Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Urinary Stone Disease pp 433–453Cite as

Anatomical Considerations in Urinary Stone Disease

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Urology ((CCU))

Abstract

In the urinary tract, all roads lead to the urethra. An understanding of its anatomy, in both the male and female, is important for the successful and safe removal of bladder calculi and for the safe passage of both cystoscopes and ureteroscopes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Sharfi AR. Presentation and Management of Urethral Calculi. Br J Urol 1991; 68: 271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Koga S, Arakaki Y, Matsuoka M, Ohyama C. Urethral Calculi. Br J Urol 1990; 65: 288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Schwartz BF, Stoller ML. The vesical calculus. Urol Clin North Am 2000; 27: 333.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Abdel-Razzak OM. Ureteral Anatomy. In: Smith’s Textbook of Endourology, Chapter 7, (Smith AD, Badlani GH, Bagley DH, et al, eds.). Quality Medical Publishing, St. Louis, MO, 1996, pp. 388–396.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Lingeman JE. Mertz maneuver for catheterizing the tortuous ureter. J Endourol 2: 16, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Sampaio FJB. Surgical anatomy of the kidney. In: Smith’s Textbook of Endourology, (Smith AD, Badlani GH, Bagley DH, et al., eds.). Quality Medical Publishing, St. Louis, MO, 1996, pp. 153-184.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Kaye KW. Renal anatomy: endourological considerations. In: Techniques in Endourology: A Guide To The Percutaneous Removal of Renal and Ureteral Calculi, Chapter 3, (Clayman RV, Castaneda-Zufñga W, eds.). Heritage Press, Dallas, TX, 1984, pp. 55–71.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Elbahnasy AM, Clayman RV, Shalhav AL, et al. Lower-pole caliceal stone clearance after shock wave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and flexible ureteroscopy: impact of radiographie spatial anatomy. J Endourol 1998; 12: 113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Madbouly K, Sheir KZ, Elsobky E. Impact of lower pole renal anatomy on stone clearance after shock wave lithotripsy: fact or fiction? J Urol 2001; 165: 1415.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Sampaio FJB, Aragao AHM. Inferior pole collecting system anatomy: its probable role in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. J Urol 1992; 147: 322.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Poulakis V, Dahm P, Witzsch U, de Vries R, Remplik J, Becht E. Prediction of lower pole stone clearance following shock wave lithotripsy using an artificial neural network. J Urol 2003;169: 1250–1256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Tuckey J, Devasia A, Murthy L, et al. Is there a simpler method for predicting lower pole stone clearance after Shockwave lithotripsy than measuring infundibulopelvic angle? J Endourol 2000; 14: 475.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Sampaio FJB, D’Anunciacao AL, Silva ECG. Comparative follow-up of patients with acute and obtuse infundibulum-pelvic angle submitted to extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for lower caliceal stones: preliminary report and proposed study design. J Endourol 1997; 11: 157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Elbahnasy AM, Clayman RV, Shalhav AL, et al. Lower-pole caliceal stone clearance after shock wave lithotripsy. J Endourol 1998; 12: 113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Keeley FX, Moussa SA, Smith G, Tolley DA. Clearance of lower-pole stones following shock wave lithotripsy: effect of the infundibulopelvic angle. Eur Urol 1999; 36: 371.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Poulakis V, Witzsch U, de Vries R, Becht E. Antegrade percutaneous endoluminal treatment of non-malignant ureterointestinal anastomotic strictures following urinary diversion. Eur Urol 2001; 39: 308.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Sumino Y, Mimata H, Tasaki Y, et al. Predictors of lower pole renal stone clearance after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. J Urol 2002; 168: 1344.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Jumar PVS, Joshi HB, Keeley FX. An acute infundibulopelvic angle: a contraindication to flexible ureteroscopy for lower pole stones. J Endourol 1999; 13: 43A.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Moody JA, Williams JC, Lingeman JE. Lower pole renal anatomy: effects on stone clearance after shock wave lithotripsy in a randomized population. J Urol 1999; 161: 378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Pace KT, Tariq N, Dyer S J, et al. Mechanical percussion, inversion and diuresis for residual lower pole fragments after shock wave lithotripsy: a prospective, single blind, randomized controlled trial. J Urol 2001; 166:2065.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Brownlee N, Foster M, Griffith DP, et al. Controlled inversion therapy: an adjunct to the elimination of gravity-dependent fragments following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. J Urol 1990; 143: 1096.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Brodel M. The intrinsic blood vessels of the kidney and their significance in nephrostomy. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull 1901; 12: 10.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Graves FT. The anatomy of the intrarenal arteries and its application to segmental resection of the kidney. Br J Surg 1954; 42: 132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kaye KW, Goldberg ME. Applied anatomy of the kidney and ureter. Urol Clin North Am 1982; 9:3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sampaio FJB, Aragao AHM. Anatomical relationship between the intrarenal arteries and the kidney collection system. J Urol 1990; 143: 679.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sampaio FJB, Aragao AHM. Anatomical relationship between the renal venous arrangement and the kidney collection system. J Urol 1990; 144: 1089.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Sampaio FJB. Renal anatomy: endourologic considerations. Urology 1990; 27: 585.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Sampaio FJB, Zanier JFC, Aragao AHM, Favorito LA. Intrarenal access: 3-dimenstional anatomical study. J Urol 1992; 148: 1769.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Pearle MS, Traxer O. Renal urolithiasis: therapy for special circumstances, part II, Lesson 40. AUA Update Series, Lesson 40, 2000; 20: 314.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Matin SF, Streem SB. Metabolic risk factors in patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction and renal calculi. J Urol 2000; 163: 1676.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Husmann DA, Milliner DS, Segura JW. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction with concurrent renal pelvic calculi in the pediatric patient: a long-term follow-up. J Urol 1996; 156: 741.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bernardo NO, Liatsikos EN, Dinlenc CZ, Kapoor R, Fogarty JD, Smith AD. Stone recurrence after endopyelotomy. Urology 2000; 56: 378.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Streem SB. Stone extraction. In: Smith’s Textbook of Endourology, vol. 1, Chapter 18, (Smith AD, Badlani GH, Bagley DH, et al., eds.). Quality Medical Publishing, St. Louis, MO, 1996, pp. 239–263.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Shalhav AL, Giusti G, Elbahnasy AM, et al. Adult endopyelotomy: impact of etiology and antegrade versus retrograde approach on outcome. J Urol 1998; 160: 685.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ramakumar S, Lancini V, Chan DY, Parsons JK, Kavoussi LR, Jarrett TW. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty with concomitant pyelolithotomy. J Urol 2002; 167: 1378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Yow RM, Bunts RC. Caliceal diverticulum. J Urol 1955; 73: 663.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Wilbert DM, Jenny E, Stoeckle M. Calyceal diverticular stones: Is ESWL worthwhile? J Urol 1986; 135: 183A.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Psihramis DE, Dretler SP. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of caliceal diverticular calculi. J Urol 1987; 138: 707.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ritchie AW, Parr NJ, Moussa SA, Tolley DA. Lithotripsy for calculi in caliceal diverticuli. Br J Urol 1990; 66: 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Jones JA, Lingeman JE, Steidle CP. The roles of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrostolithotomy in the management of pyelocaliceal diverticulua. J Urol 1991; 146: 724.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hendrikx AJ, Bierkens AF, Bos R, Oosterhof GO, Debruyne FM. Treatment of stones in caliceal diverticuli: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy versus percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy. Br J Urol 1992; 70: 478.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Monga M, Smith R, Ferrai H, Thomas R. Percutaneous ablation of caliceal diverticulum: longterm follow-up. J Urol 2000; 163: 28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Bellman GC, Silverstein JI, Blickensderfer S, Smith AD. Technique and follow-up of percutaneous management of caliceal diverticula. Urology 1993; 42: 21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Shalhav AL, Soble JJ, Nakada SY, Wolf S Jr, McClennan BL, Clayman RV. Long-term outcome of caliceal diverticula following percutaneous endosurgical management. J Urol 1998; 160: 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Batter SJ, Dretler SP. Ureterorenoscopic approach to the symptomatic caliceal diverticulum. J Urol 1997; 158: 709.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Gluckman GR, Stoller M, Irby P. Laparoscopic pyelocaliceal diverticuli ablation. J Endourol 1993; 7: 315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Ruckle HC, Segura JW. Laparoscopic treatment of a stone filled, caliceal diverticulum: a definitive, minimally invasive therapeutic option. J Urol 1994; 151: 122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Harewood LM, Agarwal D, Lindsay S, Vaughan MG, Cleeve LK, Webb DR. Extraperitoneal laparoscopic caliceal diverticulectomy. J Endourol 1996; 10: 425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Hoznek A, Herard A, Ogiez N, Amsellem D, Chopin DK, Abbou CC. Symptomatic caliceal diverticula treated with extraperitoneal laparoscopic marsupialization fulguration and gelatin resorcinol formaldehyde glue obliteration. J Urol 1998; 160: 352.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Amis ES, Cronan JJ, Pfister RC. The spectrum of peripelvic cysts. Br J Urol 1993; 55: 150.