Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Chemokines and Gynecologic Malignancies

  • Chapter
Chemokines and Cancer

Part of the book series: Contemporary Cancer Research ((CCR))

  • 46 Accesses

Abstract

Gynecologic malignancies consist of tumors of the ovary, cervix, and uterus. Little is known of the role of chemokines in carcinoma of the cervix or endometrium, although they are expressed in conditions such as endometriosis (1). This chapter reviews the expression of chemokines in carcinoma of the ovary in the context of the leukocyte infiltrate associated with this tumor. Most work to date concerns monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). The expression of this chemokine is considered in more detail, and some of the mechanisms by which its production may be regulated in vivo are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Hornung, D., I. P. Ryan, V. A. Chao, J. L. Vigne, E. D. Schriock, and R. N. Taylor. 1997. Immunolocalization and regulation of the chemokine RANTES in human endometrial and endometriosis tissues and cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 82: 1621–1628.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Tortolero-Luna, G., and M. F. Mitchell. 1995. The epidemiology of ovarian cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 23 (Suppl.): 200–207.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Parham, G., J. L. Phillips, M. L. Hicks, N. Andrews, W. B. Jones, H. M. Shingleton, and H. R. Menck. 1997. The National Cancer Data Base report on malignant epithelial ovarian carcinoma in African-American women. Cancer 80: 816–826.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Westhoff, C. 1996. Ovarian cancer. Annu. Rev. Pub. Health 17: 85–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Hoskins, W. J. 1995. Prospective on ovarian cancer: why prevent? J. Cell. Biochem 23 (Suppl.): 189–199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Jacobs, I. J., M. F. Kohler, R. W. Wiseman, J. R. Marks, R. Whitaker, B. A. Kerns, P. Humphrey, A. Berchuck, B. A. Ponder, and R. C. Bast, Jr. 1992. Clonal origin of epithelial ovarian carcinoma: analysis by loss of heterozygosity, p53 mutation, and X-chromosome inactivation. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 84: 1793–1798.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Scully, R. E. 1995. Pathology of ovarian cancer precursors. J. Cell. Biochem 23 (Suppl.): 208–218.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Booth, M., V. Beral, and P. Smith. 1989. Risk factors for ovarian cancer: a case-control study. Br. J. Cancer 60: 592–598.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Risch, H. A., L. D. Marrett, and G. R. Howe. 1994. Parity, contraception, infertility, and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol 140, 585–597.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Rosenblatt, K. A., and D. B. Thomas. 1993. Lactation and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int. J. Epidemiol 22: 192–197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Derman, S. G., and E. Y. Adashi. 1994. Adverse effects of fertility drugs. Drug Safety 11: 408–421.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Underwood, J. C. 1974. Lymphoreticular infiltration in human tumours: prognostic and biological implications: a review. Br. J. Cancer 30: 538–548.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Totterman, T. H., P. Hayry, E. Saksela, T. Timonen, and B. Eklund. 1978. Cytological and functional analysis of inflammatory infiltrates in human malignant tumors. II. Functional investigations of the infiltrating inflammatory cells. Eur. J. Immunol 8: 872–875.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Svennevig, J. L., M. Lovik, and H. Svaar. 1979. Isolation and characterization of lymphocytes and macrophages from solid, malignant human tumours. Int. J. Cancer 23: 626–631.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Herrmann, G., P. M. Schumm Draeger, C. Muller, E. Atai, B. Wenzel, T. Fabian, K. H. Usadel, and K. Hubner. 1994. T lymphocytes, CD68-positive cells and vascularisation in thyroid carcinomas. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol 120: 651–656.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Banner, B. F., L. Savas, S. Baker, and B. A. Woda. 1993. Characterization of the inflammatory cell populations in normal colon and colonic carcinomas. Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol. Incl. Mol. Pathol 64: 213–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Scholl, S. M., C. Pallud, F. Beuvon, K. Hacene, E. R. Stanley, L. Rohrschneider, R. Tang, P. Pouillart, and R. Lidereau. 1994. Anti-colony-stimulating factor-1 antibody staining in primary breast adenocarcinomas correlates with marked inflammatory cell infiltrates and prognosis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 86: 120–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Lwin, K. Y., O. Zuccarini, J. P. Sloane, and P. C. Beverley. 1985. An immunohistological study of leukocyte localization in benign and malignant breast tissue. Int. J. Cancer 36: 433–438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Yuh, K., M. Shimizu, S. Aoyama, I. Ichihara, H. Watanabe, M. Okumura, and M. Kikuchi. 1989. Immunological analysis and characterization of lymphocyte subsets in specimens of human hepatocellular carcinomas and metastatic liver cancers. Cancer Immunol. Immunother 28: 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Haskill, S., S. Becker, W. Fowler, and L. Walton. 1982. Mononuclear-cell infiltration in ovarian cancer. I. Inflammatory-cell infiltrates from tumour and ascites material. Br. J. Cancer 45: 728–736.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kabawat, S. E., R. C. Bast, Jr., W. R. Welch, R. C. Knapp, and A. K. Bhan. 1983. Expression of major histocompatibility antigens and nature of inflammatory cellular infiltrate in ovarian neoplasms. Int. J. Cancer 32: 547–554.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kooi, S., H. Z. Zhang, R. Patenia, C. L. Edwards, C. D. Platsoucas, and R. S. Freedman. 1996. HLA class I expression on human ovarian carcinoma cells correlates with T-cell infiltration in vivo and T-cell expansion in vitro in low concentrations of recombinant interleukin-2. Cell Immunol. 174: 116–128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. van Ravenswaay Claasen, H. H., P. M. Kluin, and G. J. Fleuren. 1992. Tumor infiltrating cells in human cancer: on the possible role of CD16+ macrophages in antitumor cytotoxicity. Lab. Invest 67: 166–174.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Dietl, J., H. P. Horny, P. Ruck, and E. Kaiserling. 1993. Dysgerminoma of the ovary: an immunohistochemical study of tumor-infiltrating lymphoreticular cells and tumor cells. Cancer 71: 2562–2568.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Lentz, S. S., D. J. McKean, J. S. Kovach, and K. C. Podratz. 1989. Phenotypic and functional characteristics of mononuclear cells in ovarian carcinoma tumors. Gynecol. Oncol 34: 136–140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Reijnhart, R. M., M. M. Bieber, and N. N. Teng. 1994. FACS analysis of peritoneal lymphocytes in ovarian cancer and control patients. Immunobiology 191: 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Negus, R. P. M., and F. R. Balkwill. 1997. The distribution of infiltrating cells and the regulation of chemokine expression in human ovarian cancer, in Ovarian Cancer 5 ( Sharp, F., A. D. Blackett, J. S. Berek, and R. C. Bast, eds.), Isis Medical Media, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Canevari, S., G. Stoter, F. Arienti, G. Bolis, M. I. Colnaghi, E. M. Di Re, A. M. Eggermont, S. H. Goey, J. W. Gratama, C. H. Lamers, et al. 1995. Regression of advanced ovarian carcinoma by intraperitoneal treatment with autologous T lymphocytes retargeted by a bispecific monoclonal antibody. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 87: 1463–1469.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ioannides, C. G., B. Fisk, K. R. Jerome, T. Irimura, J. T. Wharton, O. J. Finn. 1993. Cytotoxic T cells from ovarian malignant tumors can recognize polymorphic epithelial mucin core peptides. J. Immunol 151: 3693–3703.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Rabinowich, H , Y. Suminami, T. E. Reichert, P. Crowley-Nowick, M. Bell, R. Edwards, and T. L. Whiteside. 1996. Expression of cytokine genes or proteins and signaling molecules in lymphocytes associated with human ovarian carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 68: 276–284.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Lotzova, E. 1990. Role of human circulating and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in cancer defense and treatment. Nat. Immun. & Cell Growth Reg. 9: 253–264 (review).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Gimmi, C. D., B. W. Morrison, B. A. Mainprice, J. G. Gribben, V. A. Boussiotis, G. J. Freeman, S. Y. Park, M. Watanabe, J. Gong, D. F. Hayes, D. W. Kufe, and L. M. Nadler. 1996. Breast cancer-associated antigen, DF3/MUC1, induces apoptosis of activated human T cells. Nat. Med 2: 1367–1370.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Strand, S., W. J. Hofmann, H. Hug, M. Muller, G. Otto, D. Strand, S. M. Mariani, W. Stremmel, P H. Krammer, and P. R. Galle. 1996. Lymphocyte apoptosis induced by CD95 (APO-1/Fas) ligand-expressing tumor cells-a mechanism of immune evasion? Nat. Med 2 1361–1366 (see comments).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Guinan, E. C., J. G. Gribben, V. A. Boussiotis, G. J. Freeman, and L. M. Nadler. 1994. Pivotal role of the B7:CD28 pathway in transplantation tolerance and tumor immunity. Blood 84: 3261–3282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Peng, L. M., S. Y. Shu, and J. C. Krauss. 1997. Monocyte chemoattractant protein inhibits the generation of tumor-reactive T-cells. Cancer Res. 57: 4849–4854.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Haskill, S., H. Koren, S. Becker, W. Fowler, and L. Walton. 1982. Mononuclear-cell infiltration in ovarian cancer. III. Suppressor-cell and ADCC activity of macrophages from ascitic and solid ovarian tumours. Br. J. Cancer 45: 747–753.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Richters, C. D., C. W. Burger, A. A. van de Loosdrecht, R. E. van Rijswijk, W. Calame, O. P. Bleker, J. B. Vermorken, P. Kenemans, and R. H. Beelen. 1993. The cellular composition in the peritoneal cavity and the cytotoxic function of the peritoneal cells from patients with ovarian cancer: effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment. Cancer Lett. 68: 25–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Brunda, M. J., V. Sulich, R. B. Wright, and A. V. Palleroni. 1991. Tumoricidal activity and cytokine secretion by tumor-infiltrating macrophages. Int. J. Cancer 48: 704–708.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Mantovani, A. 1981. In vitro effects on tumor cells of macrophages isolated from an early-passage chemically-induced murine sarcoma and from its spontaneous metastases. Int. J. Cancer 27: 221–228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Naylor, M. S., G. W. Stamp, W. D. Foulkes, D. Eccles, and F. R. Balkwill. 1993. Tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in human ovarian cancer: potential role in disease progression. J. Clin. Invest 91: 2194–2206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Erroi, A., M. Sironi, F. Chiaffarino, Z. G. Chen, M. Mengozzi, and A. Mantovani. 1989. IL-1 and IL-6 release by tumor-associated macrophages from human ovarian carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 44: 795–801.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Wu, S., C. M. Boyer, R. S. Whitaker, A. Berchuck, J. R. Wiener, J. B. Weinberg, and R. C. Bast, Jr. 1993. Tumor necrosis factor alpha as an autocrine and paracrine growth factor for ovarian cancer: monokine induction of tumor cell proliferation and tumor necrosis factor alpha expression. Cancer Res. 53: 1939–1944.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Sheid, B. 1992. Angiogenic effects of macrophages isolated from ascitic fluid aspirated from women with advanced ovarian cancer. Cancer Lett. 62: 153–158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Yoshida, S., M. Ono, T. Shono, H. Izumi, T. Ishibashi, H. Suzuki, and M. Kuwano. 1997. Involvement of interleukin-8, vascular endothelial growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor in tumor necrosis factor alpha-dependent angiogenesis. Mol. Cell. Biol 17: 4015–4023.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Bottazzi, B., N. Polentarutti, A. Balsari, D. Boraschi, P. Ghezzi, M. Salmona, and A. Mantovani. 1983. Chemotactic activity for mononuclear phagocytes of culture supernatants from murine and human tumor cells: evidence for a role in the regulation of the macrophage content of neoplastic tissues. Int. J. Cancer 31: 55–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bottazzi, B., P. Ghezzi, G. Taraboletti, M. Salmona, N. Colombo, C. Bonazzi, C. Mangioni, and A. Mantovani. 1985. Tumor-derived chemotactic factor(s) from human ovarian carcinoma: evidence for a role in the regulation of macrophage content of neoplastic tissues. Int. J. Cancer 36: 167–173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Graves, D. T., Y. L. Jiang, M. J. Williamson, and A. J. Valente. 1989. Identification of monocyte chemotactic activity produced by malignant cells. Science 245: 1490–1493.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Yoshimura, T., E. A. Robinson, S. Tanaka, E. Appella, J. Kuratsu, and E. J. Leonard. 1989. Purification and amino acid analysis of two human glioma-derived monocyte chemoattractants. J. Exp. Med 169: 1449–1459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Yoshimura, T., N. Yuhki, S. K. Moore, E. Appella, M. I. Lerman, and E. J. Leonard. 1989. Human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1): full-length cDNA cloning, expression in mitogen-stimulated blood mononuclear leukocytes, and sequence similarity to mouse competence gene JE. FEBS Lett. 244: 487–493.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Furutani, Y., H. Nomura, M. Notake, Y. Oyamada, T. Fukui, M. Yamada, C. G. Larsen, J. J. Oppenheim, and K. Matsushima. 1989. Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA for human monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 159: 249–255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Bottazzi, B., F. Colotta, A. Sica, N. Nobili, and A. Mantovani. 1990. A chemoattractant expressed in human sarcoma cells (tumor-derived chemotactic factor, TDCF) is identical to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCP-1/MCAF). Int. J. Cancer 45: 795–797.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Negus, R. P., G. W. Stamp, M. G. Relf, F. Burke, S. T. Malik, S. Bernasconi, P. Allavena, S. Sozzani, A. Mantovani, and F. R. Balkwill. 1995. The detection and localization of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in human ovarian cancer. J. Clin. Invest 95: 2391–2396.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Mattei, S., M. P. Colombo, C. Melani, A. Silvani, G. Parmiani, and M. Herlyn. 1994. Expression of cytokine/growth factors and their receptors in human melanoma and melanocytes. Int. J. Cancer 56: 853–857.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Merlo, A., A. Juretic, M. Zuber, L. Filgueira, U. Luscher, V. Caetano, J. Ulrich, O. Gratzl, M. Heberer, G. C. Spagnoli. 1993. Cytokine gene expression in primary brain tumours, metastases and meningiomas suggests specific transcription patterns. Eur. J. Cancer 29A: 2118–2125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Pusztai, L., L. M. Clover, K. Cooper, P. M. Starkey, C. E. Lewis, and J. O. McGee. 1994. Expression of tumour necrosis factor alpha and its receptors in carcinoma of the breast. Br. J. Cancer 70: 289–292.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Carswell, E. A., L. J. Old, R. L. Kassel, S. Green, N. Fiore, and B. Williamson. 1975. An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72: 3666–3670.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Malik, S. T., D. B. Griffin, W. Fiers, and F. R. Balkwill. 1989. Paradoxical effects of tumour necrosis factor in experimental ovarian cancer. Int. J. Cancer 44: 918–925.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Negus, R. P. M., L. Turner, F. Burke, and F. R. Balkwill. 1998. Hypoxia downregulates MCP-1 expression: implications for macrophage distribution in tumors. J. Leuk. Biol 63: 758–765.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Nordsmark, M., S. M. Bentzen, and J. Overgaard. 1994. Measurement of human tumour oxygenation status by a polarographic needle electrode: an analysis of inter-and intratumour heterogeneity. Acta Oncol. 33: 383–389.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Khalil, A. A., M. R. Horsman, and J. Overgaard. 1995. The importance of determining necrotic fraction when studying the effect of tumour volume on tissue oxygenation. Acta Oncol. 34: 297–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Gleadle, J. M., B. L. Ebert, J. D. Firth, and P. J. Ratcliffe. 1995. Regulation of angiogenic growth factor expression by hypoxia, transition metals, and chelating agents. Am. J. Physiol 268: C1362 - C1368.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Shweiki, D., A. Itin, D. Soffer, and E. Keshet. 1992. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature 359: 843–845.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Helmlinger, G., F. Yuan, M. Dellian, and R. Jain. 1997. Interstitial pH and p02 gradients in solid tumors in vivo: high-resolution measurements reveal a lack of correlation. Nat. Med 3: 177–182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Porschen, R., S. Classen, M. Piontek, and F. Borchard. 1994. Vascularization of carcinomas of the esophagus and its correlation with tumor proliferation. Cancer Res. 54: 587–591.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Krtolica, A., and J. W. Ludlow. 1996. Hypoxia arrests ovarian carcinoma cell cycle progression, but invasion is unaffected. Cancer Res. 56: 1168–1173.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Goldberg, M. A., S. P. Dunning, and H. F. Bunn. 1988. Regulation of the erythropoietin gene: evidence that the oxygen sensor is a heme protein. Science 242: 1412–1415.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Guillemin, K., and M. A. Krasnow. 1997. The hypoxic response: huffing and HIFing. Cell 89: 9–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Ebert, B. L., J. M. Gleadle, J. F. O’Rourke, S. M. Bartlett, J. Poulton, and P. J. Ratcliffe. 1996. Isoenzyme-specific regulation of genes involved in energy metabolism by hypoxia: similarities with the regulation of erythropoietin. Biochem. J 313: 809–814.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Foxman, E. F., J. J. Campbell, and E. C. Butcher. 1997. Multistep navigation and combinatorial control of leukocyte chemotaxis. J. Cell Biol 139: 1349–1360.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Radke, J., D. Schmidt, M. Bohme, U. Schmidt, W. Weise, and J. Morenz. 1996. Cytokine level in malignant ascites and peripheral blood of patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. Geburtshilfe and Frauenheilkunde 56: 83–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Melani, C., S. M. Pupa, A. Stoppacciaro, S. Menard, M. I. Colnaghi, G. Parmiani, and M. P. Colombo. 1995. An in vivo model to compare human leukocyte infiltration in carcinoma xenografts producing different chemokines. Int. J. Cancer 62: 572–578.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Lee, L. F., C. C. Schuerer-Maly, A. K. Lofquist, C. van Haaften-Day, J. P. Ting, C. M. White, B. K. Martin, and J. S. Haskill. 1996. Taxol-dependent transcriptional activation of IL-8 in a subset of human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 56: 1303–1308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Rupert P. M. Negus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Frances R. Balkwill
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA

    Barrett J. Rollins MD, PhD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Negus, R.P.M., Balkwill, F.R. (1999). Chemokines and Gynecologic Malignancies. In: Rollins, B.J. (eds) Chemokines and Cancer. Contemporary Cancer Research. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-701-7_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-701-7_11

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4760-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-701-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation