Skip to main content

Triggers of Acute Coronary Syndromes

  • Chapter
  • 62 Accesses

Part of the book series: Contemporary Cardiology ((CONCARD))

Abstract

The likelihood that acute myocardial infarction (MI) is triggered by a specific event has been a subject of debate since the earliest description of this disorder, which incorporated the belief that specific physical or mental events precipitated the attack (1). Controversy over the precipitating events continued for decades (2–3), until 1960, when Master (4) published a retrospective study of over 2600 patients with acute MI (4). This study was the largest to address MI triggers up to that time. Although no formal statistical analysis was applied, it was concluded from the data that the onset was unrelated to physical effort, time of day, day of the week, or the occupation of the patient. In the last 15 years, as knowledge of the pathologic processes underlying acute coronary syndromes has advanced, the possibility of the existence of specific triggers for the onset of acute MI and related syndromes has been reconsidered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Obraztsov VP, Strazhesko ND. The symptomatology and diagnosis of coronary thrombosis. In: Vorobeva VA, Konchalovski MP, eds. Works of First Congress of Russian Therapists. Comradeship Typography of AE Mamontov, Moscow, 1910, pp. 26–43.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Sproul J. A general practitioner’s views on the treatment of angina pectoris. N Engl J Med 1936; 215: 443–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Phipps C. Contributory causes of coronary thrombosis. JAMA 1936; 106: 761–762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Master AM. The role of effort and occupation (including physicians) in coronary occlusion. JAMA 1960; 174: 942–948.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Davies MJ. Stability and instability: two faces of coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 1996; 94: 2013 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Fuster V. Mechanisms leading to myocardial infarction: insights from studies of vascular biology. Circulation 1994; 90: 2126–2146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Falk, E, Shah PK, Fuster V. Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation 1995; 92: 657–671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Libby P. Molecular basis of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1995; 91; 2844–2850.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Falk E. Why do plaques rupture? Circulation 1992;86(Suppl III):III-30-III-42.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Schroeder AP, Falk E. Pathophysiology and inflammatory aspects of plaque rupture. Cardiol Clin 1996; 14: 211–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Davies MJ, Thomas A. Thrombosis and acute coronary artery lesions in sudden cardiac ischemic death. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1137–1140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Castellanos A. Pathophysiology of sudden cardiac death. PACE 1991; 14: 935–943.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Little WL, Constantinescu M, Applegate RJ, Kutcher MA,Burrows MT, Kahl FR, et al. Can coronary angiography predict the site of a subsequent myocardial infarction in patients with mild-to-moderate coronary artery disease? Circulation 1988; 78: 1157–1166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Little WL, Applegate RJ. The role of plaque size and degree of stenosis in acute myocardial infarction. Cardiol Clin 1996; 14: 221–228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Muller JE, Stone PH, Turi ZG, Rutherford JD, Czeisler CA, Parker C, et al. Circadian variation in the frequency of onset of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1315–1322.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Willich SN, Linderer T, Wegschieder K, Leizorovicz A, Alamercery I, Schroeder R. Increased morning incidence of myocardial infarction in the ISAM study: absence with prior beta-adrenergic blockade. Circulation 1989; 80: 853–858.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gnecchi-Ruscone T, Piccaluga E, Guzetti S, Contini M, Montano N, Nicolis E. Morning and Monday: critical periods for the onset of acute myocardial infarction. The GISSI 2 study experience. Eur Heart J 1994; 15: 882–887.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Morning peak in the incidence of myoardial infarction: experience in the ISIS-2 trial. Eur Heart J 1992; 13: 594–598.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Marchant B, Ranjadayalan K, Stevenson R, Wilkinson P, Timmis AD. Circadian and seasonal factors in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction: the influence of environmental temperature. Br Heart J 1993; 69: 385–387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Thompson DR, Sutton TW, Jowett NI, Pohl JE. Circadian variation in the onset of chest pain in acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 1991; 65: 177–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Zornosa J, Smith M, Little W. Effect of activity on circadian variation in time of onset of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 1089–1090.