Skip to main content

Evaluating Insomnia During Pregnancy and Postpartum

  • Chapter
Sleep Disorders in Women

Abstract

Most women (78%) report that their sleep is worse during pregnancy than at any other time in their lives (1). Reasons for poor sleep vary by trimester, but sleep problems begin early in the first trimester with complaints of urinary frequency as progesterone level rises and creatinine clearance increases (2– 4). Pregnant women who are obese are at higher risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The hypoxia associated with OSA may contribute to maternal hypertension and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Furthermore, women with snoring and daytime sleepiness are at higher risk for developing pre-eclampsia (5). Anemia associated with pregnancy places women at increased risk for restless legs syndrome (RLS), and insufficient amounts of sleep during the third trimester may place women at increased risk for longer labors and cesarean births (6).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. National Sleep Foundation, Sleep and women poll. 1998; http://www.sleepfoundation.org; accessed March 2005.

  2. Schweiger, M.S., Sleep disturbance in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1972;114:879–882.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Driver, H.S. and C.M. Shapiro, A longitudinal study of sleep stages in young women during pregnancy and postpartum. Sleep, 1992;15:449–453.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Lee, K.A., M.E. Zaffke, and G. McEnany, Parity and sleep patterns during and after pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol, 2000;95:14–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Izci, B., S.E. Martin, K.C. Dundas, W.A. Liston, A.A. Calder, and N.J. Douglas, Sleep complaints: snoring and daytime sleepiness in pregnant and pre-eclamptic women. Sleep Med, 2005;6:163–169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Lee, K.A., and C.L. Gay, Sleep in late pregnancy predicts length of labor and type of delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2004;191:2041–2046.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Baratte-Beebe, K.R. and K. Lee, Sources of mid-sleep awakenings in childbearing women. Clin Nurs Res, 1999;8:386–397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Pien, G.W. and R.J. Schwab, Sleep disorders during pregnancy. Sleep, 2004;27:1405–1417.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Moorcroft, W.H., Understanding Sleep and Dreaming. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2003:168–169.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Van, P., T. Cage, and M. Shannon, Big dreams, little sleep: dreams during pregnancy after prior pregnancy loss. Holist Nurs Pract, 2004;18:284–292.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Wolfson, A.R., S.J. Crowley, U. Anwer, and J.L. Bassett, Changes in sleep patterns and depressive symptoms in first-time mothers: Last trimester to one-year postpartum. Behav Sleep Med, 2003;1:54–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Greenwood, K.M. and K.M. Hazendonk, Self-reported sleep during the third trimester of pregnancy. Behav Sleep Med, 2004;2:191–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hedman, C., T. Pohjasvaara, U. Tolonen, A.S. Suhonen-Malm, and V.V. Myllyla, Effects of pregnancy on mothers’ sleep. Sleep Med, 2002;3:37–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Gay, C.L., K.A. Lee, and S. Lee, Sleep patterns and fatigue in new mothers and fathers. Biol Res. Nurs, 2004; 5:311–318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lee, K.A., M.E. Zaffke, and K. Barette-Beebe, Restless legs syndrome and sleep disturbance during pregnancy: the role of folate and iron. J Women’s Health Gender-Based Med, 2001;10:335–341.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Manconi, M., V. Govoni, A. De Vito, et al. Pregnancy as a risk factor for restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med, 2004;5:305–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Nikkola, E., U. Ekblad, E. Ekholm, H. Mikola, and O. Polo, Sleep in multiple pregnancy: breathing patterns, oxygenation, and periodic leg movements. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1996;174:1622–1625.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Goodman, J.D.S., C. Brodie, and G.A. Ayida, Restless legs syndrome in pregnancy. Br Med J, 1988;297:1101–1102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Suzuki, K., T. Ohida, T. Sone, et al., The prevalence of restless legs syndrome among pregnant women in Japan and the relationship between restless legs syndrome and sleep problems. Sleep, 2003;26:673–677.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Briggs, G.G., R.K. Freeman, and S.J. Yaffe, Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Sahota, P.K., S.S. Jain, and R. Dhand, Sleep disorders in pregnancy. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 2003;9:477–483.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Edwards, N., P.G. Middleton, D.M. Blyton, and C.E. Sullivan, Sleep disordered breathing and pregnancy. Thorax, 2002;57:555–558.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Maasilta, P., A. Bachour, K. Teramo, O. Polo, and L.A. Laitinen, Sleep-related disordered breathing during pregnancy in obese women. Chest, 2000;120:1448–1454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Loube, D.I., J.S. Poceta, M.C. Morales, M.D. Peacock, and M.M. Mitler, Self-reported snoring in pregnancy: association with fetal outcome. Chest, 1996;109:885–889.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Schutte, S., A. Del Conte, K. Doghramji, et al. Snoring during pregnancy and its impact on fetal outcome. Sleep Res, 1994;23:325.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Franklin, K.A., P.A. Holmgren, F. Jönsson, N. Poromaa, H. Stenlund, and E. Svanborg, Snoring, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and growth retardation of the fetus. Chest, 2000;117:137–141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Taylor, R.N. and J.M. Roberts, Endothelial cell dysfunction. In: Chesley’s Hypertension Disorders in Pregnancy (edM.D. Linhheimer and J.M. Roberts, eds.). Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1999:395–429.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Edwards, N., D.M. Blyton, T. Kirjavainen, G.J. Kesby, and C.E. Sullivan, Nasal continuous positive airway pressure reduces sleep-induced blood pressure increments in preeclampsia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2000;162:252–257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ekholm, E.M., O. Polo, E.R. Rauhala, and U.U. Ehblad, Sleep quality in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1992;167:1262–1266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Guilleminault, C., M. Kreutzer, and J.L. Chang, Pregnancy, sleep disordered breathing and treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep Med, 2004;5:43–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Conklin, K.A., Obstetric analgesia and anesthesia. In: Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology (edN.F. Hacker and J.G. Moore, eds.). Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1998:169–170.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Wilkie, G. and C.M. Shapiro, Sleep deprivation and the postnatal blues. J Psychosom Res, 1992;36:309–316.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Heasman, L., J.A.D. Spencer, and M.E. Symonds, Plasma prolactin concentrations after caesare an section or vaginal delivery. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 1997;77:F237–F238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Tribotti, S., N. Lyons, S. Blackburn, M. Stein, and J. Withers, Nursing diagnoses for the postpartum woman. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 1988;17:410–417.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Zaffke, M.E. and K.A. Lee, Sleep architecture in a postpartum sample: a comparative analysis. Sleep Res, 1992;21:327.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Nishihara, K., S. Horiuchi, H. Eto, and S. Uchida, Comparisons of sleep patterns between mothers in post-partum from 9 to 12 weeks and non-pregnant women. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2001;55:227–228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Karacan, I., W. Heine, H.W. Agnew, R.L. Williams, W.B. Webb, and J.J. Ross, Characteristics of sleep patterns during late pregnancy and postpartum periods. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1968;101:579–586.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Coble, P.A., C.F. Reynolds, D.J. Kupfer, P.R. Houck, N.L. Day, and D.E. Giles, Childbearing in women with and without a history of affective disorder. II. Electroencephalographic sleep. Comp Psychiatry, 1994;35:215–224.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Wambach, K.A., Maternal fatigue in breastfeeding primiparae during the first 9 weeks postpartum. J Hum Lactation, 1998;14:219–229.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Quillan, S.I., Infant and mother sleep patterns during 4th postpartum week. Iss Comprehens PediatrNurs, 1997;20:115–123.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Noel, G.L., H.K. Suh, and A.G. Frantz, Prolactin release during nursing and breast stimulation in postpartum and nonpostpartum patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1974;38:413–423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Nissen, E., K. Uvnas-Moberg, K. Svensson, S. Stock, A.-M. Widstrom, and J. Winberg, Different patterns of oxytocin, prolactin but not cortisol release during breastfeeding in women delivered by Caesarean section or by the vaginal route. Early Hum Dev, 1996;45:103–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Blyton, D.M., C.E. Sullivan, and N. Edwards, Lactation is associated with an increase in slow-wave sleep in women. J Sleep Res, 2002; 11:297–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Petre-Quadens, I. and C. DeLee,Sleep-cycle alterations during pregnancy, postpartum and the menstrual cycle. In: Biorhythms and Human Reproduction (edM._Ferin, F. Halberg, R.M. Richart, and R.L. Van Wiele,eds.). New York: John Wiley, 1974:335–351.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Morelli, G.A., B. Rogoff, D. Oppenhein, and D. Goldsmith, Cultural variation in infants’ sleeping arrangements: questions of independence. Dev Psychol, 1992;28:604–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Nakamura, S.W., Are cribs the safest place for infants to sleep? Yes: Bed sharing is too hazardous. WestJMed, 2001;174:300.

