Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Nutrition in Kidney Disease pp 137–176Cite as

Diabetes Mellitus

  • Chapter

  • 1548 Accesses

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Summary

Diabetic nephropathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) that can be prevented or slowed by medical and nutritional interventions. Glycemic control coupled with the management of hypertension and dyslipidemia can alter the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in stages 1 through 4. Careful management of carbohydrate (CHO) intake is essential to diabetes meal planning, emphasizing how much and when to consume CHO. At all stages of CKD (1–4), persons with DM should achieve a dietary protein intake that meets, but does not exceed, the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 0.8 g/kg body weight/day, or 10% of total calories.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   179.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. American Diabetes Association: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2007. Diabetes Care 2006; 30 (Suppl 1): S4–S41.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ross TA, Boucher JL, O’Connell BS, ed. American Dietetic Association Guide to Diabetes Medical Nutrition Therapy and Education. Diabetes Care and Education Dietetic Practice Group. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  3. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2007; 49 (Suppl 2): S1–S179.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes – 2006. A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(9): 2140–2157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. American Diabetes Association Web site. Available at: http://www.diabetes.org. Diabetes Statistics and National Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2005. Accessed November 10, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  6. United States Renal Data System. USRDS Annual Data Report at www.usrds.org. Accessed August 14, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Molitch ME, DeFronzo RA, Franz MJ, Keane WF, Mogensen CE, Parving HH, Steffes MW. American Diabetes Association: Nephropathy in Diabetes (Position Statement). Diabetes Care 2004; 27 (Suppl 1): S79–S83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Levinsky NG. Specialist evaluation in chronic kidney disease: too little, too late. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137: 542–543.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. American Dietetic Association Medical Nutrition Therapy Evidence-Based Guide for Practice. Chronic Kidney Disease (non-dialysis) Medical Nutrition Protocol [CD-ROM]. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Nesbitt KN. An overview of diabetic nephropathy. J Pharmacy Practice 2004; 17(1): 75–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977–986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352: 837–853.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998; 352: 854–865.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Schering D, Kasten S. The link between diabetes and cardiovascular disease. J Pharmacy Practice 2004; 17(1): 61–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. American Diabetes Association. Dyslipidemia management in adults with diabetes (position statement). Diabetes Care 2004; 27 (Suppl 1): S68–S71.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Namyi Y, Milite CP, Inzucchi SE. Evidence-based treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Practical Diabetology 2005; December: 36–41.

    Google Scholar 

  17. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39 (Suppl 1): S1–S266.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation: Modification of Diet Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130: 461–470.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. McCann L, ed. Pocket Guide to the Nutrition Assessment of the Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), 3rd edn. New York, NY: National Kidney Foundation, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  20. American College of Endocrinology. American College of Endocrinology Consensus Statement on Guidelines for Glycemic Control. Endocr Pract 2002; 8 (Suppl 1): 5–11.

