Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis was first discovered by Donné in 1836. Today, it is responsible for 25 % of all cases of clinically diagnosed vaginitis. More than half of infected women and nearly 90% of infected men are asymptomatic, which increases the reservoir of people spreading the infection. Trichomoniasis increases the risks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and HIV acquisition.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Cates W Jr. Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States. American Social Health Association Panel. Sex Transm Dis 1999; 26:S2–S7.
Gerbase AC, Rowley JT, Heymann DH, Berkley SF, Piot P. Global prevalence and incidence estimates of selected curable STDs. Sex Transm Infect 1998; 74:S12–S16.
World Health Organization. Sexually Transmitted Infections Fact Sheet. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2004. Available from: http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/rtis/docs/sti_factsheet_2004.pdf. Accessed April 18, 2005.
Soper D. Trichomoniasis: under control or undercontrolled? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190:281–290.
Spence MR, Hollander DH, Smith J, McCaig L, Sewell D, Brockman M. The clinical and laboratory diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Sex Transm Dis 1980; 7:168–171.
Petrin D, Delgaty K, Bhatt R, Garber G. Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998; 11:300–317.
Horowitz BJ, MĂ¥rdh P-A, eds. Vaginitis and Vaginosis. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss, 1999.
Hook EW III. Trichomonas vaginalis—no longer a minor STD. Sex Transm Dis 1999; 26:388–389.
Laga M, Manoka A, Kivuvu M, et al. Non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study. AIDS 1993; 7:95–102.
Hobbs MM, Kazembe P, Reed AW, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis as a cause of urethritis in Malawian men. Sex Transm Dis 1999; 26:381–387.
Thomason JL, Gelbart SM. Trichomonas vaginalis. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 74:536–541.
Latif AS, Mason PR, Marowa E. Urethral trichomoniasis in men. Sex Transm Dis 1987; 14: 9–11.
Mason PR, Forman L. Serological survey of trichomoniasis in Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Cent Afr J Med 1980; 26:6–8.
Gardner HL, Dukes CD. Haemophilus vaginalis vaginitis: a newly defined specific infection previously classified non-specific vaginitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1955; 69:962–976.
Sweet RL, Gibbs RS. Infectious Diseases of the Female Genital Tract, 4th Ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, 2002, pp. 339–340.
Lara-Torre E, Pinkerton JS. Accuracy of detection of Trichomonas vaginalis organisms on a liquid-based Papanicolaou smear. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188:354–356.
Ledger WJ, Monif GR. A growing concern: inability to diagnose vulvovaginal infections correctly. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103:782–784.
Krieger JN, Tarn MR, Stevens CE, et al. Diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Comparison of conventional wet-mount examination with cytologic studies, cultures, and monoclonal antibody staining of direct specimens. JAMA 1988; 259:1223–1227.
van Der Schee C, van Belkum A, Zwijgers L, et al. Improved diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR using vaginal swabs and urine specimens compared to diagnosis by wet mount microscopy, culture, and fluorescent staining. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:4127–4130.
Lobo TT, Feijo G, Carvalho SE, et al. A comparative evaluation of the Papanicolaou test for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30:694–699.
Borchardt KA, Li Z, Zhang MZ, Shing H. An in vitro metronidazole susceptibility test for trichomoniasis using the InPouch TV test. Genitourin Med 1996; 72:132–135.
Weston TE, Nicol CS. Natural history of trichomonal infection in males. Br J Vener Dis 1963; 39:251–257.
Durel P, Roiron V, Siboulet A, Borel LJ. Systemic treatment of human trichomoniasis with a derivative of nitro-imidazole, 8823 RP. Br J Vener Dis 1960; 36:21–26.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006. MMWR 2006; 55(RR-11):52–54. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/. Accessed Nov. 24, 2006.
Sobel JD, Nyirjesy P, Brown W. Tinidazole therapy for metronidazole-resistant vaginal trichomoniasis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:1341–1346.
Spence MR, Harwell TS, Davies MC, Smith JL. The minimum single oral metronidazole dose for treating trichomoniasis: a randomized, blinded study. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89:699–703.
Hager WD, Brown ST, Kraus SJ, Kleris GS, Perkins GJ, Henderson M. Metronidazole for vaginaltrichomoniasis. Seven-dayvs single-dose regimens. JAMA 1980; 244:1219–1220.
Tidwell BH, Lushbaugh WB, Laughlin MD, Cleary JD, Finley RW. A double-blind placebocontrolled trial of single-dose intravaginal versus single-dose oral metronidazole in the treatment of trichomonal vaginitis. J Infect Dis 1994; 170:242–246.
Smilack JD, Wilson WR, Cockerill FR III. Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, and metronidazole. Mayo Clin Proc 1991; 66:1270–1280.
Flagyl. Prescribing Information. Chicago, IL: Pfizer Inc., 2004.
Pearlman MD, Yashar C, Ernst S, Solomon W. An incremental dosing protocol for women with severe vaginal trichomoniasis and adverse reaction to metronidazole. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174:934–936.
Schmid G, Narcisi E, Mosure D, Secor WE, Higgins J, Moreno H. Prevalence of metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis in a gynecology clinic. J Reprod Med 2001; 46:545–549.
Pattman RS. Recalcitrant vaginal trichomoniasis. Sex Transm Infect 1999; 75:127–128.
Feola DJ, Thornton AC. Metronidazole-induced pancreatitis in a patient with recurrent vaginal trichomoniasis. Pharmacotherapy 2002; 22:1508–1510.
Cotch MF, Pastorek JG II, Nugent RP, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24:353–360.
Burtin P, Taddio A, Ariburnu O, Einarson TR, Koren G. Safety of metronidazole in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172:525–529.
Piper JM, Mitchel EF, Ray WA. Prenatal use of metronidazole and birth defects: no association. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82:348–352.
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Workshop summary: scientific evidence on condom effectiveness for sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health, Department of Health Services, 2001. Available from: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/dmid/stds/condomreport.pdf. Accessed Nov. 24, 2006.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Humana Press Inc.,Totowa NJ
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Moore, A. (2006). Trichomoniasis. In: Nelson, A.L., Woodward, J., Wysocki, S. (eds) Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Current Clinical Practice. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-040-9_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-040-9_10
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-570-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-040-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)