Abstract
Thyroid cancer, the most common endocrine malignancy, accounts for 1.1% of all the newly diagnosed malignancies in the United States (1). It occurs three times more commonly in women. Its annual incidence has increased over the last few decades, possibly in part owing to improved diagnosis and cancer registration (2). However, the mortality rates owing to thyroid cancer have decreased by 20% between the years 1973 and 1996, because of early diagnosis, and better surveillance and treatment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S, Wingo PA. Cancer statistics, 1996, CA 1996; 46:5–27.
Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1973–1997. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2000.
Oertel J, Oertel Y. Classification of thyroid malignancies. In: Wartofsky, L, ed. Thyroid Cancer: A Comprehensive Guide to Clinical Management. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2000:117–119.
Hundahl SA, Fleming ID, Freanger A, Merck HR. A national cancer data base report on 53,856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the U.S., 1985–1995. Cancer 1998; 83:2638–2648.
Pittas AG, Adler M, Fazzari M, et al. Bone metastases from thyroid carcinoma: clinical characteristics and prognostic variables in one hundred forty-six patients. Thyroid 2000; 10:261–268.
Bernier MO, Leenhardt L, Hoang C. et al. Survival and therapeutic modalities in patients with bone metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:1568–1573.
Marcocci D, Pacini F, Elisei R, et al. Clinical and biologic behavior of bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 1989; 106:960–966.
Proye CAG, Dromen DHR, Carnaille BM, et al. Is it still worthwhile to treat bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma with radioactive iodine? World J Surg 1922; 16:640–646.
Salvarti M, Frati A, Rocchi G, et al. Single brain metastasis from thyroid cancer: report of twelve cases and review of literature. J Neurooncol 2001; 51:33–40.
Mohan V, Bhushan B, Sahai SB, Arora MM. Osteosclerotric metastasis from thyroid carcinoma. Australs Radiol 1987; 31:204–207.
Tickoo SK, Pittas AG, Adler M et al. Bone metastases from thyroid carcinoma: a histopathologic study with clinical correlates. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000; 124:1440–1447.
Lawrence E, Lord ST, Leon Y, et al. Tall cell pa+prillary thyroid carcinoma metastatic to femur: evidence for thyroid hormone synthesis within the femur. Am.J. Med. Sci 2001; 322:103–108.
Chen LH, Chen WJ, Niu CC, Shih CH. Anterior reconstructive spinal surgery with Zielke Instrumentation for metastatic malignancies of the spine. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2000; 120:27–31.
Fornasier VL, Horne JG. Metastases to the vertebral column. Cancer 1975; 36:590–594.
Ganly I, Crowther, J. Insular carcinoma of thyroid precenting as cervical cord compression. J Laryngol Otol 2000; 114:808–810.
Shortliffe EH, Crapo LM. Thyroid carcinoma with spinal cord compression. JAMA 1982; 247:1565–1566.
Masmiquel L, Simo R, Galofre P, Mesa J. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma as a cause of cervical spinal injury. J. Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1995; 121:189–191.
Goldstein SI, Kaufman D, Abati AD. Metastatic thyroid carcinoma presenting as distal spinal cord compression. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1988; 97:393–396.
Koranda P, Ryznar V, Dockal M, Chrolok J, Houdek M. Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland metastasizing in to the epidural space of the upper thoracic spine, without vertebral Involvement-case report. Acta Univ Palacki Olomuc Fac Med 1993; 135:31–32.
Roberts L Jr, Drayer BP, Apple JS, Martinez S. An unusual presentation of thyroid papillary Carcinoma: enlargement of a cervical intervertebral foramen. Comput Radiol 1986; 10:45–49.
Hashizume Y, Hirano A. Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis. Pathologic findings in five autopsy cases. Acta Neuropathol (Ber) 1983; 61:214–218.
Zeidman A, Sender BZ, Badear J, Fradim Z. Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid presenting as back pain and paravertebral mass. Israel Med Assoc J Imaj 2000; 2:720–721.
Kashab M, Boker DK. Indication for surgery of spinal metastases within the cervical region. Neurosurg Rev 1988; 11:95–97.
Oertel YC. Fine-needle aspiration and the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996; 25:69–91.
Loh KC, Greenspan FS, Gee L, Miller TR, Yeo PPB. Pathological tumor-node-metastasis (pTNM) staging for papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas: a retrospective analysis of 700 patients. J Clinical Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:3553–3562.
Mazzaferri EL, Kloos RT. Current approaches to primary therapy for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. J Chin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:1447–1463.
Samaan NA, Schultz PN, Hickey RC, et al. The results of various modalities of treatment of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective review of 1599 patients. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75:714–720.
Mazzaferri EL, Jhiang SM. Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Am Med 1994; 97:418–428.
Casara D, Rubello D, Saladin, G, Gallo V, Masarott G, Busnardo B. Distant metastases in differentiated thyroid cancer: long-term results of radioiodine treatment and statistical analysis of prognostic factors in 214 patients. Tumori 1991: 77:432–436.
Brown AP, Greening WP, McCready VR, Shaw HJ, Harmer CL. Radioiodine treatment of metastatic thyroid carcinoma: the Royal Marsden Hospital experience. Br J Radiol 1984; 57:323–327.
Mazzaferri EL. NCCN thyroid carcinoma practice guidelines. National Comprehensive Cancer Network Proceedings 1999, Oncology 1999; 13: 391–442.
Baudin E, Travagli JP, Ropers J, et al. Microcarcinoma of the thyroid gland-The Gustave-Roussy Institute Experience. Cancer 1998; 83:553–559.
Maxon HR, Englaro EE, Thomas SR, et al. Radioiodine-131 therapy for well-differentiated thyroid cancer-a quantitative radiation dosimetric approach: outcome and validation in 85 patients. Nucl Med 1992; 33:1132–1136.
Udelsman R, Lakatos E, Ladenson P. Optimal surgery for papillary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg 1996; 20:88–93.
Wartofsky L, Sherman SI, Gopal J, Schlumberger M, Hay ID. The use of radioactive iodine in patients with papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinal Metab 1998; 83:4195–4199.
Hunt WB, Crispell KR, McKee J. Functioning metastatic carcinoma of the thyroid producting clinical hyperthyroidism. Am Med 1960; 28:995–1001.
Mazzaferri EL. Thyroid remnant 131I ablation for papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 1997; 7:265–271.
Doi SA, Woodhouse NJ. Ablation of the thyroid remant and 131I dose in differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinal (Orf) 2000; 52 765–773.
Muratet JP, Dave, A, Minier JF, Larra F. Influence of scanning doses of iodine-131 on subsequent first ablative treatment outcome in patients operated on for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 1998; 39:1546–1550.
Haugen BR, Pacini F, Reiners C, et al. A comparision of recombinant human thyrotropin and thyroid hormone withdrawal for the detection of thyroid remnant or cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:3877–3885.
McDougall IR, Weigel RJ. Recombinant human thyrotropin in the management of thyroid cancer. Curr Opinion Oncol 2001; 13:39–43.
Luster M, Reinhardt W, Korber C, et al. The use of recombinant human TSH in a patient with metastatic follicular carcinoma and insufficient endogenous TSH production. J Endocrinol Invest 2000; 23:473–475.
Maxon HR III, Smith HS. Radioiodine-131 in the diagnosis and treatment of metastatic well differentiated thyroid cancer. Endo Metab Clinc N. Amer 1990; 19:685–718.
Laguna R, Silva F, Vazquez-Selles J, Orduna E, Flores C. Vertebral hemangioma mimicking a metastatic bone lesion in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med 2000; 25:611–613.
Barzel US, Chun KJ. Artifact of I-131 whole body scan with thoracic vertebral uptake in a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med 1997; 22:855.
Schlumberger M, Mancusi F, Baudin E, Pacini F. 131-I therapy for elevated thyroglobulin levels. Thyroid 1997; 7:27–276.
Fatourechi V, Hay ID, Mullan BP, et al. Are posttherapy radioiodine scans informative and do they influence subsequent therapy of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer? Thyroid 2000; 10:573–577.
Shiga T, Tsukamoto E, Nakuda K, et al. Comparison of (18) FFDG, (131) I-Na, and (201) T1 in diagnosis of recurrent or metastatic thyroid carcinoma. J. Nucl Med 2001; 42:414–419.
Nishiyama Y, Yamamoto Y, Ono Y, et al. Comparison of 99 Tcmtetrofosmin with 201 T1 and 131I in the detection of differentiated thyroid cancer metastases. Nucl Med Commum 2000: 21:917–923.
Rubello D, Mazzarotto R, Casara D. The role of technetium-99 m methoxyisobutylisonitrile scintigraphy in the planning of therapy and follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma after surgery. Eur J Nucl Med 2000; 27:431–440.
Ng DC, Sundoam FX, Sin AE. 99m Tc-sestamibi and 131I whole-body scintigraphy and initial serum thyroglobulin in the management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J. Nucl Med 2000; 41:631–635.
Bushnell DL, Boles MA, Kaufman GE, Wades MA, Barnes WE. Complications, sequela and dosimetry of iodine-131 therapy for thyroid carcinoma. J. Nucl Med 1992; 33:2214–2221.
Lakshmanan M, Schaffer A, Robbins J, Reynolds J, Norton J. A simplified low iodine diet in I-131 scanning and therapy of thyroid cancer. Clin Nucl Med 1988; 13:866–868.
Koogn SS, Reynolds JC. Movius EG, et al. Lithium as a potential adjuvant to the 131I therapy of metastatic, well differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:912–916.
Brierley JD, Tsang RW. External radiation therapy in the treatment of thyroid malignancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 1996; 25:141–157.
Tsang RW, Brierley JD, Simpson WJ, Panzarella T, Gospodarowicz MK, Sutcliffe SB. The effects of surgery, radioiodine, and ezxternal radiation therapy on the clinical outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1998; 82:375–388.
Lessin LS, Min M. Chemotherapy of differentiated (papillary or follicular) thyroid carcinoma. In: Wartofsky L, ed. Thyroid Cancer. A Comprehensive Guide to Clinical Management. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2000:221–223.
Pujol P, Daure JP, Nsakala N, Baldet L, Bringer J, Jaffiol C. Degree of thyrotropin suppression as a prognostic determinant in differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinal Metal 1996; 81:4318–4323.
Sijanovic S, Karner I. Bone loss in preminopausal women on longterm suppressive therapy with thyroid hormone. Medscape Womens Health 2001; 6:3.
Rosen HN, Moses AC, Garber J, et al. Randomized trial of pamidronate in patients with thyroid cancer: bone density is not reduced by suppressive does of thyroxine, but is increased by cyclic intravenous pamidronate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998: 83:2324–2330.
Frusciante V, Carnevale V, Scillitani A, et al. Global skeletal uptake of technicium-99m methylene disphosphonate in female patients receiving suppressive doses of L-thyroxine and differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 1998; 25:139–143.
Parle JV, Maisonneuve P, Sheppard MC, Boyle P, Franklyn JA. Prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in elderly people from one low serum thyrotropin result: a 10-year cohort study. Lancet 2001; 358:861–865.
Cooper DS, Specker B, Ho M, et al. Thyrotropin suppression and disease progression in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: results from the National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Registry. Thyroid 1998; 8:737–744.
Carilleux AF, Baudin E, Travagli JP, Richard M, Schlumberger M. Is diagnostic iodine-131 scanning useful after total thyroid ablation for differentiated thyroid cancer? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:175–178.
Grunwald F, Menzel C, Fimmes R, Zamoro PO, Briersack HJ. Prognostic value of thyroglobulin after thyroidectomy before ablative radioiodine therapy in thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med 1996; 37:1962–1964.
Wartofsky L. Using baseline and recombinant human TSH-stimulated Tg measurements to manage thyroid cancer with diagnostic 131I scanning. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:1486–1489.
Robbins RJ, Chon JT, Fleischer M, Larson SM, Tuttle RM. Is the serum thyroglobulin response to recombinant human thyrotropin sufficient by itself, to monitor for residula thyroid carcinoma? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:3242–3247.
Spencer CA, Takeuchi M, Kazarosyan M, et al. Serum thyroglobulin antoantibodies: Prevalence, influence on serum thyroglobulin measurements, and prognostic significance in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Erndocrinol metal 1998; 83:1121–1127.
Stabin MG. Radiation dose to the upper spine from therapeutic administrations of iodine-131-sodium iodide. J Nucl Med 1993; 34:695–696.
VanTol KM, Hew JM, Jager PL, Verney A, Dullaart RP, Links TP. Embolization in combination with radioiodine therapy for bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinal (Oxf) 2000; 52:653–659.
Smit JW, Vielvoye GJ, Goslings BM. Embolization for vertebral metastases of follicular thyroid carconoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:989–994.
Shirakusa T, Motonaga R, Yoshimine K, et al. Anterior rib strut grafting for the treatment of malignant lesions in the thoracic spine. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1989; 108:268–272.
Gimm O, Sutter T, Dralle H. Diagnosis and therapy of sporadic and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2001: 127:156–165.
Lips CF, Hoppener JW, Thijssen JH. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: role of genetic testing and calcitonin measurement. Ann Clin Biochem 2001; 38:168–179.
Ain KB. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: behavior biology, and therapeutic approaches. Thyroid 1998; 8:715–726.
Behr TM, Wulst E, Radetzky S, et al. Improved treatment of medullary thyroid cancer in a nude mouse model by combined radioimmunotheraapy: doxorubicin potentiates the therapeutic efficacy of radiolabelled antibodies in a radioresistant tumor type. Cancer Res 1997; 57:5309A–5319A.
DeGroot LJ, Zhang R. Gene therapy for thyroid cancer; where do we stand? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:2923–2928.
Spitzweg C, Harrington KJ, Pinke LA. Vile RG, Morris JC. The sodium iodide symporter and its potential role in cancer therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:3327–3335.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Humana Press, Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sood, A., Reddy, S.S. (2006). Medical Management of Thyroid Cancer. In: McLain, R.F., Lewandrowski, KU., Markman, M., Bukowski, R.M., Macklis, R., Benzel, E.C. (eds) Cancer in the Spine. Current Clinical Oncology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-971-4_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-971-4_19
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-074-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-971-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)