Abstract
Minimally invasive antegrade and retrograde techniques combined with extracorporeal Shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) have virtually eliminated open surgery for stone disease. Success rates for treating renal calculi with the above combination approach 100%. The availability of finer instruments with better optical resolution has made the endourological approach the standard of care today. Nevertheless, there exists a category of stones that fail endourologic therapy and thus are candidates for open surgical intervention.
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Ramani, A.P., Gill, I.S. (2007). Laparoscopic Approach to Urinary Stone Disease. In: Stoller, M.L., Meng, M.V. (eds) Urinary Stone Disease. Current Clinical Urology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-972-1_34
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-972-1_34
Publisher Name: Humana Press
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