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Hoenig DM, McDougall EM, Shalhav AL, Elbahnasy AM, Clayman RV. Laparoscopic ablation of peripelvic renal cysts. J Urol 1997; 158: 1345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Johanson KE, Plaine L, Farcon E, Morales P. Management of intrarenal peripelvic cysts. Urology 1974; 4: 514.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hubner W, Pfaf R, Porpacz P. Renal cysts: percutaneous resection with standard urologie instruments. J Endourol 1990; 4: 61.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Hulbert JC, Hunter D, Young AT, Castaneda-Zuniga W. Percutaneous intrarenal marsupialization of a perirenal cystic collection-endocystolysis. J Urol 1988; 139: 1039.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Roberts WW, Bluebond-Langner R, Boyle KE, Jarrett TW, Kavoussi LR. Laparoscopic ablation of symptomatic parenchymal and peripelvic renal cysts. Urol 2001; 58: 165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Cass AS. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for renal stones with renal cysts present. J Urol 1995; 153: 599.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Torres VE, Erickson SB, Smith LH, et al. The association of nephrolithiasis with autosomal dominant poycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1988; 11: 318.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ng CS, Yost A, Streem SB. Urolithiasis associated with autosomal dominant poycystic kidney disease: contemporary urological management. J Urol 2000; 163: 726.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Grampsas SA, Chandhoke PS, Fan J, et al. Anatomic and metabolic risk factors for nephrolithiasis in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36: 53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Pitts WR Jr, Muecke EC. Horseshoe kidneys: a 40-year experience. J Urol 1975; 113: 743.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Vandeursen H, Baert L. Electromagnetic extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for calculi in horseshoe kidneys. J Urol 1992; 148: 1120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Jenkins AD, Gillenwater JY. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the prone position: treatment of stones in the distal ureter or anomalous kidney. J Urol 1988; 139: 911.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Janetschek G, Kunzel KH. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in horseshoe kidneys: applied anatomy and clinical experience. Br J Urol 1988; 62: 117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Clayman RV, Castaneda-Zuniga W. Planning the approach: general and specific aspects. In: Techniques in Endourology: A Guide to the Percutaneous Removal of Renal and Ureteral Calculi, (Clayman RV, Castaneda-Zuniga W, eds.). Heritage Press, Dallas, TX, 1984, p. 23.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Lingeman JE, Chee SK. Percutaneous operative procedures in horseshoe kidneys. J Urol 1999; 161:371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Jones DJ, Wickham JEA, Kellett MJ. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for calculi in horseshoe kidneys. J Urol 1991; 145: 481.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Yohannes P, Smith AD. The endourological management of complications associated with horseshoe kidney. J Urol 2002; 168: 5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Rhee BK, Bretan PN, Stoller ML. Urolithiasis in renal and combined pancreas/renal transplant recipients. J Urol 1999; 161: 1458.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Hayes JM, Streem SB, Graneto D, Steinmuller DR, Novick AC. Urolithiasis after renal transplantation. Trans Proc 1989; 21: 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Dretler SP, Olsson C, Pfister RC. The anatomic, radiologie and clinical characteristics of the pelvic kidney: an analysis of 86 cases. J Urol 1971; 105: 623.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Wheatley M, Ohl DA, Sonda LP, Wang SC, Konnak JW. Treatment of renal transplant stone by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the prone position. Urology 1991; 37: 57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Rigatti P, Montorsi F, Guazzoni G, et al. Multimodal therapy for stones in pelvic kidneys. Urol Int 1991; 46: 29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Del Pizzo JJ, Jacobs SC, Sklar GN. Ureteroscopic evaluation in renal transplant recipients. J Endourol 1998; 12: 135.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Fabrizio MD, Behari A, Bagley DH. Ureteroscopic management of intrarenal calculi. J Urol 1998; 159: 1139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Eshghi AM, Roth JS, Smith AD. Percutaneous transperitoneal approach to a pelvic kidney for endourological removal of staghorn calculus. J Urol 1985; 134: 525.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Eshghi M, Smith AD. Endourologic approach to a transplant kidney. Urol, 18: 504, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Hulbert JC, Reddy P, Young AT, et al. The percutaneous removal of calculi from transplanted kidneys. J Urol 134: 324, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Francesca F, Felipetto R, Mosca F, Boggi U, Rizzo G, Puccini R. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy of transplanted kidney. J Endourol 2002; 16: 225–227.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Harmon WJ, Kleer E, Segura JW. Laparoscopic pyelolithotomy for calculus removal in a pelvic kidney. J Urol 1996; 155: 2019.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Chang TD, Dretler SP. Laparoscopic pyelolithotomy in and ectopic kidney. J Urol 1996; 156: 1753.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Cho DK, Zackson DA, Cheigh J, et al. Urinary calculi in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1988; 45: 899.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Bricker EM. Symposium on clinical surgery; bladder substitution after pelvic evisceration. Surg Clin North Am 1950; 30: 1511.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Dretler SP. The pathogenesis of urinary tract calculi occurring after ileal conduit diversion: i. clinical study, ii. conduit study, iii. prevention. J Urol 1973; 109: 204.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Turk TM, Koleski FC, Albala DM. Incidence of urolithiasis in cystectomy patients after intestinal conduit or continent urinary diversion. World J Urol 1999; 17: 305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Sullivan JW, Grabstald H, Whitmore Jr WF. Complication of ureteroileal conduit with radical cystectomy: review of 336 cases. J Urol 1980; 124: 797.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Schmidt JD, Hawtrey CE, Flocks RH, Culp DA. Complications, results and problems of ileal conduit diversion. J Urol 1973; 109: 210.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. McDougal WS, Kock MO. Impaired growth and development and urinary intestinal interposition. Trans Am Assoc Genitourinary Surg 1991; 105: 3.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Kelalis PP. Noncontinent urinary diversion. Chapter 15, in: Atlas of Urologie Surgery (Hinman F, Jr). WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1998, pp. 623–676.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Turk TMT, Koleski FC, Albala DM. The pathogenesis of urinary tract calculi occurring after ileal conduit diversion: i. clinical study, ii. conduit study, iii. prevention. World J Urol 1999; 17: 305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Cohen TD, Streem SB, Lammert G. Long-term incidence and risks for recurrent stones following contemporary management of upper tract calculi in patients with a urinary diversion. J Urol 1996; 155: 62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. McDougal WS. Metabolic complication of urinary intestinal diversion. J Urol 1992; 147: 1199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Delvecchio FC, Kuo RL, Iselin CE, Webster GD, Preminger GM. Combined antegrade and retrograde endoscopic approach for the management of urinary diversion-associated pathology. J Endourol 2000; 14: 251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Benson MC, Olsson CA. Continent urinary diversion. In: Campbell’s Urology, vol. 3, (Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED, Wein AJ, eds.). WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1996, pp. 3190–3245.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Terai A, Ueda T, Kakehi Y, et al. Urinary calculi as a late complication of the Indiana continent urinary diversion: comparison with the Kock pouch procedure. J Urol 1996; 155: 66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Arai Y, Kawakita M, Terachi T, et. al. Long-term follow up of the Kock and Indiana pouch procedures. J Urol 1993; 150: 51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Ginsberg D, Huffman JL, Lieskovsky G, Boyd S, Skinner DG. Urinary tract stones: A complication of the Kock pouch continent urinary diversion. J Urol 1991; 145: 956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Huffman JL. Endoscopie management of complications of continent urinary diversion. Urology 1992; 39: 145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Delvicchio FC, Preiminger GM. Report of the United States cooperative study on extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. AUA Update Series, Lesson 19, 2000, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Cohen TD, Streem SB. Minimally invasive endourologic management of calculi in continent urinary reservoirs. Urology 1994; 43: 865.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Hensle TW, Dean GE. Complications of urinary tract reconstruction. Urol Clin North Am 1991; 18: 755.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Roth S, Van Ahlen A, Semjonow B, Von Heyden B, Hertle L. Percutaneous pouch lithotripsy in continent urinary diversions with narrowed Mitrofanoff conduit. J Urol 1994; 73: 316.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Louis Eichel MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ralph V. Clayman MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA

    Marshall L. Stoller MD  & Maxwell V. Meng MD  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Humana Press Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Eichel, L., Clayman, R.V. (2007). Anatomical Considerations in Urinary Stone Disease. In: Stoller, M.L., Meng, M.V. (eds) Urinary Stone Disease. Current Clinical Urology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-972-1_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-972-1_23

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-219-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-972-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation