (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  25. D. Sullivan, Fertilizing with Biosolids, Oregon State University Extension Publications, Corvallis, OR, June (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  26. H. G. Adegbidi, R. D. Briggs, D. J. Robison, T. A. Volk, L. P. Abrahamson, and E. H. White, Biomass Power for Rural Development, Technical Report: Use of Biosolids as Organic Soil Amendment in Willow Bioenergy Plantations, Interim Program Report Prepared for the United States Department of Energy Under Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC36-96GO10132, http://www.esf.edu/willow/PDFs/2000%20biosolids.pdf, July (2000).

  27. Water Environment Federation, Beneficial Use Programs for Biosolids Management, Alexandria, VA (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  28. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Principals and Design Criteria for Sewage Sludge Application on Land, US EPA-625/4-78-012, Sludge Treatment and Disposal, Part 2, Technology Transfer, Cincinnati, October (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  29. J. Duggan, Studying land-applied biosolids: an integration of research and teaching in an environmental engineering curriculum, 2002 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Vive L'ingenieur!, Montreal, Canada, 16–19 June (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  30. L. Spinosa, and P. A. Vesilind, Sludge into Biosolids—Processing, Disposal, Utilization, IWA Publishing, December (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  31. J. H. Huddleston, and M. P. Ronayne, Guide to Soil Suitability and Site Selection for beneficial Use of Domestic Wastewater biosolids, Manual 8, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  32. J. W Greer, Lessons learned in seven successful years of biosolids land application, Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management, February (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  33. M. Payne, Biosolids Utilization on Agricultural Land—Phosphorus, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/crops/field/news/croptalk/2003 (2008).

  34. D. L. Binder, A. Dobermann, and D. H. Sander, Potential benefits of land applying biosolids in Eastern Nebraska, Biosolids 2001: Building Public Support, February (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  35. R. G. Duckworth, and A. Jerry, Beneficial use of solids, Industrial Wastewater, March/April (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  36. K. Blanton, D. Kowalski, C. Crosby, and G. Misterly, Benefits of a progressive centralized biosolids management system, in WEFTEC 2003 Conference Proceedings, October (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  37. R. F. Anderson, Biosolids land application in the 21st century: will the regulators base public policy on fact or fiction and fear? Biosolids 2001: Building Public Support, February (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  38. N. Beecher, Cultivating New England biosolids recycling, 14th Annual Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, February/March (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  39. S. Worley, R. Bates, G. Swanson, A. Hogge, and J. Pavoni, Development of a biosolids marketing strategy: “a cultural change,” WEFTEC 2004, October (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  40. S. Worley, D. Carty, R. Bates, and G. J. Swanson, Biosolids as a product rather than waste illustrates importance of EMS, Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, April (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  41. G. Velema, Domtar communication papers' land application … Experience at Cornwall 1995–1999, 16th Annual Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, February/March (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Department of Environmental Quality, Michigan Biosolids Program, http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3313_3683_3720-00.html (2008).

  43. J. Glass, W. Steven, B. David, and R. E. Sosebee, Reclamation of semi-arid rangeland with biosolids, 16th Annual Residuals and Biosolids Management Conferenc, Privatization, Innovation and Optimization—How to Do More for Less, March (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  44. South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Beneficial Uses of Biosolids, http://www.state.sd.us/denr/DES/Surfacewater/biosolids.htm (2007).

  45. R. B. Stallings, Beneficial reuse of US EPA Class B biosolids—lessons learned, Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management, February (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  46. L. K. Wang, N. K. Shammas, and Y. T. Hung (eds.) Biosolids Treatment Processes, Humana Press, Inc., Totowa, NJ, 820 pp. (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  47. K. Fanfoni, and L. M. Naylor, Beneficial reuse of biosolids in landfill closure, Biosolids 2001: Building Public Support, February (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  48. G. Mininni, Options for biosolids utilization and sludge disposal: incineration with energy recovery, Water Intelligence Online, IWA Publishing (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  49. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technical Support Document for Incineration of Sewage Sludge, Office of Water, NTIS: PB93-110617 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  50. U.S. bares solar energy program to year 2020, Chicago Sun-Times, p. 29, August 14 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  51. P. S. Ward, Digester gas helps most energy needs, Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, 46, 620 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Brown and Caldwell, Solid Waste Resource Recovery Study, Prepared for the Central Contra Costa Sanitary District, Walnut Creek, CA, August (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  53. California Public Utilities Commission, Staff Report on California Cogeneration Activities, Utilities Division, San Francisco, January 17 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  54. U.S. Department of Energy, Proposed Regulations Providing for Qualification of Small Power Production and Cogeneration Facilities Under Section 201 of the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC, June (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  55. N. Cumiskey, and D. P. Capon, Recovering energy from biogas—a comparison of available technology, Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, April (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  56. J. L. Strehler, and D. L. Parry, Systems approach to integrating biosolids and energy management, Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, April (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Alpha National Inc., Solid Waste and Biomass Low BTU Gas Conversion System Program, El Segundo, CA, April (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  58. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Energy Conservation in Municipal Wastewater Treatment, US EPA 430/9-77-001, Office of Water Program Operations, Washington, DC, March (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  59. K. Bolin, The SlurryCarb Process: Turning Municipal Wastewater Solids into a Profitable Renewable Fuel, Biosolids 2001: Building Public Support, February (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  60. H. K. Moo-Young, and C. E. Ochola, The characterization of paper mill biosolids and its application in civil engineering construction, 14th Annual Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, February/March (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  61. L. K. Wang, Quaternary ammonium thickening of sewage sludge in magnetic field, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 16, 4, 311–315 (1977).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. M. Krofta, and L. K. Wang, Sludge thickening and dewatering by dissolved air flotation: Floatpress, Drying, 2, 765–771, Harper & Row, New York (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  63. M. Krofta, and L. K. Wang, Sludge thickening and dewatering by dissolved air flotation: process design, Drying, 2, 772–780, Harper & Row, New York (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  64. L. K. Wang, Guidelines for Disposal of Solid Wastes and Hazardous Wastes, Volumes I to VI, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, Technical Report Nos. PB88-178066/AS, PB88-178074/AS, PB88-178082/AS, PB88-178090/AS, PB88-178108/AS and PB89-158596/AS (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  65. L. K. Wang, Sludge Treatment Apparatus, U.S. Patent and Trade Marks Office, Washington, DC, Patent No. 5068031, November (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  66. L. K. Wang, Analysis and Identification of Odorous Compounds in Emissions from Springfield Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant, Massachusetts, Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA, Technical Report LIR/05-85/137 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA

    Nazih K. Shammas (Professor, Ex-Dean and Director, Advisor, Environmental Engineering Consultant) & Lawrence K. Wang (Dean and Director (retired), Assistant to the President (retired), Vice President (retired)

  2. Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA

    Nazih K. Shammas (Professor, Ex-Dean and Director, Advisor, Environmental Engineering Consultant) & Lawrence K. Wang (Dean and Director (retired), Assistant to the President (retired), Vice President (retired)

  3. Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, NY

    Lawrence K. Wang (Dean and Director (retired), Assistant to the President (retired), Vice President (retired)

Authors
  1. Nazih K. Shammas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lawrence K. Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, 1 Dawn Drive, Latham, NY, 12110, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang PhD, PE, DEE (Dean & Director (retired), Assistant to the President, Vice President) (Dean & Director (retired), Assistant to the President, Vice President)

  2. Krofta Engineering Corporation, 1 Dawn Drive, Latham, NY, 12110, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang PhD, PE, DEE (Dean & Director (retired), Assistant to the President, Vice President) (Dean & Director (retired), Assistant to the President, Vice President)

  3. Zorex Corporation, 1 Dawn Drive, Latham, NY, 12110, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang PhD, PE, DEE (Dean & Director (retired), Assistant to the President, Vice President) (Dean & Director (retired), Assistant to the President, Vice President)

  4. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, 35 Flintstone Drive, Pittsfield, MA, 01201, USA

    Nazih K. Shammas PhD (Professor and Environmental Engineering Consultant Ex-Dean and Director, Advisor) (Professor and Environmental Engineering Consultant Ex-Dean and Director, Advisor)

  5. Krofta Engineering Corporation, 35 Flintstone Drive, Pittsfield, MA, 01201, USA

    Nazih K. Shammas PhD (Professor and Environmental Engineering Consultant Ex-Dean and Director, Advisor) (Professor and Environmental Engineering Consultant Ex-Dean and Director, Advisor)

  6. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, 16945 Deerfield Drive, Strongsville, OH, 44136, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung PhD, PE, DEE (Professor) (Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shammas, N.K., Wang, L.K. (2008). Beneficial Utilization of Biosolids. In: Wang, L.K., Shammas, N.K., Hung, YT. (eds) Biosolids Engineering and Management. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 7. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-174-1_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation