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Caloric Intake: Sources, Deficiencies, and Excess—An Overview

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Book cover Nutrition and Immunology

Abstract

Carbohydrates, protein, and fats are the major energy-containing constituents of food (macronutrients), and extensive animal studies indicate that decreased total caloric intake is generally a beneficial, life-extending tool. However, the proportion of calories derived from fat is also important, influencing the risks of development of cancer, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. In contrast to carbohydrates and protein, fat is an energy-dense substance that tends to be stored rather than metabolized under normal physiological conditions. Thus, not all calories are alike. Reduced consumption of fat is, therefore, a major goal for nutrition in industrialized countries. However, just as not all calories are alike, not all fats are alike. Vegetable oils, fish oils, and animal-derived fats have profoundly different effects on immune function, cancer, and atherosclerosis. Although both fish oils and vegetable oils generally ameliorate atherosclerosis, fish oils have, in addition, anti-inflammatory properties that may be of benefit for the treatment and prevention of cancer and autoimmune disease. A sedentary life-style combined with energy-dense foods rich in fat are important factors in overnutrition.

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Authors
  1. Dean A. Troyer
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  2. Gabriel Fernandes
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA

    M. Eric Gershwin MD

  2. Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA

    J. Bruce German PhD

  3. Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA

    Carl L. Keen PhD

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Troyer, D.A., Fernandes, G. (2000). Caloric Intake: Sources, Deficiencies, and Excess—An Overview. In: Gershwin, M.E., German, J.B., Keen, C.L. (eds) Nutrition and Immunology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-709-3_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-709-3_4

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-148-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-709-3

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