Skip to main content

Adipose Tissue Development and Metabolism

  • Chapter
Principles of Molecular Medicine

Abstract

Excess body fat is associated with many medical complications and obesity has become a major health problem in the United States and most other industrialized countries. The existence of adipose tissue as a specialized organ reflects the mechanism developed by organisms over time to cope with irregular and unpredictable supplies of nutrients. This ability to store fat was probably a survival feature of Homo sapiens; however, excess body fat has become a major heath problem. This chapter will briefly examine development and metabolic functions of adipose tissue and how these processes are regulated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 269.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 349.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Selected References

  • Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, et al. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999;257:79–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ball EG, Jungas RL. On the action of hormones which accelerate the rate of oxygen consumption and fatty acid release in rat adipose tissue in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1961;47:932–941.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballard K, Malmfors T, Rosell S, et al. Adrenergic innervation and vascular patterns in canine adipose tissue. Microvasc Res 1974;8(2):164–171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bamshad M, Aoki VT, Adkison MG, et al. Central nervous system origins of the sympathetic nervous system outflow to white adipose tissue. Am J Physiol 1998;275:R291–R299.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, et al. Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85(9):3338–3342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belfrage P, Fredrikson G, Nilsson NO, et al. Regulation of adipose tissue lipolysis: phosphorylation of hormones sensitive lipase in intact rat adipocytes. FEBS Lett 1980;111(1):120–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bukowiecki L, Collet A, Follea N, Guay G, Jahjah L. Brown adipose tissue hyperplasia: a fundamental mechanism of adaptation to a cold and hyperphagia. Am J Physiol 1982;242:E353–E359.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon B, Hedin A, Nedergaard J. Exclusive occurrence of thermogenin antigen in brown adipose tissue. FEBS Lett 1982;150:129–132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charriere G, Cousin B, Arnaud E, et al. Preadipocyte conversion to macrophage. Evidence of plasticity. J Biol Chem 2003;278(11): 9850–9855.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cinti S. The Adipose Organ. Milano, Italy: Editrice Kurtis, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifford GM, Londos C, Kraemer FB, et al. Translocation of hormone sensitive lipase and perilipin upon lipolytic stimulation of rat adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2000;275(7):5011–5015.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins S, Surwit RS. The β-adrenergic receptors and the control of adipose tissue metabolism and thermogenesis. Recent progress in hormone research. A R Means 2001;56:309–328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins S, Daniel KW, Rohlfs EM, et al. Impaired expression and functional activity of the β3-and β1-adrenergic receptors in adipose tissue of congenitally obese (C57BL/6J ob/ob) mice. Mol Endocrinol 1994;8(4):518–527.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coppack SW, Frayn KN, Humphreys SM, et al. Arteriovenous differences across human adipose and forearm tissues after overnight fast. Metabolism 1990;39(4):384–390.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon TM, Daniel KW, Farmer SR, Collins S. CAATT/enhancer binding protein-is required for transcription of the β3AR gene during adipogenesis. J Biol Chem 2001;276:722–728.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emorine LJ, Marullo S, Briend-Sutren MM, et al. Molecular character-ization of the human beta 3-adrenergic receptor. Science 1989;245: 1118–1121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galitzky J, Reverte M, Carpene C, et al. Beta 3-adrenoceptors in dog adipose tissue: studies on their involvement in the lipomobilizing effect of catecholamines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993;266(1):358–366.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Géloën A, Collet AJ, Bukowiecki LJ. Role of sympathetic innervation in brown adipocyte proliferation. Am J Physiol 1992;263:R1176–R1181.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Girardier L. The regulation of the biological furnace of warm-blooded animals. Experientia 1977;33:1121–1131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granneman JG, Lahners KN, Chaudhry A, et al. Molecular cloning and expression of the rat β3-adrenergic receptor. Mol Pharmacol 1991;40:895–899.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gregoire FM. Adipocyte differentiation: from fibroblast to endocrine cell. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2001;226(11):997–1002.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamm JK, el Jack AK, Pilch PF, Farmer SR. Role of PPAR gamma in regulating adipocyte differentiation and insulin-response glucose uptake. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;892:134–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hara T, Fujiwara H, Shoji T, Mimura T, Nakao H, Fujimoto S. Decreased plasma adiponectin levels in young obese males. J Atheroscler Thromb 2003; 10(4):234–238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgetts V, Coppack SW, Frayn KN, et al. Factors controlling fat mobilization from human subcutaneous adipose tissue during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1991;71(2):445–451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honnor RC, Dhillon GS, Londos C, et al. cAMP-dependent protein kinase and lipolysis in rat adipocytes. I. Cell preparation, manipulation, and predictability in behavior. J Biol Chem 1985;260:15,122–15,129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz JF, Coppack SC, Paramore D, Cryer PE, Klein S. Effect of short-term fasting on lipid kinetics in lean and obese women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 1999;276:E278–E284.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 1993;259(5091):87–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu E, Liang P, Spiegelman BM. AdipoQ is a novel adipose-specific gene dysregulated in obesity. J Biol Chem 1996;271:10,697–10,703.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hull D, Segall MM. Distinction of brown from white adipose tissue. Nature 1966;212(61):469–472.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen MD. Lipolysis: contribution from regional fat. Annu Rev Nutr 1997;17:127–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura M, Jensen DF, Wancewicz EV, et al. Hormone-sensitive lipase in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells and its activation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981;78(2):732–736.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kern PA, Saghizadeh M, Ong JM, Bosch RJ, Deem R, Simsolo RB. The expression of tumor necrosis factor in human adipose tissue. Regulation by obesity, weight loss, and relationship to lipoprotein lipase. J Clin Invest 1995;95(5):2111–2119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kliewer SA, Forman BM, Blumberg B, et al. Differential expression and activation of a family of murine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91(15):7355–7359.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kortelainen M-L, Pelletier G, Ricquier D, Bukowiecki LJ. Immunohisto-chemical detection of human brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein in an autopsy series. J Histotchem Cytochem 1993;41:759–764.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koutnikova H, Cock TA, Watanabe M, et al. Compensation by the muscle limits the metabolic consequences of lipodystrophy in PPAR gamma hypomorphic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100(24): 14,457–14,462.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kratchmarova I, Kalume DE, Blagoey B, et al. A proteomic approach for identification of secreted proteins during the differentiation of 3T3L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2002;1(3): 213–222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lafontan M, Berlan M. Fat cell α2-adrenoceptors: the regulation of fat cell function and lipolysis. Endocrine Review 1995;16(6):716–738.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lafontan M, Berlan M. Fat cell adrenergic receptors and the control of white and brown fat cell function. J Lipid Res 1993;34:1057–1091.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lean ME, James WP, Jennings G, Trayhurn P. Brown adipose tissue in patients with phaeochromocytoma. Int J Obes 1986;10(3):219–227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linhart HG, Ishimura-Oka K, DeMayo F, et al. C/EBPalpha is required for differentiation of white, but not brown, adipose tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98(22): 12,532–12,537.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merklin RJ. Growth and distribution of human fetal brown fat. Anat Rec 1974;178(3):637–645.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nahmias C, Blin N, Elalouf JM, et al. Molecular characterization of the mouse β3-adrenergic receptor: relationship with the atypical receptor of adipocytes. EMBO J 1991;10:3721–3727.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakano Y, Tobe T, Choi-Miura NH, et al. Isolation and characterization of GBP28, a novel gelatin-binding protein purified from human plasma. J Biochem (Tokyo) 1996;120:803–812.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pajvani UB, Scherer PE. Adiponectin: systemic contributor to insulin sensitivity. Curr Diab Rep 2003;3(3):207–213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reitman ML, Arioglu E, Gavrilova O, Taylor SI. Lipoatrophy revisited. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2000;10:410–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ren D, Collingwood TN, Rebar EJ, Wolffe AP, Camp HS. PPAR gamma knockdown by engineered transcription factors: exogenous PPAR gamma2 but not PPAR gamma1 reactivates adipogenesis. Genes Dev 2002;16(1):27–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ricquier D, Bouillaud F. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins: from mitochondria to the regulation of energy balance. J Physiol 2000;529:3–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robidoux J, Martin TL, Collin S. Beta-adrenergic receptors and regulation of energy expenditure: a family affair. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2004; 44:297–323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rohlfs EM, Daniel KW, Premont RT, et al. Regulation of the uncoupling protein gene (Ucp) by Pp P2, β3-adrenergic receptor subtypes in immortalized brown adipose cell lines. J Biol Chem 1995;270(5):10,723–10,732.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen ED, Hsu CH, Wang X, et al. C/EBP-alpha induces adipogenesis through PPARgamma: a unified pathway. Genes Dev 2002; 16:22–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen ED, Sarraf P, Troy AE, et al. PPAR gamma is required for the differentiation of adipose tissue in vivo and in vitro. Mol Cell 1999; 4(4):611–617.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen ED, Walkey CJ, Puigserver P, Spiegelman BM. Transcriptional regulation of adipogenesis. Genes Dev 2000;14(11):1293–1307.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum M, Leibel R, Hirsch J, et al. Obesity. N Engl J Med 1997; 337(6):396–407.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sartipy P, Loskutoff DJ. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in obesity and insulin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100(12): 7265–7270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer P, Williams S, Fogliano M, et al. A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 1995;270: 26,746–26,749.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schimmel RJ, Buhlinger CA, Serio R, et al. Activation of adenosine 3?, 5?-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase and its relationship to cyclic AMP and lipolysis in hamster adipose tissue. J Lipid Res 1980;21(2):250–256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slavin BG, Ballard KW. Morphological studies on the adrenergic innervation of white adipose tissue. Anat Rec 1978;191(3):377–389.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith RE. Thermogenic activity of the hibernating gland in the cold-acclimated rat. Physiologist 1961;4:113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tontonoz P, Hu E, Graves RA, Budavari AI, Spiegelman BM. mPPARγ2: tissue-specific regulator of an adipocyte enhancer. Genes Dev 1994;8:1224–1234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Liefde I, van Witzenberg A, Vauquelin G, et al. Multiple beta adrenergic receptor subclasses mediate the I-isoproteronol-induced lipolytic response in rat adipocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992;262:552–558.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW, Jr. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 2003;112:1796–1808.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wirsen C, Hamberger B. Catecholamines in brown fat. Nature 1967; 214(88):625–626.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolins NE, Skinner JR, Schoenfish MJ, et al. Adipocyte protein S3-12 coats nascent lipid droplets. J Biol Chem 2003;278(39):37,713–37,721.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Z, Rosen ED, Brun R, et al. Cross-regulation of C/EBPα and PPARγ controls the transcriptional pathway of adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity. Mol Cell 1999;3:151–158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994;372:425–432.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann R, Strauss JG, Haemmerle G, et al. Fat mobilization in adipose tissue is promoted by adipose triglyceride lipase. Science 2004; 306:1383–1386.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Humana Press Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Collins, S., Bai, Y., Robidoux, J. (2006). Adipose Tissue Development and Metabolism. In: Runge, M.S., Patterson, C. (eds) Principles of Molecular Medicine. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-963-9_51

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-963-9_51

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-202-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-963-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics