Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Patient at Risk for Diabetes Considering Prevention

  • Chapter
Evidence-Based Endocrinology

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE))

  • 821 Accesses

Abstract

More than 170 million people worldwide have diabetes, and the World Health Organization (WHO) projects that this number will more than double by the year 2030. Most of the increase is expected to occur in developing countries, where diabetes already affects people in their most productive years, the 45- to 64-yr age bracket (1). In the United States, an estimated 17.7 million people have diabetes, and this number is expected to increase to 30.3 million by 2030 (2). Thus, diabetes is poised to become one of the primary causes of disability and death worldwide within the next 25 yr. From these data, it is clear that there is an urgent need to develop and implement effective strategies to prevent diabetes. This chapter will review the evidence regarding predictors of diabetes and therapies to prevent diabetes, and will discuss how diabetes prevention strategies can be applied in the “real world.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. From World Health Organization website http://www.who.int/diabetes/facts/world_figures/en/index.html.

  2. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, et al. Global prevalence of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1047–1053.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Shaten BJ, Davey Smith G, Kuller LH, Neaton JD. Risk factors for the development of type II diabetes among men enrolled in the Usual Care group of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 1993;16:1331–1339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Harris MI, Flegal KM, Cowie CC, et al. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 1998;21:518–524.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. Weight as a risk factor for clinical diabetes in women. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132:501–513.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Cassano PA, Rosner B, Vokonas PS, Weiss ST. Obesity and body fat distribution in relation to the incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:1474–1486.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Chan JM, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain as risk factors for clinical diabetes in men. Diabetes Care 1994;17:961–969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Carey VJ, Walters EE, Colditz GA, et al. Body fat distribution and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:614–619.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Latha E et al. Impacts of urbanization on the lifestyle and on the prevalence of diabetes in native Asian Indian population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1999;44:207–213.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Neel V. Diabetes mellitus: a thrifty genotype rendered detrimental by progress? Am J Hum Genetics 1962;14:353–362.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ohlson L-O, Larsson B, Bjorntorp P, et al. Risk factors for Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Thirteen and one-half years of follow-up of the participants in a study of Swedish men born in 1913. Diabetologia 1988;31:798–805.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kawakami N, Takatsuka N, Shimizu H, Ishibashi H. Effects of smoking on the incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:103–109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Anand S, Yusuf S. Ethnicity and vascular disease. In: Salim Yusuf ed. Evidence Based Cardiology. BMJ, London, 1998, pp. 329–352.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Rewers M, Hamman RF. Risk factors for non-insulin-dependent diabetes. In: National Diabetes Data Group, ed. Diabetes in America, 2nd ed. National Institutes of Health/NIDDK, Bethesda, MD, 1995, pp. 179–220.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Report of The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diab Care 1997;20:1183–1197.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Genuth S, Alberti KG, Bennett P et al. Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003;26:3160–3167.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Charles MA, Fontbonne A, Thibult N, Warnet J-M, Rosselin GE, Eschwege E. Risk factors for NIDDM in white population. Paris Prospective Study. Diabetes 1991;40:796–799.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Edelstein SL, Knowler WC, Bain RP, et al. Predictors of progression from impaired glucose tolerance to NIDDM. An analysis of six prospective studies. Diabetes 1997;46:701–710.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kim C, Newton KM, Knopp RH. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1862–1867

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Damm P, Kuhl C, Bertelsen A, Molsted-Pedersen L. Predictive factors for the development of diabetes in women with previous gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:607–616.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Coustan DR, Carpenter MW, O’Sullivan PS, Carr SR. Gestational diabetes: predictors of subsequent disordered glucose metabolism. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:1139–1145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. McCance DR, Pettitt DJ, Hanson RL, Jacobsson TH, Knowler WC, Bennett PH. Birth weight and non-insulin-dependent diabetes: thrifty genotype, thrifty phenotype, or surviving small baby genotype? BMJ 1994;308:942–945.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hales CN, Barker DJP, Clark PMS, et al. Fetal growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64. BMJ 1991;303:1019–1022.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Carlsson S, Persson P-G, Alvarsson M, et al. Low birth weight, family history of diabetes, and glucose intolerance in Swedish middle-aged men. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1043–1047.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Ascherio AL, Stampfer MJ. Birth weight and adult hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity in US men. Circulation 1996;94:3246–3250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. Birthweight and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adult women. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:278–284.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Poulsen P, Vaag AA, Moller Jensen D, Beck-Nielsen H. Low birth weight is associated with NIDDM in discordant monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. Diabetologia 1997;40:439–446.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Pettitt DJ, Aleck KA, Baird HR, Carraher MJ, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. Congenital susceptibility to NIDDM: role of intrauterine environment. Diabetes 1988;37:622–628.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Pettitt DJ, Forman MR, Hanson RL, Knowler WC, Bennett PH. Breastfeeding and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians. Lancet 1997;350:166–168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Forsen T, Eriksson J, Tuomilehto J, Reunanen A, Osmond C, Barker D. The fetal and childhood growth of persons who develop type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:176–182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ebbeling CB, Pawiak DB, Ludwig DS. Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet 2002;360:473–482.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Feskens EJM, Kromhout D. Cardiovascular risk factors and the 25-year incidence of diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men. Am J Epidemiol 1989;130:1101–1108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Lundgren H, Bengtsson C, Blohme G, et al. Dietary habits and incidence of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:708–712.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Medalie JH, Papier CM, Goldbourt U, Herman JB. Major factors in the development of diabetes mellitus in 10 000 men. Arch Intern Med 1975;135:811–817.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Salmeron J, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Wing AL, Willett WC. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA 1997;277:472–477.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Salmeron J, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, et al. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men. Diabetes Care 1997;20(4):545–550.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hodge AM, English DR, O’Dea K, Giles GG. Glycemic index and dietary fiber and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2701–2706.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Resnick LM. Ionic basis of hypertension, insulin resistance, vascular disease, and related disorders: the mechanism of syndrome X. Am J Hypertens 1993;6:123s–134s.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Rimm EB, Chan J, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Prospective study of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and the risk of diabetes in men. BMJ 1995;310:555–559.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of moderate alcohol drinking and risk of diabetes in women. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:549–558.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Holbrook TL, Barrett-Connor E, Wingard DL. A prospective population-based study of alcohol use and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132:902–909.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Facchini F, Chen Y-DI, Reaven GM. Light-to-moderate alcohol intake is associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 1994;17:115–119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Manson JE, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. Physical activity and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Lancet 1991;338:774–778.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Manson JE, Nathan DM, Krolewski AS, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of exercise and incidence of diabetes among US male physicians. JAMA 1992;268:63–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Perry IJ, Wannamethee SG, Walker MK, Thomson AG, Whincup PH, Shaper AG. Prospective study of risk factors for development of non-insulin dependent diabetes in middle aged British men. BMJ 1995;310:560–564.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Helmrich SP, Ragland DR, Leung RW, Paffenbarger RS. Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1991;325:147–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Ruderman N, Apelian AZ, Schneider SH. Exercise in therapy and prevention of type II diabetes: implications for blacks. Diabetes Care 1990;13:1163–1168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Rimm EB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Cigarette smoking and the risk of diabetes in women. Am J Public Health 1993;83:211–214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Rimm EB, Chan J, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Prospective study of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and the risk of diabetes in men. BMJ 1995;310:555–559.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Njolstad I, Arnesen E, Lund-Larsen PG. Sex differences in risk factors for clinical diabetes mellitus in a general population: a 12-year follow-up of the Finnmark Study. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:49–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Stolk RP, van Splunder IP, Schouten JSAG, Witteman JCM, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. High blood pressure and the incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: findings in a 11.5 year follw-up study in the Netherlands. Eur J Epidemiol 1993;9:134–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Perry IJ, Wannamethee SG, Walker MK, Thomson AG, Whincup PH, Shaper AG. Prospective study of risk factors for development of non-insulin dependent diabetes in middle aged British men. BMJ 1995;310:560–564.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. McPhillips JB, Barrett-Connor E, Wingard DL. Cardiovascular disease risk factors prior to the diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a community of older adults. Am J Epidemiol 1990;131:443–453.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Balkau B, King H, Zimmet P, Raper LR. Factors associated with the development of diabetes in the Micronesian population of Nauru. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:594–605.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Skarfors ET, Selinus KI, Lithell HO. Risk factors for developing non-insulin dependent diabetes: a 10 year follow up of men in Uppsala. BMJ 1991;303:755–760.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Wilson PWF, Anderson KM, Kannel WB. Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in the elderly. The Framingham Study. Am J Med 1986;80:3–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Pepine CJ, Cooper-DeHoff RM. Cardiovascular therapies and risk for development of diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:509–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Legro RS, Kunselman AR, Dodson WC, Dunaif A. Prevalence and predictors of risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective, controlled study in 254 affected women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:165–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Solomon CG, Hu FB, Dunaif A, et al. Long or highly irregular menstrual cycles as a marker for risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2001;286:2421.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Bushe C, Holt R. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in patients with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 2004;47:s67–s71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. “Schizophrenia and Diabetes 2003” Expert Consensus Meeting, Dublin, 2–3 October 2003: consensus summary. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 2004;184:s112–s114.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1343–1350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Chiasson J-L, Josse RG, Gomis R, et al. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:2072–2077.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Torgerson JS, Hauptman J, Boldrin MN, Sjöström L. XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) Study. Diab Care 2004;27:155–161.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Peters RK et al. Preservation of pancreatic β-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk Hispanic women. Diabetes 2002;51:2796–2803.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. The DREAM Trial Investigators. Rationale, design and recruitment characteristics of a large, simple international trial of diabetes prevention: the DREAM trial. Diabetologia 2004;47:1519–1527.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Heart Outcome Protection Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICROHOPE substudy. Lancet 2000;355:253–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002;359:1004–1010.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Freeman DJ, Norrie J, Sattar N et al. Pravastatin and the development of diabetes mellitus: evidence for a protective treatment effect in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulations 2001;103:357–362.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Simpson RW, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ. The prevention of type 2 diabetes-lifestyle change or pharmacotherapy? A challenge for the 21st century. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003;59:165–180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Torgerson JS, Sjöström L. The Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study-rationale and results. Int J Obesity 2001;25Suppl 1:S2–S4.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Klein S, Fontana L, Young VL et al. Absence of an effect of liposuction on insulin action and risk factors for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2549–2457.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Narayan KM, Thompson TJ, Boyle JP et al. The use of population attributable risk to estimate the impact of prevention and early detection of type 2 diabetes on population-wide mortality risk in US males. Health Care Manag Sci 1999;2:223–227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Satterfield DW, Volansky M, Caspersen CJ et al. Community-based lifestyle interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 26:2643–2652, 2003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28:S4–S36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Canadian Diabetes Association 2003 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada. Can J Diab 2003;27:S10–S13.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Primary Prevention Working Group. Primary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by lifestyle intervention: implications for health policy. Ann Int Med 2004;140:951–957.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Zimmet P, Shaw J, Alberti KGMM. Preventing type 2 diabetes and the dysmetabolic syndrome in the real world: a realistic view. Diabet Med 2003;20:693–702.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine at McMaster University, Diabetes Care and Research Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

    Sarah E. Capes MD, MSc, FRPC, MS

Authors
  1. Sarah E. Capes MD, MSc, FRPC, MS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN

    Victor M. Montori MD, MSc

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Capes, S.E. (2006). The Patient at Risk for Diabetes Considering Prevention. In: Montori, V.M. (eds) Evidence-Based Endocrinology. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-008-9_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-008-9_19

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-579-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-008-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation