Abstract
Genital infections with lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), chancroid, granuloma inguinale, and molluscum contagiosum are sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that are generally more frequently found in tropical areas, but do present in the United States. Each is more common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals than in the general population. Ulcerative infections increase the risks of transmission and acquisition of HIV. Diagnosis of each of these infections is usually done clinically; the availability of laboratory testing to support the diagnosis is limited.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Schwartz DA. Lymphogranuloma venereum. In: Connor DH, Chandler FW, Schwartz DA, Mantz HJ, Lack EE, eds., Pathology of Infectious Diseases. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1997, pp. 491–497.
Blank S, Schillinger JA, Harbatkin D. Lymphogranuloma venereum in the industrialised world. Lancet 2005; 365:1607–1608.
Sweet RL, Gibbs RS. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Infectious Diseases of the Female Genital Tract. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, 2002, pp. 118–175.
Bolan RK, Sands M, Schachter J, Miner RC, Drew WL. Lymphogranuloma venereum and acute ulcerative proctitis. Am J Med 1982; 72:703–706.
Bauwens JE, Lampe MF, Suchland RJ, Wong K, Stamm WE. Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum serovar L1 in homosexual men with proctitis: molecular analysis of an unusual case cluster. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:576–581.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006; 55(RR-11):15,16,20 2–22. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/. Accessed Nov. 24, 2006.
County of Los Angeles Department of Health Services. Provider alert: lymphogranuloma venereum infections in California. Public’s Health 2005; 5(3):1–2. Available from: http://www.ladhs.org/media/tph/TPHMarch2005.pdf. Accessed Nov. 24, 2006.
Schachter J, Smith DE, Dawson CR, et al. Lymphogranuloma venereum. I. Comparison of the Frei test, complement fixation test, and isolation of the agent. J Infect Dis 1969; 120:372–375.
Koo D, Wetterhall SF. History and current status of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. J Public Health Manag Pract 1996; 2:4–10.
Ducrey A. Experimentelle Untersuchungen uber den Ansteckungsstof des weichen Schankers und uber die Bubonen. Monatsh Prakt Dermatol 1889; 9:387–405.
Bezancon F, Griffin V, LeSourd L. Culture du bacille du chancre mou. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 1900; 52:1048–1051.
Lewis DA. Diagnostic tests for chancroid. Sex Transm Infect 2000; 76:137–141.
Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect 1999; 75:3–17.
Spinola SM, Bauer ME, Munson RS Jr. Immunopathogenesis of Haemophilus ducreyi infection (chancroid). Infect Immun 2002; 70:1667–1676.
World Health Organization (WHO). Sexually transmitted infections fact sheet. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2004. Available from: http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/rtis/docs/sti_factsheet_2004.pdf. Accessed April 18, 2005.
Nikolaidis G, Rosen T. Chancroid. In: Connor DH, Chandler FW, Schwartz DA, Mantz HJ, Lack EE, eds., Pathology of Infectious Diseases. Stamford, CT: Appleton &Lange, 1997, pp. 469–471.
Crowe MA, Hall MA. Chancroid. Updated 2005. Available from: http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic71.htm. Accessed Nov. 24, 2006.
Ronald AR, Albritton W. Chancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi. In: Holmes KK, Mardh P-A, Sparling PF, et al., eds., Sexually Transmitted Diseases. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1999, pp. 515–523.
Plummer FA, D’Costa LJ, Nsanze H, Dylewski J, Karasira P, Ronald AR. Epidemiology of chancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi in Nairobi, Kenya. Lancet 1983; 2:1293–1295.
Brunham RC. Epidermiology of sexually transmitted diseases in developing countries. In: Wasserheit J, Aral S, Holmes KK, eds., Research Issues in Human Behavior and STDs in the AIDS Era. Washington: American Society of Microbiology, 1991, pp. 61–80.
Al-Tawfiq JA, Thornton AC, Katz BP, et al. Standardization of the experimental model of Haemophilus ducreyi infection in human subjects. J Infect Dis 1998; 178:1684–1687.
Lockett AE. Serum-free media for the isolation of Haemophilus ducreyi. Lancet 1991; 338:326.
Orle KA, Gates CA, Martin DH, Body BA, Weiss JB. Simultaneous PCR detection of Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 from genital ulcers. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:49–54.
Chapel TA, Brown WJ, Jeffres C, Stewart JA. How reliable is the morphological diagnosis of penile ulcerations? Sex Transm Dis 1977; 4:150–152.
Dangor Y, Ballard RC, da L Exposto F, Fehler G, Miller SD, Koornhof HJ. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of genital ulcer disease. Sex Transm Dis 1990; 17:184–189.
Lewis DA. Chancroid: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79:68–71.
World Health Organization (WHO). Program for sexually transmitted diseases, global program on AIDS. Recommendations for the management of sexually transmitted diseases. WHO/GPA/TEM/94. Geneva: WHO, 1994.
Bogaerts J, Vuylsteke B, Martinez Tello W, et al. Simple algorithms for the management of genital ulcers: evaluation in a primary health care centre in Kigali, Rwanda. Bull World Health Organ 1995; 73:761–767.
California STD/HIV Prevention Training Center. California STD treatment guidelines for adults and adolescents, 2004. Revised January 2005. Available from: http://www.dhs.ca.gov/dcdc/STD/docs/CA%20Tx%20Guide%20Jan%202005.pdf. Accessed Nov. 24, 2006.
Majmudar B. Granuloma inguinale. In: Connor DH, Chandler FW, Schwartz DA, Mantz HJ, Lack EE, eds., Pathology of Infectious Diseases. Stamford, CT: Appleton &Lange, 1997, pp. 1:565–570.
Droegemueller W. Infections of the lower genital tract. In: Stenchever MA, Droegemueller W, Herbst AL, Mishell DR, eds., Comprehensive Gynecology, 4th Ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Inc., 2001, pp. 641–706.
O’Farrell N. Donovanosis. Sex Transm Infect 2002; 78:452–457.
Merianos A, Gilles M, Chuah J. Ceftriaxone in the treatment of chronic donovanosis in central Australia. Genitourin Med 1994; 70:84–89.
Richens J. The diagnosis and treatment of donovanosis (granuloma inguinale). Genitourin Med 1991; 67:441–452.
Kuberski T. Granuloma inguinale (donovanosis). Sex Transm Dis 1980; 7:29–36.
Carter J, Bowden FJ, Sriprakash KS, Bastian I, Kemp DJ. Diagnostic polymerase chain reaction for donovanosis. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:1168–1169.
Carter JS, Kemp DJ. A colorimetric detection system for Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. Sex Transm Infect 2000; 76:134–136.
Sehgal VN, Prasad AL. Donovanosis. Current concepts. Int J Dermatol 1986; 25:8–16.
Merianos A, Gilles M, Chuah J. Ceftriaxone in the treatment of chronic donovanosis in central Australia. Genitourin Med 1994; 70:84–89.
Govender D, Naidoo K, Chetty R. Granuloma inguinale (donovanosis): an unusual cause of otitis media and mastoiditis in children. Am J Clin Pathol 1997; 108:510–514.
Brown ST, Nalley JF, Kraus SJ. Molluscum contagiosum. Sex Transm Dis 1981; 8:227–234.
Taillac PP, Bretz S. Molluscum contagiosum. Available from: http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic317.htm. Accessed Nov. 24, 2006.
Postlethwaite R. Molluscum contagiosum. Arch Environ Health 1970; 21:432–452.
Gottlieb SL, Myskowski PL. Molluscum contagiosum. Int J Dermatol 1994; 33:453–461.
Tyring SK. Molluscum contagiosum: the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189:S12–S16.
Billstein SA, Mattaliano VJ Jr. The “nuisance” sexually transmitted diseases: molluscum contagiosum, scabies, and crab lice. Med Clin North Am 1990; 74:1487–1505.
Bugert JJ, Darai G. Recent advances in molluscum contagiosum virus research. Arch Virol Suppl 1997; 13:35–47.
Fenner F. Poxviruses. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, eds., Virology, 2nd Ed. New York, NY: New York Press, 1990.
Henao, Freeman RG. Inflammatory molluscum contagiosum. Clinicopathological study of seven cases. Arch Dermatol 1964; 90:479–482.
Cockerell CJ. Poxvirus infections. In Connor DH, Chandler FW, Schwartz DA, Mantz HJ, Lack EE, eds., Pathology of Infectious Diseases. Stamford, CT: Appleton &Lange, 1997, pp. 273–279.
Janniger CK, Schwartz RA. Molluscum contagiosum in children. Cutis 1993; 52:194–196.
Hughes PS. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with the 585-nm pulsed dye laser. Dermatol Surg 1998; 24:229–230.
Becker TM, Blout JH, Douglas J, Judson FM. Trends in molluscum contagiosum. Dermatol Ther 2000; 13:285–289.
Silverberg NB, Sidbury R, Mancini AJ. Childhood molluscum contagiosum: experience with cantharidin therapy in 300 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 43:503–507.
Hengge UR, Esser S, Schultewolter T, et al. Self-administered topical 5% imiquimod for the treatment of common warts and molluscum contagiosum. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143:1026–1031.
Liota E, Smith KJ, Buckley R, Menon P, Skelton H. Imiquimod therapy for molluscum contagiosum. J Cutan Med Surg 2000; 4:76–82.
Romiti R, Ribeiro AP, Grinblat BM, Rivitti EA, Romiti N. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with potassium hydroxide: a clinical approach in 35 children. Pediatr Dermatol 1999; 16:228–231.
Hanson D, Diven DG. Molluscum contagiosum. Dermatol Online J 2003; 9:2.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Humana Press Inc.,Totowa NJ
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Woodward, J. (2006). Lymphogranuloma Venereum, Chancroid, Granuloma Inguinale, and Molluscum Contagiosum. In: Nelson, A.L., Woodward, J., Wysocki, S. (eds) Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Current Clinical Practice. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-040-9_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-040-9_11
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-570-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-040-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)