    Google Scholar 

  47. McKenna, J.J., E.B. Thoman, T.F. Anders, A. Sadeh, V.L. Schechtman, and S.F. Glotzbach, Infant-parent co-sleeping in an evolutionary perspective: implications for understanding infant sleep development and the sudden infant death syndrome. Sleep, 1993;16:263–282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Willinger, M., C.-W. Ko, H.J. Hoffman, R.C. Kessler, and M.J. Corwin, Trends in infant bed sharing in the United States, 1993–2000. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2003;157:43–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. McCoy, R.C., C.E. Hunt, S.M. Lesko, et al. Frequency of bed sharing and its relationship to breastfeeding. J Dev Behav Pediatrics, 2004;25:141–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Ball, H.L., Breastfeeding, bed-sharing, and infant sleep. Birth, 2003;30:181–188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Brenner, R.A., B.G. Simons-Morton, B. Bhaskar, M. Revenis, A. Das, and J.D. Clemens, Infant-parent bed sharing in an inner-city population. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2003;157:33–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Gay, C.L., T.M. Ward, and K.A. Lee, Parent-newborn co-sleeping in the San Francisco Bay area. Sleep, 2004;27(Abstr Suppl):A356.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Romito, P., M.J. Saurel-Cubizolles, and M. Cuttini, Mothers’ health after the birth of the first child: The case of employed women in an Italian city. Women Health, 1994;21:1–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Lee, K.A., G. McEnany, and M.E. Zaffke, REM sleep and mood state in childbearing women: sleepy or weepy? Sleep, 2000;23:877–885.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kennedy, H.P., C.T. Beck, and J.W. Driscoll, A light in the fog: caring for women with postpartum depression. J Midwifery Women’s Health, 2002;47:318–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Abou-Saleh, M., R. Ghubash, L. Karim, M. Krymski, and I. Bhai, Hormonal aspects of postpartum depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1998;23:465–475.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Parry, B.L., M.L. Curran, C.A. Stuenkel, et al., Can critically times sleep deprivation be useful in pregnancy and postpartum depressions? J Affect Disord, 2000;60:201–212.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Corral, M., A. Kuan, and D. Kostaras, Bright light therapy’s effect on postpartum depression. Am J Psychiatry, 2000;157:303–304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Sadeh, A., I. Dark, and B.R. Vohr, Newborns’ sleep-wake patterns: the role of maternal, delivery and infant factors. Early Hum Dev, 1996;44:113–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lee, K.A., Caughey, A.B. (2006). Evaluating Insomnia During Pregnancy and Postpartum. In: Attarian, H.P. (eds) Sleep Disorders in Women. Current Clinical Neurology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-115-4_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-115-4_15

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-592-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-115-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics