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Stress, the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal System, and the Heart

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The Nervous System and the Heart

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Abstract

The cardiovascular system signals stress influences on humans and other animals. That physical demands changes the heart rate has been generally accepted. The prominent British physiologist Sherrington (1) suggested that natural emotional states also profoundly change the cardiovascular function: “yet heightened beating of the heart, blanching or flushing of the blood vessels, all these are prominent characters in the pantomime of natural emotion.” Cannon (2) was the first to describe physiological responses to directly threatening environmental influences. His “fight and flight” reaction pattern was characterized by activation of the sympatho-adrenal system, via a mass discharge (3). This sympathetic mass discharge has long been considered to be responsible for the classical signs of stress such as tachycardia and an increase in blood pressure. Rather recently, the interest has also been focused on the other major stress system of the body (i.e., the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system) as the messenger of stress effects to the heart.

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Authors
  1. Béla Bohus
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  2. S. Michiel Korte
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Gert J. Ter Horst PhD

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Bohus, B., Korte, S.M. (2000). Stress, the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal System, and the Heart. In: Ter Horst, G.J. (eds) The Nervous System and the Heart. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-713-0_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-713-0_6

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-139-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-713-0

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