    Google Scholar 

  21. International Diabetes Federation Clinical Guidelines Task Force. Global guidelines for type 2 diabetes. Available at: http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF%20GGT2D.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Pagenkemper JJ. Nutrition management of diabetes in chronic kidney disease. In: A Clinical Guide to Nutrition Care in Kidney Disease. Byham-Gray L, Wiesen K (ed.). Chicago IL: American Dietetic Association, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Delahanty LM. Implications of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial for renal outcomes and medical nutrition therapy. J Ren Nutr 1998; 8: 59–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Renal Dietitians Dietetic Practice Group of the American Dietetic Association. National Renal Diet Professional Guide, 2nd edn. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Apidra® (Insulin Glulisine Injection), Prescribing Information, Package Insert. Bridgewater, NJ: Sanofi-Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Franz MJ, Bantle JP, Beebe CA, Brunzell JD, Chiasson JL, Garg A, Holzmeister L, Hoogwerf BJ, Mayer-Davis E, Mooradian AD, Purnell JQ, Wheeler M. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications (Technical Review). Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 148–198.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Durst SW, Schering D. Hypertension management in the diabetes patient. J Pharmacy Practice 2004; 17(1): 55–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. National High Blood Pressure Education Program. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment. JAMA 2003; 289: 2560–2572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. American Diabetes Association. Consensus development conference on the diagnosis of coronary heart disease in people with diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1551–1559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486–2497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Sheard NF, Clark NG, Brand-Miller JC, Franz MJ, Pi-Sunyer FX, Mayer-Davis E, Kulkarni K, Geil P. Dietary carbohydrate (amount and type) in the prevention and management of diabetes: a statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2226–2271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes: Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Wolever TM, Bolognesi C. Source and amount of carbohydrate affect postprandial glucose and insulin in normal subjects. J Nutr 1996; 126: 2798–2806.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Wolever TM, Bolognesi C. Prediction of glucose and insulin responses of normal subjects after consuming mixed meals varying in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and glycemic index. J Nutr 1996; 126: 2807–2812.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Foster-Powell K, Miller JB. International tables of glycemic index. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62: 871S–890S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Pi-Sunyer FX. Do glycemic index, glycemic load, and fiber play a role in insulin sensitivity, disposition index, and type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2978–2979.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Franz MJ. The glycemic index: not the most effective nutrition therapy intervention. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(8): 2466–2468.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Freeman J. The glycemic index debate: does the type of carbohydrate really matter? Diabetes Forecast 2005; September: 11.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Pi-Sunyer FX. Glycemic index and disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: S290–S298.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Kasiske BL, Lakatua JD, Ma JZ, Louis TA. A meta-analysis of the effects of dietary protein restriction on the rate of decline in renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31: 954–961.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Pedrini MT, Levey AS, Lau J, Chalmers TC, Wang PH. The effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of diabetic and nondiabetic renal disease: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 627–632.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hansen HP, Tauber-Lassen E, Jensen BR, Parving HH. Effect of dietary protein restriction on prognosis in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 220–228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER III, Simons-Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 3–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. He J, Gu D, Wu X, Chen J, Duan X, Chen J, Whelton PK. Effect of soybean protein on blood pressure: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Int Med 2005; 143: 1–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Azadbakht L, Shakerhosseini R, Atabak S, Jamshidian M, Mehrabi Y, Esmaill-Zedah A. Beneficiary effect of dietary soy protein on lowering plasma levels of lipid and improving kidney function in type 2 diabetes with nephropathy. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57: 1292–1294.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Jibani MM, Bloodworth LL, Foden E, Griffiths KD, Galpin OP. Predominantly vegetarian diet in patients with incipient and early clinical diabetic nephropathy: effects of albumin excretion rate and nutritional status. Diabet Med 1991; 8: 949–953.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Knight EL, Stampfer MJ, Hankinson SE, Spiegelman D, Curhan GC. The impact of protein intake on renal function decline in women with normal renal function or mild renal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 460–467.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004 (suppl 1); 43: S115–S119.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Food Policy and Food Science, Nutrition Division. Amino-Acid Content of Foods and Biological Data on Proteins. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Food and Nutrition Board. Evaluation of Protein Nutrition. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council, Publ 711, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation 2006; 114: 82–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Hamazaki T, Takazakura E, Osawa K, Urakaze M, Yano S. Reduction in microalbuminuria in diabetics by eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester. Lipids 1990; 9: 541–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Rossing P, Hansen BV, Nielsen FS, Myrup B, Holmer G, Parving HH. Fish oil in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 1214–1219.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2005 (Suppl 3); 45: S90–S95.

    Google Scholar 

  55. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 35: S40–S45, S58–S61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Byham-Gray LD. Weighing the evidence: energy determinations across the spectrum of kidney disease. J Ren Nutr 2006; 16(1): 17–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Avesani CM, Cuppari L, Silva AC, Sigulem DM, Cendoroglo M, Sesso R, Draibe SA. Resting energy expenditure in pre-dialysis diabetic patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 556–560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Maggio CA, Pi-Sunyer FX. Obesity and type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2003; 32: 805–822.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Hollander P. Pharmacologic treatment of obesity. On the Cutting Edge: Diabetes Care and Education. Spring 2006; 27(2): 22–26.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Medicare program; revisions to payment policies and five-year review of and adjustments to the relative value units under the physician fee schedule for calendar year 2002; final rule, 66 Federal Register 55246-55332 (2001) (codified at 42 CFR 405).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Additional clarification for medical nutrition therapy (MNT) services. Available at: http://www.cms.hhs.gov/manuals/. Accessed November 4, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Medicare program, expanded coverage for outpatient diabetes self-management training and diabetes outcome measurements; final rule and notice. 65 Federal Register 83130-83154 (2000) (codified at 42 CFR 410, 414,424,480, 498).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Drucker DJ. The evidence for achieving glycemic control with incretin mimetics. The Diabetes Educator March/April 2006; 32 (Suppl 2): S72–S81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Daugherty KK. Review of insulin therapy. J Pharmacy Practice. 2004; 17(1): 10–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. DeWitt DE, Hirsch IB. Outpatient insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: scientific review. JAMA 2003; 289: 2254–2264.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Cornell S, Briggs A. Newer treatment strategies for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pharmacy Practice 2004; 17(1): 49–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Saenz M. Insulin analogs: tools for better blood-glucose control. On the Cutting Edge: Diabetes Care and Education. Spring 2006; 27(2): 12–14.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Koski RR. Oral antidiabetic agents: a comparative review. J Pharmacy Practice 2004; 17(1): 39–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Hamrick J. Oral medications for diabetes: a review. On the Cutting Edge: Diabetes Care and Education. Spring 2006; 27(2): 15–18.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular courses. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356: 2457–2471.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Strotmeyer ES, Schwarte AV, Newman AB. Thiazolidinediones and the risk of nontraumatic fractures in patients with diabetes: In reply. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166(9): 1043.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Monnier L, Lapinski H, Colette C. Contributions of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose increments to the overall diurnal hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetic patients: variations with increasing levels of HbA1C. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 881–885.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Drucker DJ. Incretin-based therapies: a clinical need filled by unique metabolic effects. Diabetes Educ March/April 2006; 32 (Suppl 2): S65–S71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Kruger DF, Martin CL, Sadler CE. New insights into glucose regulation. The Diabetes Educator March/April 2006; 32: 221–228.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Uwaifo GI, Ratner RE. Novel pharmacologic agents for type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2005; 34: 155–197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Blair EM. Pramlintide: a new tool for glycemic control. On the Cutting Edge: Diabetes Care and Education. Spring 2006; 27(2): 6–8.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Kruger D. Symlin and Byetta: two new antihyperglycemic medications. Practical Diabetology 2006; March: 49–52.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Hollander PA, Levy P, Fineman MS, Maggs DG, Shen LZ, Stroebel SA, Weyer C, Kolterman OG. Pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy improves long-term glycemic and weight control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 784–790.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Karl DM. Learning to use pramlintide. Practical Diabetology 2006; March: 43–46.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Clark WL. Exenatide. Diabetes Self-Management 2006; Jan/Feb: 36–40.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Blair EM. Exenatide: glycemic control and weight loss. On the Cutting Edge: Diabetes Care and Education. Spring 2006; 27(2): 4–6.

    Google Scholar 

  82. >DeFronzo RA. Pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131: 281–303.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Briggs A, Cornell S. Self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG): now and the future. J Pharmacy Practice 2004; 17(1): 29–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Rohlfing CL, Wiedmeyer H-M, Little RR, England JD, Tennill A, Goldstein DE. Defining the relationship between plasma glucose and HbA1C: analysis of glucose profiles and HbA1C in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 275–278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska

    Joni J. Pagenkemper MA, MS, RD, LMNT

Authors
  1. Joni J. Pagenkemper MA, MS, RD, LMNT
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 40 East Laurel Rd, Stratford, NJ, USA

    Laura D. Byham-Gray

  2. Division of Nephrology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3333 California St, Stanford, CA, USA

    Glenn M. Chertow

  3. Department of Nutrition, C.W. Post Campus Long Island University, 720 Northern Blvd, Brookville, NY, USA

    Jerrilynn D. Burrowes

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pagenkemper, J.J. (2008). Diabetes Mellitus. In: Byham-Gray, L.D., Chertow, G.M., Burrowes, J.D. (eds) Nutrition in Kidney Disease. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-032-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-032-4_6

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-781-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-032-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation