Skip to main content

Endoscopic Therapy for Advanced Esophageal Cancer

  • Chapter
Book cover Endoscopic Oncology

Abstract

Esophageal cancer is currently the ninth leading cause of cancer death in the United States, and since the 1970s, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has been rising at an alarming rate (1). The National Cancer Institutes estimates 14,250 new cases of esophageal cancer and 13,300 deaths owing to esophageal cancer in 2004. The estimated 5-yr mortality rate remains at 5–10% (1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Ries L, Eisner M, Kosary C, et al. SEER Cancer Stat Rev 1975–2001. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2001/2004; National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD. Accessed 2004.

  2. Krasna MJ. Surgical staging and surgical treatment in esophageal cancer. Semin Oncol 1999; 26:9–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Siersema PD, Dees J, van Blankenstein M. Palliation of malignant dysphagia from oesophageal cancer. Rotterdam Oesophageal Tumor Study Group. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1998; 225:75–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Segalin A, Little AG, Ruol A, et al. Surgical and endoscopic palliation of esophageal carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 1989; 48:267–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kimmey M, Ponec R. Primary malignant and metastatic tumors of the esophagus. In:DiMarino Jr A, Benjamin S, eds. Gastrointestinal Disease: An Endoscopic Approach. 2nd ed. Thorofare: Slack, 2002:275–297.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Pfau PR, Ginsberg GG, Lew RJ, Faigel DO, Smith DB, Kochman ML. Esophageal dilation for endosonographic evaluation of malignant esophageal strictures is safe and effective. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:2813–2815.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Boyce HW, Jr. Palliation of Dysphagia of Esophageal Cancer by Endoscopic Lumen Restoration Techniques. Cancer Control 1999; 6:73–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lew RJ, Kochman ML. A review of endoscopic methods of esophageal dilation. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 35:117–126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Wallace MB, Hawes RH, Sahai AV, Van Velse A, Hoffman BJ. Dilation of malignant esophageal stenosis to allow EUS guided fine-needle aspiration: safety and effect on patient management. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 51:309–313.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Tulman AB, Boyce HW, Jr. Complications of esophageal dilation and guidelines for their prevention. Gastrointest Endosc 1981; 27: 229–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Eisen GM, Baron TH, Dominitz JA, et al. Complications of upper GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55:784–793.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Nelson DB, Sanderson SJ, Azar MM. Bacteremia with esophageal dilation. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 48:563–567.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hernandez LV, Jacobson JW, Harris MS, Hernandez LJ. Comparison among the perforation rates of Maloney, balloon, and savary dilation of esophageal strictures. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 51:460–462.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Antibiotic prophylaxis for gastrointestinal endoscopy. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1995; 42:630–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hirota WK, Petersen K, Baron TH, et al. Wheeler-Harbough J, Faigel DO. Guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis for GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 58:475–482.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Payne-James JJ, Spiller RC, Misiewicz JJ, Silk DB. Use of ethanol-induced tumor necrosis to palliate dysphagia in patients with esophagogastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 1990; 36:43–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Moreira LS, Coelho RC, Sadala RU, Dani R. The use of ethanol injection under endoscopic control to palliate dysphagia caused by esophagogastric cancer. Endoscopy 1994; 26:311–314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Nwokolo CU, Payne-James JJ, Silk DB, Misiewicz JJ, Loft DE. Palliation of malignant dysphagia by ethanol induced tumour necrosis. Gut 1994; 35:299–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Chung SC, Leong HT, Choi CY, Leung JW, Li AK. Palliation of malignant oesophageal obstruction by endoscopic alcohol injection. Endoscopy 1994; 26:275–277.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Carazzone A, Bonavina L, Segalin A, Ceriani C, Peracchia A. Endoscopic palliation of oesophageal cancer: results of a prospective comparison of Nd:YAG laser and ethanol injection. Eur J Surg 1999; 165:351–356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Adler DG, Baron TH. Endoscopic palliation of malignant dysphagia. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76:731–738.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Fleischer D, Kessler F, Haye O. Endoscopic Nd: YAG laser therapy for carcinoma of the esophagus: a new palliative approach. Am J Surg 1982; 143:280–283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Low D, Kozarek R. Esophageal endoscopy, dilation and intraesophageal prosthetic devices. In: Hill L, Kozarek R, McCullum R, Mercer D, eds. The esophagus. Medical and surgical management. New York: W.B. Saunders, 1988; 47–59.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Lightdale CJ, Zimbalist E, Winawer SJ. Outpatient management of esophageal cancer with endoscopic Nd:YAG laser. Am J Gastroenterol 1987; 82:46–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Naveau S, Chiesa A, Poynard T, Chaput JC. Endoscopic Nd-YAG laser therapy as palliative treatment for esophageal and cardial cancer. Parameters affecting long-term outcome. Dig Dis Sci 1990; 35:294–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sander RR, Poesl H. Cancer of the oesophagus—palliation—laser treatment and combined procedures. Endoscopy 1993; 25:679–682.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gevers AM, Macken E, Hiele M, Rutgeerts P. A comparison of laser therapy, plastic stents, and expandable metal stents for palliation of malignant dysphagia in patients without a fistula. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 48:383–388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Konigsrainer A, Riedmann B, De Vries A, et al. Expandable metal stents versus laser combined with radiotherapy for palliation of unresectable esophageal cancer: a prospective randomized trial. Hepatogastroenterology 2000; 47:724–727.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Mellow MH, Pinkas H. Endoscopic laser therapy for malignancies affecting the esophagus and gastro-esophageal junction. Analysis of technical and functional efficacy. Arch Intern Med 1985; 145:1443–1446.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Spinelli P, Cerrai FG, Dal Fante M, Mancini A, Meroni E, Pizzetti P. Endoscopic treatment of upper gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Endoscopy 1993; 25:675–678.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Mosca F, Consoli A, Stracqualursi A, Persi A, Portale TR. Comparative retrospective study on the use of plastic prostheses and self-expanding metal stents in the palliative treatment of malignant strictures of the esophagus and cardia. Dis Esophagus 2003; 16:119–125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Davies N, Thomas HG, Eyre-Brook IA. Palliation of dysphagia from inoperable oesophageal carcinoma using Atkinson tubes or selfexpanding metal stents. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1998; 80:394–397.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Birch JF, White SA, Berry DP, Veitch PS. A cost-benefit comparison of self-expanding metal stents and Atkinson tubes for the palliation of obstructing esophageal tumors. Dis Esophagus 1998; 11:172–176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Szentpali K, Palotas A, Lazar G, Paszt A, Balogh A. Endoscopic intubation with conventional plastic stents: a safe and cost-effective palliation for inoperable esophageal cancer. Dysphagia 2004; 19:22–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Bethge N, Sommer A, Gross U, von Kleist D, Vakil N. Human tissue responses to metal stents implanted in vivo for the palliation of malignant stenoses. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 43:596–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. De Palma GD, di Matteo E, Romano G, Fimmano A, Rondinone G, Catanzano C. Plastic prosthesis versus expandable metal stents for palliation of inoperable esophageal thoracic carcinoma: a controlled prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 43:478–482.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Siersema PD, Hop WC, Dees J, Tilanus HW, van Blankenstein M. Coated self-expanding metal stents versus latex prostheses for esophagogastric cancer with special reference to prior radiation and chemotherapy: a controlled, prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 47:113–120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. O’Donnell CA, Fullarton 0M, Watt E, Lennon K, Murray GD, Moss JG. Randomized clinical trial comparing self-expanding metallic stents with plastic endoprostheses in the palliation of oesophageal cancer. Br J Surg 2002; 89:985–992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Kozarek RA. Endoscopic palliation of esophageal malignancy. Endoscopy 2003; 35:S9–S13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kostopoulos PP, Zissis MI, Polydorou AA, et al. Are metal stents effective for palliation of malignant dysphagia and fistulas? Dig Liver Dis 2003; 35:275–282.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Decker P, Lippler J, Decker D, Hirner A. Use of the Polyflex stent in the palliative therapy of esophageal carcinoma: results in 14 cases and review of the literature. Surg Endosc 2001; 15:1444–1447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Bethge N, Vakil N. A prospective trial of a new self-expanding plastic stent for malignant esophageal obstruction. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:1350–1354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Siersema PD, Hop WC, van Blankenstein M, et al. A comparison of 3 types of covered metal stents for the palliation of patients with dysphagia caused by esophagogastric carcinoma: a prospective, randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 54:145–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. May A, Hahn EG, Ell C. Self-expanding metal stents for palliation of malignant obstruction in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Comparative assessment of three stent types implemented in 96 implantations. J Clin Gastroenterol 1996; 22:261–266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Siersema PD, Hop WC, van Blankenstein M, et al. A comparison of 3 types of covered metal stents for the palliation of patients with dysphagia caused by esophagogastric carcinoma: a prospective, randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 54:145–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. May A, Hahn EG, Ell C. Self-expanding metal stents for palliation of malignant obstruction in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Comparative assessment of three stent types implemented in 96 implantations. J Clin Gastroenterol 1996; 22:261–266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Vakil N, Morris AI, Marcon N, et al. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of covered expandable metal stents in the palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction at the gastro-esophageal junction. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:1791–1796.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Tomaselli F, Maier A, Sankin O, Pinter H, Smolle J, Smolle-Juttner FM. Ultraflex stent—benefits and risks in ultimate palliation of advanced, malignant stenosis in the esophagus. Hepatogastroenterology 2004; 51:1021–1026.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Siersema PD, Schrauwen SL, van Blankenstein M, et al. Selfexpanding metal stents for complicated and recurrent esophagogastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 54:579–586.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Sabharwal T, Hamady MS, Chui S, Atkinson S, Mason R, Adam A. A randomised prospective comparison of the Flamingo Wallstent and Ultraflex stent for palliation of dysphagia associated with lower third oesophageal carcinoma. Gut 2003; 52:922–926.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Rozanes I, Poyanli A, Acunas B. Palliative treatment of inoperable malignant esophageal strictures with metal stents: one center’s experience with four different stents. Eur J Radiol 2002; 43:196–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Riccioni ME, Shah SK, Tringali A, et al. Endoscopic palliation of unresectable malignant oesophageal strictures with self-expanding metal stents: comparing Ultraflex and Esophacoil stents. Dig Liver Dis 2002; 34:356–363.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Sarper A, Oz N, Cihangir C, Demircan A, Isin E. The efficacy of self-expanding metal stents for palliation of malignant esophageal strictures and fistulas. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003; 23:794–798.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Raijman I, Siddique I, Ajani J, Lynch P. Palliation of malignant dysphagia and fistulae with coated expandable metal stents: experience with 101 patients. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 48:172–179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kozarek RA, Raltz S, Brugge WR, et al. Prospective multicenter trial of esophageal Z-stent placement for malignant dysphagia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 44:562–567.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Christie NA, Buenaventura PO, Fernando HC, et al. Results of expandable metal stents for malignant esophageal obstruction in 100 patients: short-term and long-term follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71:1797–1801; discussion 1801,1802.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Allgaier HP, Schwacha H, Technau K, Blum HE. Fatal esophagoaortic fistula after placement of a self-expanding metal stent in a patient with esophageal carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1778.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Faigel DO. Endoscopy for the diagnosis and management of esophageal cancer. ASGE Clinical Update 2000; 8:1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Bartelsman JF, Bruno MJ, Jensema AJ, Haringsma J, Reeders JW, Tytgat GN. Palliation of patients with esophagogastric neoplasms by insertion of a covered expandable modified Gianturco-Z endoprosthesis: experiences in 153 patients. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 51:134–138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Neale JC, Goulden JW, Allan SG, Dixon PD, Isaacs RJ. Esophageal stents in malignant dysphagia: a two-edged sword? J Palliat Care 2004; 20:28–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Vakil N, Morris AI, Marcon N, et al. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of covered expandable metal stents in the palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction at the gastro-esophageal junction. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:1791–1796.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Laasch HU, Marriott A, Wilbraham L, Tunnah S, England RE, Martin DF. Effectiveness of open versus antireflux stents for palliation of distal esophageal carcinoma and prevention of symptomatic gastro-esophageal reflux. Radiology 2002; 225:359–365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Macdonald S, Edwards RD, Moss JG. Patient tolerance of cervical esophageal metallic stents. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2000; 11:891–898.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Shim CS. Esophageal stenting in unusual situations. Endoscopy 2003; 35:S14–S18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Shim CS, Jung IS, Bhandari S, et al. Management of malignant strictures of the cervical esophagus with a newly-designed self-expanding metal stent. Endoscopy 2004; 36:554–557.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Conio M, Caroli-Bosc F, Demarquay JF, et al. Self-expanding metal stents in the palliation of neoplasms of the cervical esophagus. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46:272–277.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Yamamoto R, Tada H, Kishi A, Tojo T, Asada H. Double stent for malignant combined esophago-airway lesions. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002; 50:1–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Han YM, Song HY, Lee JM, Cho SI, Chung GH, Kim CS, Sohn MH, Choi KC. Esophagorespiratory fistulae due to esophageal carcinoma: palliation with a covered Gianturco stent. Radiology 1996; 199:65–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Lam YH, Chan A, Lau J, Lee D, Ng E, Wong S, Chung S. Selfexpandable metal stents for malignant dysphagia. Aust N Z J Surg 1999; 69:668–671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Nomori H, Horio H, Imazu Y, Suemasu K. Double stenting for esophageal and tracheobronchial stenoses. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70:1803–1807.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Nishimura Y, Nagata K, Katano S, et al. Severe complications in advanced esophageal cancer treated with radiotherapy after intubation of esophageal stents: a questionnaire survey of the Japanese Society for Esophageal Diseases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 56:1327–1332.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Nemoto K, Takai Y, Ogawa Y, et al. Fatal hemorrhage in irradiated esophageal cancer patients. Acta Oncol 1998; 37:259–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Yakami M, Mitsumori M, Sai H, Nagata Y, Hiraoka M, Nishimura Y. Development of severe complications caused by stent placement followed by definitive radiation therapy for T4 esophageal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2003; 8:395–398.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Christie NA, Buenaventura PO, Fernando HC, et al. Results of expandable metal stents for malignant esophageal obstruction in 100 patients: short-term and long-term follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71:1797–1801; discussion 1801,1802.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Homs MY, Hansen BE, van Blankenstein M, Haringsma J, Kuipers EJ, Siersema PD. Prior radiation and/or chemotherapy has no effect on the outcome of metal stent placement for oesophagogastric carcinoma. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 16:163–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Siersema PD, Hop WC, van Blankenstein M, Dees J. A new design metal stent (Flamingo stent) for palliation of malignant dysphagia: a prospective study. The Rotterdam Esophageal Tumor Study Group. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 51:139–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Kinsman KJ, DeGregorio BT, Katon RM, et al. Prior radiation and chemotherapy increase the risk of life-threatening complications after insertion of metallic stents for esophagogastric malignancy. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 43:196–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Maier A, Pinter H, Friehs GB, Renner H, Smolle-Juttner FM. Selfexpandable coated stent after intraluminal treatment of esophageal cancer: a risky procedure? Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 67:781–784.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Sumiyoshi T, Gotoda T, Muro K, et al. Morbidity and mortality after self-expandable metallic stent placement in patients with progressive or recurrent esophageal cancer after chemoradiotherapy. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57:882–885.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Overholt BF. Laser and photo-dynamic therapy of esophageal cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 1992; 8:191–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Litle VR, Luketich JD, Christie NA, et al. Photo-dynamic therapy as palliation for esophageal cancer: experience in 215 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76:1687–1692; discussion 1692,1693.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Luketich JD, Nguyen NT, Weigel TL, Keenan RJ, Ferson PF, Belani CP. Photo-dynamic therapy for treatment of malignant dysphagia. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 1999; 9:171–175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Luketich JD, Christie NA, Buenaventura PO, Weigel TL, Keenan RJ, Nguyen NT. Endoscopic photo-dynamic therapy for obstructing esophageal cancer: 77 cases over a 2-year period. Surg Endosc 2000; 14:653–657.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. McCaughan JS, Jr, Williams TE, Jr, Bethel BH. Palliation of esophageal malignancy with photo-dynamic therapy. Ann Thorac Surg 1985; 40:113–120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Okunaka T, Kato H, Conaka C, Yamamoto H, Bonaminio A, Eckhauser ML. Photo-dynamic therapy of esophageal carcinoma. Surg Endosc 1990; 4:150–153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Kashtan H, Konikoff F, Haddad R, Skornick Y. Photo-dynamic therapy of cancer of the esophagus using systemic aminolevulinic acid and a non laser light source: a phase I/II study. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 49:760–764.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Maier A, Anegg U, Fell B, et al. Effect of photo-dynamic therapy in a multimodal approach for advanced carcinoma of the gastro-esophageal junction. Lasers Surg Med 2000; 26:461–466.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Moghissi K, Dixon K. Photo-dynamic therapy (PDT) in esophageal cancer: a surgical view of its indications based on 14 years experience. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2003; 2:319–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Webber J, Herman M, Kessel D, Fromm D. Current concepts in gastrointestinal photo-dynamic therapy. Ann Surg 1999; 230:12–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Saidi RF, Marcon NE. Nonthermal ablation of malignant esophageal strictures. Photo-dynamic therapy, endoscopic intratumoral injections, and novel modalities. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 1998; 8:465–491.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Marcon NE. Photo-dynamic therapy and cancer of the esophagus. Semin Oncol 1994; 21:20–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Maier A, Tomaselli F, Matzi V, Rehak P, Pinter H, Smolle-Juttner FM. Does new photosensitizer improve photo-dynamic therapy in advanced esophageal carcinoma? Lasers Surg Med 2001; 29:323–327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. McCaughan JS, Jr, Ellison EC, Guy JT, et al. Photo-dynamic therapy for esophageal malignancy: a prospective twelve-year study. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 62:1005–1009; discussion 1009,1010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Moghissi K, Dixon K, Thorpe JA, Stringer M, Moore PJ. The role of photo-dynamic therapy (PDT) in inoperable oesophageal cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000; 17:95–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Sanfilippo NJ, Hsi A, DeNittis AS, et al. Toxicity of photo-dynamic therapy after combined external beam radiotherapy and intraluminal brachytherapy for carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Lasers Surg Med 2001; 28:278–281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Canto M, Smith C, McClelland L, Heath E, Powe N. Randomized trial of PDT vs. stent for palliation of malignant dysphagia: costeffectiveness and quality of life. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55:AB100 abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Lightdale CJ, Heier SK, Marcon NE, et al. Photo-dynamic therapy with porfimer sodium versus thermal ablation therapy with Nd:YAG laser for palliation of esophageal cancer: a multicenter randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 1995; 42:507–512.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Heier SK, Rothman KA, Heier LM, Rosenthal WS. Photo-dynamic therapy for obstructing esophageal cancer: light dosimetry and randomized comparison with Nd:YAG laser therapy. Gastroenterology 1995; 109:63–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Burt M, Diehl W, Martini N, et al. Malignant esophagorespiratory fistula: management options and survival. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 52:1222–1228; discussion 1228, 1229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Tomaselli F, Maier A, Sankin O, Woltsche M, Pinter H, Smolle-Juttner FM. Successful endoscopical sealing of malignant esophageotracheal fistulae by using a covered self-expandable stenting system. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 20:734–738.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Nelson DB, Axelrad AM, Fleischer DE, et al. Silicone-covered Wallstent prototypes for palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction and digestive-respiratory fistulas. Gastrointest Endosc 1997; 45:31–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Bethge N, Sommer A, Vakil N. Treatment of esophageal fistulas with a new polyurethane-covered, self-expanding mesh stent: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90:2143–2146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Chauhan SS, Long JD. Management of Tracheoesophageal Fistulas in Adults. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2004; 7:31–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Norberto L, Ranzato R, Marino S, et al. Endoscopic palliation of esophageal and cardial cancer: neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet laser therapy. Dis Esophagus 1999; 12:294–296.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Suzuki H, Miho O, Watanabe Y, Kohyama M, Nagao F. Endoscopic laser therapy in the curative and palliative treatment of upper gastrointestinal cancer. World J Surg 1989; 13:158–164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jagannath, S., Canto, M.I. (2006). Endoscopic Therapy for Advanced Esophageal Cancer. In: Faigel, D.O., Kochman, M.L. (eds) Endoscopic Oncology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-172-7_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-172-7_6

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-532-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-172-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics