Abstract
Limb development requires the precise spatial and temporal regulation of the growth of skeletal elements (1). All long bones originate as cartilage rudiments that are surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue, the perichondrium. Longitudinal growth of these cartilaginous templates occurs by endochondral ossification. During this process, chondrocytes undergo rapid proliferation and then enter a maturation phase, where they cease proliferation and increase their synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix. Subsequently they undergo hypertrophy and then synthesize and secrete a specialized extracellular matrix component, type X collagen (2–4). After progressing through the hypertrophic zone, the cells either undergo cell death or further differentiate into osteoblast-like cells (5,6). This removal of chondrocytes, concomitant with the invasion of blood vessels, leads to the formation of the marrow cavity. Where the bony shaft has formed, the perichondrium (PC) differentiates into the periosteum (PO), whose cells provide the osteoblasts for appositional bone growth (7).
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Di Nino, D.L., Linsenmayer, T.F. (2004). Perichondrial and Periosteal Regulation of Endochondral Growth. In: Massaro, E.J., Rogers, J.M. (eds) The Skeleton. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-736-9_16
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-736-9_16
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