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hansen O, Johansson BW, Gullberg B. Circadian distribution of onset of acute myocardial infarction in subgroups from analysis of 10,791 patient treated in a single center. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 1003 1008.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Behar S, Halabi M, Reicher-Reiss H, Zion M, Kaplinsky E, Mandelzweig L, et al. Circadian variation and possible external triggers of onset of myocardial infarction. SPRINT Study Group. Am J Med 1993; 94: 395–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Van der Palen J, Doggen CJ, Beaglehole R. Variation in the time and day of onset of myocardial infarction and sudden death. N Z Med J 1995; 108: 332–334.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Spielberg C, Falkenhahn D, Willich SN, Wegscheider K, Voller H. Circadian, day-of-week, and seasonal variability in myocardial infarction: comparison between working and retired patients. Am Heart J 1996; 132: 579–585.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Tofler GH, Muller JE, Stone PH, Forman S, Solomon RE, Knatterud GL, et al. Modifiers of timing and possible triggers of acute myocardial infarction in the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Phase II (TIMI II) Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20: 1049–1055.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Cohen MC, Rohtla KM, Lavery CE, Muller JE, Mittleman MA. Meta-analysis of the morning excess of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 1512–1516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cannon CP, McCabe CH, Stone PH, Schactman M, Thompson B, Theroux P, et al. Circadian variation in the onset of unstable angina and non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction (the TIMI III Registry and TIMI IIIB). Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 253–258.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Behar S, Reicher-Reiss H, Goldbourt U, Kaplinsky E. Circadian variation in pain onset in unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: 91–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Beamer AD, Lee TH, Cook EF, Brand DA, Rouan GW, Weisberg MC, et al. Diagnostic implications for myocardial ischemia of the circadian variation of the onset of chest pain. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 998 1002.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Figueras J, Lidon RM. Circadian rhythm of angina in patients with unstable angina: relationship with extent of coronary artery disease, coronary reserve, and ECG changes during pain. Eur Heart J 1994; 15: 753–760.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kleiman NS, Schechtman KB, Young PB, Goodman DA, Boden WE, Pratt CM, et al. Lack of diurnal variation in the onset of non-Q wave Infarction. Circulation 1990; 81: 548–555.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Krantz DS, Kop WJ, Gabbay FH, Rozanski A, Barnard M, Klein J, et al. Circadian variation of ambulatory myocardial ischemia. Triggering by daily activities and evidence for an endogenous circadian component. Circulation 1996; 93: 1364–1371.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mulcahy D, Dakak N, Zalos G, Andrews NP, Proschan M, Waclawiw MA, et al. Patterns and behavior of transient myocardial ischemia in stable coronary disease are the same in both men and women. A comparative study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 1629–1636.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Mulcahy D, Keegan J, Cunningham D, Quyyumi A, Crean P, Park A, et al. Circadian variation of total ischemic burden and its alteration with anti-anginal agents. Lancet 1988; 2: 755–759.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Taylor CR, Hodge EM, White DA. Circadian rhythm of angina; similarity to circadian rhythms of myocardial infarction, ischemic ST segment depression, and sudden cardiac death. The Amlodipine Angina Study Group. Am Heart J 1989; 118: 1098–1099.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Rocco MB, Barry J, Campbell S, Nabel E, Cook EF, Goldman L, et al. Circadian variation of transient myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1987; 75: 395–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hausmann D, Nikutta P, Trappe HJ, Daniel WG, Wenzlaff P, Lichtlen PR. Circadian distribution of the characteristics of ischemic episodes in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 668–672.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Mickley H, Pless P, Nielsen JR, Moller M. Circadian variation of transient myocardial ischemia in the early out-of-hospital period after first acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: 927–932.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Argentino C, Toni D, Rasura M, Violi F, Sacchetti ML, Allegretta A, et al. Circadian variation in the frequency of ischemic stroke. Stroke 1990; 21: 387–389.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Marier JR, Price TR, Clark GL, Muller JE, Robertson T, Mohr JP, et al. Morning increase in the onset of ischemic stroke. Stroke 1989; 20: 473–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Willich SN, Levy D, Rocco MB, Tofler GH, Stone PH, Muller JE. Circadian variation in the incidence of sudden cardiac death in the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 801–806.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Muller JE, Ludmer PL, Willich SN, Tofler GH, Aylmer G, Klangos I, et al. Circadian variation in the frequency of sudden cardiac death. Circulation 1987; 75: 131–138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Moser DK, Stevenson WG, Woo MA, Stevenson LW Timing of sudden death in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24: 963–967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Peters RW, Mitchell LB, Brooks MM, Echt DS, Barker AH, Capone R, et al. Circadian pattern of arrhythmic death in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or moricizine in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Supression Trial (CAST). J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23: 283–289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Mallavarapu C, Pancholy S, Schwartzman D, Callans DJ, Heo J, Gottlieb CD, et al. Circadian variation of ventricular arrhythmia recurrences after cardioverter-defibrillator implantation in patients with healed myocardial infarcts. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 1140–1144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Lampert R, Rosenfeld L, Batsford W, Lee F, McPherson C. Circadian variation of sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Circulation 1994; 90: 241–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Behrens S, Galecka M, Bruggemann T, Ehlers C, Willich SN, Ziss W, et al. Circadian variation of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias terminated by appropriate shocks in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Am Heart J 1995; 130: 79–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Auricchio A, Klein H. Circadian variations of ventricular tachyarrhythmias detected by the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. G Ital Cardiol 1997; 27: 113–122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Arntz HR, Willich SN, Oeff M, Bruggemann T, Stern R, Heinzmann A, et al. Circadian variation of sudden cardiac death reflects age related variability in ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 1993; 88: 2284–2289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Willich SN, Lowel H, Lewis M, Arntz R, Baur R, Winther K, et al. Association of wake time and the onset of myocardial infarction. Triggers and mechanisms of myocardial infarction (TRIMM) pilot study. Circulation 1991;84:(Suppl6)V162–V167.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Goldberg RJ, Brady P, Muller JE, Chen ZY, de Groot M, Zonneveld P, et al. Time of onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1990; 60: 140–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Peters RW, Zoble RG, Liebson PR, Pawitan Y, Brooks MM, Proschan M. Identification of a secondary peak in myocardial infarction onset 11 to 12 hours after awakening: the Cardiac Arrhythmia Supression Trial (CAST) experience. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 998–1003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Willich SN, Goldberg RJ, Maclure M, Perriello L, Muller JE. Increased onset of sudden cardiac death in the first three hours after awakening. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 65–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Barry J, Campbell S, Yeung AC, Raby KE, Selwyn AP. Waking and rising at night as a trigger of myocardial ischemia. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: 1067–1072.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Willich SN, Lowel H, Lewis M, Hormann A, Anrtz HR, Keil U. Weekly variation of acute myocardial infarction. Increased Monday risk in the working population. Circulation 1994; 90: 87–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Sayer JW, Wilkinson P, Ranjadalayan K, Ray S, Marchant B, Timmis AD. Attenuation or absence of circadian and seasonal rhythm of acute myocardial infarction. Heart 1997; 77: 325–329.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Thompson DR, Pohl JE, Tse YY, Hiorns RW. Meteorological factors and the time of onset of chest pain in acute myocardial infarction. Int J Biometeorol 1996 39: 116–120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Couch RD. Travel, time zones, and sudden cardiac death. Am J Forensic Med 1990; 11: 106–111.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hirasawa K, Tateda K, Shibata J, Yokoyama K. Multivariate analysis of meteorological factors and evaluation of circadian rhythm: their relation to the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiol 1990; 20: 797–805.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Baker-Blocker A. Winter weather and cardiovascular mortality in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Am J Public Health 1982; 72: 261–265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Anderson TW, Rochard C. Cold snaps, snowfall, and sudden death from ischemic heart disease. Can Med Assoc J 1979; 121: 1580–1583.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Fries RP, Heisel AG, Jung JK, Schieffer HJ. Circannual variation of malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and either coronary artery disease or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 1194–1197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Fava S, Azzopardi J, Muscat HA, Fenech FF. Absence of circadian variation in the onset of acute myocardial infarction in diabetic subjects. Br Heart J 1995; 74: 370–372.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Hjalmarson A, Gilpin EA, Nicod P, Dittrich H, Henning H, Engler R, et al. Differing circadian patterns of symptom onset in subgroups of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1989; 80: 267–275.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Tanaka T, Fujita M, Fudo T, Tamaki S, Nohara R, Sasayama S. Modification of the circadian variation of symptom onset of acute myocardial infarction in diabetes mellitus. Coron Artery Dis 1995; 6: 241–244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Tofler GH, Stone PH, Maclure M, Edelman E, Davis VG, Robertson T, et al. Analysis of possible triggers of acute myocardial infarction (the MILIS study). Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 22–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Sumiyoshi T, Haze K, Saito M, Fukami K, Goto Y, Hiramori K. Evaluation of clinical factors involved in onset of myocardial infarction. Jpn Circ J 1986; 50: 164–173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Smith M, Little WC. Potential precipitating factors of the onset of myocardial infarction, Am J Med Sci 1992; 303: 141–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Stewart RA, Robertson MC, Wilkins GT, Low CJ, Restieaux NJ. Association between activity at onset of symptoms and outcome of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 250–253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Maclure M. The case-crossover design: a method for studying transient effects on the risk of acute events. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 144–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Willich SN, Lewis M, Lowel H, Arntz R, Schubert F, Schroeder R. Physical exertion as a trigger of acute myocardial infarction. Triggers and Mechanisms of Myocardial Infarction Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1684–1690.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Mittleman A, Maclure M, Tofler GH, Sherwood JB, Goldberg RJ, Muller JE. Triggering of myocardial infarction by heavy physical exertion. Protection against triggering by regular exertion. Determinanats of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1677 1683.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Siscovick DS, Weiss NS, Fletcher RH, Lasky T. The incidence of primary cardiac arrest during vigorous exercise. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 874–877.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Maron BJ, Poliac LC, Roberts WO. Risk for sudden cardiac death associated with marathon running. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 428–431.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Nalbangtil I, Yigthbasi O, Kiliccioglu B. Sudden death in sexual activity. Am Heart J 1976; 91: 405–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Ueno M. The so-called coition death. Jpn J Leg Med 1963; 17: 330–340.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Muller JE, Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, Tofler GH, for the Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators. Triggering of myocardial infarction by sexual activity. Low absolute risk and prevention by regular physical exertion. JAMA 1996; 275: 1405–1409.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Cottington EM, Matthews KA, Talbott EM, Kuller LH. Environmental events preceeding sudden death in women. Psychosom Med 1980; 42: 567–575.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Parkes CM, Benjamin B, Fitzgerald RG. Broken heart: a statistical study of increased mortality among widowers. BMJ 1969; 1: 740–743.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Kark JD, Goldman S, Epstein L. Iraqi missle attacks on Israel. The association of mortality with a threatening stressor. JAMA 1995; 273: 1208–1210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Trichopoulos D, Katsouyanni K, Zavitsanos X, Tzonou A, Dalla-Vorgia P. Psychological stress and fatal heart attack: the Athens (1981) earthquake natural experiment. Lancet 1983; 1: 441–444.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Kario K, Matsuo T, Kobayashi H, Yamamoto K, Shimada K. Earthquake-induced potentiation of acute risk factors in hypertensive elderly patients: possible triggering of cardiovascular events after a major earthquake. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 926–933.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Leor J, Poole WK, Kloner RA. Sudden cardiac death triggered by an earthquake. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 413–419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Julkunen J, Idanpaan-Heikkila U, Saarinen T. Components of type A behavior and the first year prognosis of a myocardial infarction. J Psychosom Res 1993; 37: 1 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Jiang W, Babyak M, Krantz DS, Waugh RA, Coleman RE, Hanson MM, et al. Mental stress induced myocardial ischemia and cardiac events. JAMA 1996; 275: 1651–1656.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, Mulry RP, Tofler GH, Jacobs SC, et al. Triggering of acute myocardial infarction onset by episodes of anger. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators. Circulation 1995; 92: 1720–1725.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Nachnani M, Sherwood JB, Muller JE. Educational attainment, anger, and the risk of triggering myocardial infarction onset. The Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 769–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Tsuda M, Hayashi H, Kanematsu K, Yoshikane M, Saito H, Comparison between diurnal distribution of onset of infarction in patients with acute myocardial infarction and circadian variation of blood presure in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Cardiol 1993; 16: 543–547.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Kawano Y, Tochikubo O, Minamisawa K, Miyajima E, Ishii M. Circadian variation of hemodynamics in patients with essential hypertension: comparison between early morning and evening. J Hypertens 1994; 12: 1405–1412.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Deedwania PC. Hemodynamic changes as triggers of cardiovascular events. Cardiol Clin 1996; 14: 229–238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Saito D, Matsubara K, Yamanari H, Uchida S, Obayashi N, Mizuo K, et al. Morning increase in hemodynamic response to exercise in patients with angina pectoris. Heart Vessels 1993; 8: 149–154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Quyyumi AA, Panza JA, Diodati JG, Lakatos E, Epstein SE. Circadian variation in ischemic threshold. A mechanism underlying the circadian variation in ischemic events. Circulation 1992; 86: 22–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Aranha Rosito GB, Tofler GH. Hemostatic factors as triggers of cardiovascular events. Cardiol Clin 1996; 14: 239–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Brezinski DA, Tofler GH, Muller JE, Pohjola-Sintonen S, Willich SN, Schaefer AI, et al. Morning increase in platelet aggregability: association with assumption of the upright posture. Circulation 1988; 78: 35–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Tofler GH, Brezinski DA, Schaefer AI, Czeisler CA, Rutherford JD, Willich SN, et al. Concurrent morning increase in platelet aggregability and the risk of myocardial infarction and sudden death. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1514–1518.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Willich SN, Arntz HR, Lowel H, Lewis M, Schroeder R. Wake up time, thrombocyte aggregation, and the risk of acute coronary heart disease. The TRIMM (Trigger and Mechanisms of Myocardial Infarct) Study Group. Z Kardiol 1992; 81 (Suppl 2): 95–99.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Ehrly AM, Jung G. Circadian rhythm of human blood viscosity. Biorheology 1973; 10: 577–583.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Petralito A, Mangiafico RA, Gibilino S, Cuffari MA, Miano MF, Fiore CP. Daily modifications of plasma fibrinogen, platelet aggregation, Howell’s time, PTT, TT, and antithrombin III in normal subjects and in patients with vascular disease. Chronobiologica 1982; 9: 195–201.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Bridges AB, Scott NA, McNeill GP, Pringle TH, Belch JJF. Circadian variation of white blood cell aggregation and free radical indices in men with ischemic heart disease. Eur Heart J 1992; 13: 1632 1636.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Angleton P, Chandler WL, Schmer G. Diurnal variation of tissue-type plasminogen activator and its rapid inhibitor (PAI-1). Circulation 1989; 79: 101–106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Bridges AB, McLaren M, Saniabadi A, Fisher TC, Belch JJF. Circadian variation of endothelial cell function, red blood cell deformity, and dehydrothromboxane B2 in healthy volunteers. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1991; 2: 447–452.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Andreotti F, Davies GJ, Hackett DR, Khan MI, DeBart AC, Maseri A, et al. Major circadian fluctuations in fibrinolytic factors and possible relevance to time of onset of myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, and stroke. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62: 635–637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Bridges AB, McLaren M, Scott NA, Pringle TH, McNeill GP, Belch JJ. Circadian variation of tissue plasminogen activator and its inhibitor, von Willebrand factor antigen, and prostacyclin stimulating factor in men with ischemic heart disease. Br Heart J 1993; 69: 121–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Kapiotis S, Jilma B, Quehenberger P, Ruzicka K, Handler S, Speiser W. Morning hypercoagulability and hypofibrinolysis. Diurnal variations in circulating activated factor VII, prothrombin fragment F1+2, and plasmin-plasmin inhibitor complex. Circulation 1997; 96: 19–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Linsell CR, Lightman SL, Mullen PE, Brown MJ, Causon RC. Circadian rhythms of epinephrine and norepinephrine in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 60: 1210–1215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Stene M, Panagiotis N, Tuck MI, Sowers JR, Mayes D, Berg G. Plasma norepinephrine levels are influenced by sodium intake, glucocorticoid administration, and circadian changes in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980; 51: 1340–1345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Panza JA, Epstein SE, Quyyumi AA. Circadian variation in vascular tone and its relation to alphasympatheric vasoconstrictor activity. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 986–990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Furlan R, Guzzetti S, Crivellaro W, Dassi S, Tinelli M, Baselli G, et al. Continuous 24 hour assessment of the neural regulation of systemic arterial pressure and RR variabilities in ambulant subjects. Circulation 1990; 81: 537–547.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Burr R, Hamilton P, Cowan M, Buzaitis A, Strasser MR, Sulkhanova A, Pike K. Nycthemeral profile of nonspectral heart rate variability measures in women and men. Description of a normal sample and two sudden cardiac arrest subsamples. J Electrocardiol 1994; Suppl 27: 54–62.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Marchant B, Stevenson R, Vaishnav S, Wilkinson P, Ranjadayalan K, Timmis AD. Influence of the autonomic nervous system on circadian patterns of myocardial ischemia: comparison of stable angina with the early post infarction period. Br Heart J 1994; 71: 329–333.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Klingenheben T, Rapp U, Hohnloser SH. Circadian variation of heart rate variability in postinfarction patients with and without life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1995; 6: 357–364.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Lombardi F, Sandrone G, Mortara A, LaRovere MT, Colombo E, Guzzetti S, et al. Circadian variation of spectral indices of heart rate variability after myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1992; 123: 1521 1529.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Malik M, Farrell T, Camm AJ. Circadian rhythm of heart rate variability after acute myocardial infarction and its influence on the prognostic value of heartrate variability. Am J Cardio11990; 66: 1049 1054.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Zarich S, Waxman S, Freeman RT, Mittleman M, Hegarty P, Nesto RW. Effect of autonomic nervous system dysfunction of the circadian pattern of myocardial ischemia in diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24: 956.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Kong Jr TQ, Goldberger JJ, Parker M, Wang T, Kadish AH. Circadian variation in human ventricular refractoriness. Circulation 1995; 92: 1507–1516.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Ong JJC, Sarma JSM, Venkataraman K, Levin SK, Singh BN. Circadian rhythmicity of heart rate and QTc interval in diabetic autonomic neuropathy: implications for the mechanism of sudden death. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 744–752.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Ishida S, Nakagawa M, Fujino T, Yonemochi H, Saikawa T, Ito M. Circadian variation of QT interval dispersion: correlation with heart rate variability. J Electrocardiol 1997; 30: 205–210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Molnar J, Rosenthal JE, Weiss JS, Somberg JC. QT interval dispersion in healthy subjects and survivors of sudden cardiac death: circadian variation in twenty-four hour assessment. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 1190–1193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Muller JE, Tofler GH, Stone PH. Circadian variation and triggers of onset of acute cardiovascular disease. Circulation 1989; 79: 733–743.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Mittleman MA, Sisovick DS. Physical exertion as a trigger of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. Cardiol Clin 1996; 14: 263–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Woods KL, Fletcher S, Jagger C. Modification of the circadian rhythm of onset of acute myocardial infarction by long term antianginal treatment. Br Heart J 1992; 68: 458–461.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Behrens S, Ehlers C, Bruggeman T, Ziss W, Dissman R, Galeka M, et al. Modification of the circadian pattern of ventricular tachyarrhythmias by beta-blocker therapy. Clin Cardiol 1997; 20: 253–257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Peters RW, Muller JE, Goldstein S, Byington R, Friedman LM. Propanolol and the morning increase in the frequency of sudden cardiac death (BHAT study). Am J Cardiol 1989; 63: 1518–1520.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Pepine CJ, Cohn PF, Deedwania PC, Gibson RS, Handberg E, Hill JA, et al. Effects of treatment on outcome in mildly symptomatic patients with ischemia during daily life. The Atenolol Silent Ischemia Study. Circulation 1994; 90: 762–768.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Von Arnim T. Prognostic significance of transient ischemic episodes: response to treatment shows improved prognosis Results of the Total Ischemic Burden Bisoprolol Study (TIBBS) follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 20–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Andersen L, Sigurd B, Hansen J. Verapamil and circadian variation of sudden cardiac death. Am Heart J 1996; 131: 409–410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Ridker P, Manson JE, Buring J, Muller JE, Hennekens CH. Circadian variation of acute myocardial infarction and the effect of low dose aspirin in a randomized trial of physicians. Circulation 1990; 82: 897–902.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Kurnik PB. Circadian variation in the efficacy of tissue-type plasminogen activator. Circulation 1995; 91: 1341–1346.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Kono T, Morita H, Nishina T, Fujita M, Hirota Y, Kawamura K, et al. Circadian variations of onset of acute myocardial infarction and efficacy of thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 774–778.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Fujita M, Araie E, Yamanishi K, Miwa K, Kida M, Nakajima H. Circadian variation in the success rate of intracoronary thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71: 1369–1371.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Egstrup K. Attenuation of circadian variation by combined antianginal therapy with supression of morning and evening increases in transient myocardial ischemia. Am Heart J 1991; 122: 648–655.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Andrews TC, Fenton T, Toyosaki N, Glasser SP, Young PM, MacCallum G, et al. Subsets of ambulatory myocardial ischemia based on heart rate activity: circadian distribution and response to antiischemic medication. Circulation 1993; 88: 92–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Deanfield JE, Detry JM, Lichtlen PR, Magnani B, Sellier P, Thaulow E. Amlodipine reduces transient myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease: double blind Circadian Anti Ischemia Program in Europe (CAPE Trial). J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24: 1460–1467.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Parmley WW, Nesto RW, Singh BN, Deanfield J, Gottlieb SO. Attenuation of the circadian patterns of myocardial ischemia with nifedifpine GITS in patients with chronic stable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 19: 1380.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Davies RF, Habibi H, Klinke WP, Dessain P, Nadeau C, Phaneuf DC, et al. Effect of amlodipine, atenolol, and their combination on myocardial ischemia during treadmill exercise and ambulatory monitoring. Canadian Amlodipine/Atenolol in Silent Ischemia Study (CASIS) Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 619–625.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Jimenez AH, Tofler GH, Chen X, Stubbs ME, Solomon HS, Muller JE. Effects of nadolol on hemodynamic and hemostatic responses to potential mental and physical triggers of myocardial infarction in subjects with mild systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72: 47–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Andreotti F, Kluft C, Davies GJ, Huisman LG, deBart AC, Maseri A. Effect of propanolol (long acting) on the circadian fluctuation of tissue-plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68: 1295–1299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Anderson KM, Wilson PW, Odell PM, Kannel WB. An updated coronary risk profile: a statement for health progfessionals. Circulation 1991; 83: 356–362.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Anderson KM, Odell PM, Wilson PW, Kannel WB. Cardiovascular disease risk profiles. Am Heart J 1993; 121: 293–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Berlin JA, Colditz GA. A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132: 612–628.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Blair SN, Kohl HW 3rd, Barlow CE, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Gibbons LW, Macera CA. Change in physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men and women. JAMA 1995; 273: 1093–1098.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Fletcher GF, Balady G, Blair SN, Blumenthal J, Casperson C, Chaitman B, et al. Benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans: a statement for health professionals by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 1996; 94: 857–862.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Yusuf S. Calcium antagonists in coronary artery disease and hypertension. Time for reevaluation? Circulation 1995; 92: 1079–1082.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Buring JE, Glynn RJ, Hennekens CH. Calcium channel blockers and myocardial infarction. A hypothesis formulated but not yet tested. JAMA 1995; 274: 654–655.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Bertolet BD, Hill JA, Pepine CJ. Treatment strategies for daily life silent myocardial ischemia: a correlation with potential pathogenetic mechanisms. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1992; 35: 97–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Flack JM, Yunis C. Therapeutic implications of the epidemiology and timing of myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases. J Hum Hypertens 1997; 11: 23–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Kurnik PB. Practical implications of circadian variations in thrombolytic and thrombotic activities. Cardiol Clin 1996; 14: 251–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Braunwald E. Morning resistance to thrombolytic therapy. Circulation 1995; 91: 1604.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Prince RH, Verrier P, Juneau M, Wolfson C, et al. Randomised trial of home-based psychosocial nursing intervention for patients recovering from myocardial infarction. Lancet 1997; 350: 473–479.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary artery disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383–1389.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Shepherd JS, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Isles CG, Lorimer AR, MacFarlane PW, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1301–1307.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Kinlay S, Selwyn AP, Delagrange D, Creager MA, Libby P, Ganz P. Biological mechanisms for the clinical success of lipid-lowering in coronary artery disease and the use of surrogate end points. Curr Opin Lipidol 1996: 7: 389–397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Tamai O, Matsuoka H, Itabe H, Wada Y, Kohno K, Imaizumi T. Single LDL apheresis improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic humans. Circulation 1997; 95: 76–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Selwyn AP, Kinlay S, Libby P, Ganz P. Atherogenic lipids, vascular dysfunction, and clinical signs of ischemic heart disease. Circulation 1997; 95: 5–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Muhlestein JB, Hammond EH, Carlquist JF, Radicke E, Thompson MJ, Karagounis LA, et al. Increased incidence of Chlamydia species within the coronary arteries of symptomatic atherosclerotic versus other forms of cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 1555–1561.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Gupta S, Camm AJ. Chronic infection in the etiology of atherosclerosis—the case for Chlamydia pneumoniae. Clin Cardiol 1997; 20: 829–836.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Brezinski ME, Tearney GJ, Weissman NJ, Boppart SA, Bouma BE, Hee MR, et al. Assessing atherosclerotic plaque morphology: comparison of optical coherence tomography and high frequency intravascular ultrasound. Heart 1997; 77: 397–403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Brezinski ME, Tearney GJ, Bouma BE, Izatt JA, Hee MR, Swanson EA, et al. Optical coherence tomography for optical biopsy. Properties and demonstration of vascular pathology. Circulation 1996; 93: 1206–1213.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Toussaint JF, LaMuraglia GM, Southern JF, Fuster V, Kantor HL. Magnetic resonance images of fibrous, calcified, hemorrhagic, and thrombotic components of human atherosclerosis in vivo. Circulation 1996; 94: 932–938.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Casscells W, Hathorn B, David M, Krabach T, Vaughn WK, McAllister HA, et al. Thermal detection of cellular infiltrates in living atherosclerotic plaques: possible implications for plaque rupture and thrombosis. Lancet 1996; 347: 1447–1451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Cassis LA, Lodder RA. Near-IR imaging of atheromas in living arterial tissue. Anal Chem 1993; 65: 1247–1256.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Dempsey RJ, Cassis LA, Davis DG, Lodder RA. Near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy in stroke research: lipoprotein distribution and disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997; 820: 149–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Feldman LJ, Isner JM. Gene therapy for the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. In: Willich SN, Muller JE, eds., Triggering of Acute Coronary Syndromes. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands: 1995, pp. 395–412.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Tierstein PS, Massullo V, Jani S, popma JJ, Mintz GS, Russo RJ, et al. Catheter-based radiotherapy to inhibit restenosis in coronary stenting. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1697–1703.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Cohen, MC, Muller JE. Triggers of acute myocardial infarction. In: Gersh BJ, Rahimtoola SH, eds. Acute Myocardial Infarction. Elsevier, New York, 1996, pp. 91–105.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sapin, P.M., Muller, J.E. (1999). Triggers of Acute Coronary Syndromes. In: Cannon, C.P. (eds) Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes. Contemporary Cardiology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-731-4_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-731-4_3

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5706-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-731-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics