Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Infectious Disease ((ID))

  • 135 Accesses

Abstract

Each year, malaria accounts for more deaths worldwide than any other parasitic disease, with mortality estimates of between 1.5 and 2.7 million (1). Malaria not only is associated with huge morbidity and mortality, but also it hampers economic growth, trapping endemic countries in a cycle of poverty and disease (2–4).The main disease burden is in Africa, and there is evidence that the incidence of malaria is increasing, as is childhood mortality. This may be directly attributed to the emergence and spread of chloroquine-resistant strains (5). Faced with this disaster and the rapidly declining efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in East African countries, national malaria control programs are struggling with the decision of which treatment to recommend next (6,7).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Phillips RS. Current status of malaria and potential for control. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14: 208–226.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Sachs J, Malaney P. The economic and social burden of malaria. Nature 2002; 415: 680–685.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Sachs JD, Mellinger AD, Gallup JL. The geography of poverty and wealth. Sci Am 2001; 284: 70–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Gallup JL, Sachs JD. The economic burden of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001; 64 (1–2 suppl.): 85–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Snow RW, Trape JF, Marsh K. The past, present and future of childhood malaria mortality in Africa. Trends Parasitol 2001; 17: 593–597.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. MacArthur J, Stennies GM, Macheso A, et al. Efficacy of mefloquine and sulfadoxinepyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infection in Machinga District, Malawi, 1998. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001; 65: 679–684.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. D’ Alessandro U, Buttiens H. History and importance of antimalarial drug resistance. Trop Med Int Health 2001; 6: 845–848.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Nosten F, ter Kuile F, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, et al. Mefloquine-resistant falciparum malaria on the Thai-Burmese border. Lancet 1991; 337: 1140–1143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. ter Kuile FO, Nosten F, Thieren M, et al. High-dose mefloquine in the treatment of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis 1992; 166: 1393–1400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Etchegorry MG, Matthys F, Galinski M, White NJ, Nosten F. Malaria epidemic in Burundi. Lancet 2001; 357: 1046–1047.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Maguire JD, Sumawinata IW, Masbar S, et al. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium malariae in south Sumatra, Indonesia. Lancet 2002; 360: 58–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Singh RK. Emergence of chloroquine-resistant vivax malaria in south Bihar (India). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000; 94: 327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hemingway J, Field L, Vontas J. An overview of insecticide resistance. Science 2002; 298: 96–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Faiz MA, Yunus EB, Rahman MR, et al. Failure of national guidelines to diagnose uncomplicated malaria in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002; 67: 396–399.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Luxemburger C, Nosten F, Kyle DE, Kiricharoen L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ. Clinical features cannot predict a diagnosis of malaria or differentiate the infecting species in children living in an area of low transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998; 92: 45–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hastings IM. Modelling parasite drug resistance: lessons for management and control strategies. Trop Med Int Health 2001; 6: 883–890.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. White NJ, Pongtavornpinyo W. The de novo selection of drug resistant malaria parasites. Proc R Soc London B Biol Sci 2003; 270: 545–554.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Brockman A, Paul RE, Anderson TJ, et al. Application of genetic markers to the identification of recrudescent Plasmodium falciparum infections on the northwestern border of Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 60: 14–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Price R, Nosten F, Simpson JA, et al. Risk factors for gametocyte carriage in uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 60: 1019–1023.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Looareesuwan S, Viravan C, Webster HK, Kyle DE, Hutchinson DB, Canfied CJ. Clinical studies of atovaquone, alone or in combination with other antimalarial drugs, for treatment of acute uncomplicated malaria in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996; 54: 62–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Verdrager J. Epidemiology of emergence and spread of drug-resistant falciparum malaria in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1986; 17: 111–118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wellems TE, Wootton JC, Fujioka H,P. falciparum CG2, linked to chloroquine resistance, does not resemble Na+/H+ exchangers. Cell 1998; 94: 285–286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Wellems TE, Plowe CV. Chloroquine-resistant malaria. J Infect Dis 2001; 184: 770–776.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Nomura T, Carlton JM, Baird JK, et al. Evidence for different mechanisms of chloroquine resistance in two Plasmodium species that cause human malaria. J Infect Dis 2001; 183: 1653–1661.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, et al. A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 257–263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Fidock DA, Nomura T, Talley AK, et al. Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance. Mol Cell 2000; 6: 861–871.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hopkins Sibley CH, Hyde JE, Sims PFG, et al. Pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: what next? Trends Parasitol 2001; 17: 582–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Winstanley P. Chlorproguanil-dapsone (LAPDAP) for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health 2001; 6: 952–954.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Nair S, Brockman A, Paiphun L, Nosten F, Anderson TJ. Rapid genotyping of loci involved in antifolate drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum by primer extension. Int J Parasitol 2002; 32: 852–858.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Price R, Robinson G, Brockman A, Cowman A, Krishna S. Assessment of pfmdr 1 gene copy number by tandem competitive polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997; 85: 161–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. White NJ. Preventing antimalarial drug resistance through combinations. Drug Res Updates 1998; 1: 3–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Cowman AF. Mechanisms of drug resistance in malaria. Aust N Z J Med 1995; 25: 837–844.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Vaidya AB, Mather MW. Atovaquone resistance in malaria parasites. Drug Resist Updat 2000; 3: 283–287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. White NJ. Antimalarial drug resistance and combination chemotherapy. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 1999; 354: 739–749.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Peters W. The chemotherapy of rodent malaria. LVII. Drug combinations to impede the selection of drug resistance, Part 1: Which model is appropriate? Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1999; 93: 569–587.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Peters W, Robinson BL, Stewart LB, Butcher GA. The chemotherapy of rodent malaria. LIX. Drug combinations to impede the selection of drug resistance, Part 3: Observations on cyproheptadine, an antihistaminic agent, with chloroquine. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2000; 94: 689–697.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Price RN, Nosten F. Drug resistant falciparum malaria: clinical consequences and strategies for prevention. Drug Resist Updat 2001; 4: 187–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Nosten F, Brasseur P. Combination therapy for malaria. The way forward? Drugs 2002; 62: 1315–1329.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. World Health Organization. Antimalarial Drug Combination Therapy. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Chemical studies on qinghaosu (artemisinine). China Cooperative Research Group on qinghaosu and its derivatives as antimalarials. J Tradit Chin Med 1982; 2:3–8.

    Google Scholar 

  41. The chemistry and synthesis of qinghaosu derivatives. China Cooperative Research Group on qinghaosu and its derivatives as antimalarials. J Tradit Chin Med 1982; 2:9–16.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Clinical studies on the treatment of malaria with qinghaosu and its derivatives. China Cooperative Research Group on qinghaosu and its derivatives as antimalarials. J Tradit Chin Med 1982; 2:45–50.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Price RN. Artemisinin drugs: novel antimalarial agents. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000; 9: 1815–1827.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Price R, van Vugt M, Phaipun L, et al. Adverse effects in patients with acute falciparum malaria treated with artemisinin derivatives. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 60: 547–555.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Leonardi E, Gilvary G, White NJ, Nosten F. Severe allergic reactions to oral artesunate: a report of two cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001; 95: 182–183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Nosten F, van Vugt M, Price R, et al. Effects of artesunate-mefloquine combination on incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and mefloquine resistance in western Thailand: a prospective study. Lancet 2000; 356: 297–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Brockman A, Price RN, van Vugt M, et al. Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug susceptibility on the northwestern border of Thailand during 5 yr of extensive use of artesunate-mefloquine. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000; 90: 537–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. White NJ, Nosten F, Looareesuwan S, et al. Averting a malaria disaster. Lancet 1999; 353: 1965–1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Simpson JA, Price R, ter Kuile F, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in patients with acute falciparum malaria. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 66: 472–484.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Price R, Simpson JA, Teja-Isavatharm P, et al. Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine combined with artesunate in children with acute falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 341–346.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. White NJ, van Vugt M, Ezzet F. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of artemether-lumefantrine. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999; 37: 105–125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. van Vugt M, Brockman A, Gemperli B, et al. Randomized comparison of artemetherbenflumetol and artesunate-mefloquine in treatment of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 135–139.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. van Vugt M, Looareesuwan S, Wilairatana P, et al. Artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000; 94: 545–548.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. van Vugt MV, Wilairatana P, Gemperli B, et al. Efficacy of six doses of artemetherlumefantrine (benflumetol) in multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 60: 936–942.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Ezzet F, van Vugt M, Nosten F, Looareesuwan S, White NJ. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lumefantrine (benflumetol) in acute falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 697–704.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. von Seidlein L, Milligan P, Pinder M, et al. Efficacy of artesunate plus pyrimethaminesulphadoxine for uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2000; 355: 352–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Robert V, Awono-Ambene HP, Le Hesran JY, Trape JF. Gametocytemia and infectivity to mosquitoes of patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria attacks treated with chloroquine or sulfadoxine plus pyrimethamine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000; 62: 210–216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. von Seidlein L, Jawara M, Coleman R, Doherty T, Walraven G, Targett G. Parasitaemia and gametocytaemia after treatment with chloroquine, pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine, and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine combined with artesunate in young Gambians with uncomplicated malaria. Trop Med Int Health 2001; 6: 92–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Mendez F, Munoz A, Carrasquilla G, et al. Determinants of treatment response to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and subsequent transmission potential in falciparum malaria. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156: 230–238.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. van Vugt M, Leonardi E, Phaipun L, et al. Treatment of uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria with artesunate-atovaquone-proguanil. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 1498 1504.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Adjuik M, Agnamey P, Babiker A, et al. Amodiaquine-artesunate versus amodiaquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in African children: a randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1365–1372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. iaro P, Mussano P. Amodiaquine for treating malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; 2:CD000016.

    Google Scholar 

  63. iaro P, Nevill C, LeBras J,Systematic review of amodiaquine treatment in uncomplicated malaria. Lancet 1996; 348: 1196–1201.

    Google Scholar 

  64. iaro P, Taylor WR, Rigal J. Controlling malaria: challenges and solutions. Trop Med Int Health 2001; 6: 922–927.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Luxemburger C, Nosten F, Raimond SD, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ. Oral artesunate in the treatment of uncomplicated hyperparasitemic falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995; 53: 522–525.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Price R, Luxemburger C, van Vugt M, et al. Artesunate and mefloquine in the treatment of uncomplicated multidrug-resistant hyperparasitaemic falciparum malaria. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998; 92: 207–211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Severe falciparum malaria. World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases Cluster. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000; 94(suppl. 1):Sl-S90.

    Google Scholar 

  68. McIntosh HM, 011iaro P. Artemisinin derivatives for treating severe malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; 2:CD000527.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Lesi A and Meremikwu M. High first dose quinine regimen for treating severe malaria (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; 3:CD003341.

    Google Scholar 

  70. White NJ, Looareesuwan S, Warrell DA, et al. Quinine loading dose in cerebral malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983; 32: 1–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Artemether for severe malaria: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: 597–601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Artemether-Quinine Meta-Analysis Study Group. A meta-analysis using individual patient data of trials comparing artemether with quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001; 95: 637–650.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Newton PN, Chierakul W, Ruangveerayuth R, et al. A comparison of artesunate alone with combined artesunate and quinine in the parenteral treatment of acute falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001; 95: 519–523.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Wilairatana P, Viriyavejakul P, Looareesuwan S, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T. Artesunate suppositories: an effective treatment for severe falciparum malaria in rural areas. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1997; 91: 891–896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Cao XT, Bethell DB, Pham TP, et al. Comparison of artemisinin suppositories, intramuscular artesunate and intravenous quinine for the treatment of severe childhood malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997; 91: 335–342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Hien TT, Arnold K, Vinh H, et al. Comparison of artemisinin suppositories with intravenous artesunate and intravenous quinine in the treatment of cerebral malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992; 86: 582–583.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. White NJ. Pathophysiology of falciparum malaria. In: Strickland GT (ed.). Clinics in Tropical Medicine and Communicable Diseases I. London: Saunders, 1986, pp. 55–90.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Meremikwu M, Marson AG. Routine anticonvulsants for treating cerebral malaria (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; 2:CD002152.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Crawley J, Waruiru C, Mithwani S,Effect of phenobarbital on seizure frequency and mortality in childhood cerebral malaria: a randomised, controlled intervention study. Lancet 2000; 355: 701–706.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Nguyen TH, Day NP, Ly VC, et al. Post-malaria neurological syndrome. Lancet 1996; 348: 917–921.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Luxemburger C, McGready R, Kham A, et al. Effects of malaria during pregnancy on infant mortality in an area of low malaria transmission. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154: 459–465.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. McGready R, Thwai KL, Cho T, et al. The effects of quinine and chloroquine antimalarial treatments in the first trimester of pregnancy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002; 96: 180–184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. McGready R, Cho T, Hkirijaroen L, et al. Quinine and mefloquine in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnancy. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1998; 92: 643–653.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Nosten F, Vincenti M, Simpson J,The effects of mefloquine treatment in pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: 808–815.

    Google Scholar 

  85. McGready R, Cho T, Keo NK, et al. Artemisinin antimalarials in pregnancy: a prospective treatment study of 539 episodes of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 2009–2016.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Phillips RE, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Silamut K, Kietinun S, Warrell DA. Quinine pharmacokinetics and toxicity in pregnant and lactating women with falciparum malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1986; 21: 677–683.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. ter Kuile FO, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, et al. Mefloquine treatment of acute falciparum malaria: a prospective study of non-serious adverse effects in 3673 patients. Bull World Health Organ 1995; 73: 631–642.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Luxemburger C, Price RN, Nosten F, Ter Kuile FO, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ. Mefloquine in infants and young children. Ann Trop Paediatr 1996; 16: 281–286.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Olowu JA, Sowunmi A, Abohweyere AE. Congenital malaria in a hyperendemic area: a revisit. Afr J Med Med Sci 2000; 29: 211–213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Ahmed A, Cerilli LA, Sanchez PJ. Congenital malaria in a preterm neonate: case report and review of the literature. Am J Perinatol 1998; 15: 19–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Habeck M. Transgenic mosquitoes to control malaria. Lancet Infect Dis 2001; 1: 210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Richie TL, Saul A. Progress and challenges for malaria vaccines. Nature 2002; 415: 694–701.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. France T, Ooms G, Rivers B. The GFATM (Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria): which countries owe, and how much? IAPAC 2002; 8: 138, 141.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Mills A, Brugha R, Hanson K, McPake B. What can be done about the private health sector in low-income countries? Bull World Health Organ 2002; 80: 325–330.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Newton P, Proux S, Green M, et al. Fake artesunate in Southeast Asia. Lancet 2001; 357: 1948–1950.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Rozendaal J. Fake antimalaria drugs in Cambodia. Lancet 2001; 357: 890.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Meek SR. Vector control in some countries in Southeast Asia: comparing the vectors and the strategies. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1995; 89: 135–147.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ashley, E., Nosten, F. (2004). Management of Multiple Drug-Resistant Malaria. In: Gillespie, S.H. (eds) Management of Multiple Drug-Resistant Infections. Infectious Disease. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-738-3_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-738-3_18

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-438-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-738-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics