Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Applications of Androgen Therapy for Muscle Wasting Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infection and Other Chronic Diseases

  • Chapter
Hormone Replacement Therapy

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE,volume 13))

Abstract

In many chronic illnesses, such as those associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), end stage renal disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, and some types of cancer, we can now achieve disease stability, but not cure. In these chronic disorders, muscle wasting occurs frequently, and is associated with debility, impaired quality of life, and poor disease outcome (1-11). For instance, a substantial proportion of HIV-infected men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) require assistance with activities of daily life after hospitalization for secondary illnesses. Therefore, strategies that can reverse muscle wasting and augment muscle function may improve quality of life and reduce utilization of health care resources.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Hellerstein MK, Kahn J, Mundi H, Viteri F. Current approach to treatment of human immunodeficiency virus associated with weight loss, pathophysiologic considerations and emerging -strategies. Sem Oncol 1990; 17: 17–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Kotler DP, Tierney AR, Wang J, Pierson RN. Magnitude of body cell mass depletion and the timing of death from wasting in AIDS. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 50: 444–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Grunfeld C, Feingold KR. Metabolic disturbances and wasting in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 329–337.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Sellmeyer DE, Grunfeld C. Endocrine and metabolic disturbances in human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Endocr Rev 1996; 17: 518–532.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Chlebowski RT, et al. Nutritional status, gastrointestinal dysfunction and survival in patients with AIDS. Am J Gastroenterol 1989; 84: 1288–1293.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Salehian B, Jacobson D, Grafe M, McCutchan A, Swerdloff R. Pituitary-testicular axin during HIV infection: a prospective study. Presented at the 18th annual meeting of the American Society of Andrology. Abstract #9, Tampa Florida, April 15–19, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Nahlen BL, et al. HIV wasting syndrome in the United States. AIDS 1993; 7: 183–188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Dobs AS, Few WL, Blackman MR, Harman SM, Hoover DR, Graham NMH. Serum hormones in men with human immunodeficiency virus-associated wasting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 4108–4112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Grinspoon S, Corcoran C, Lee K, et al. Loss of lean body and muscle mass correlates with androgen levels in hypogondal men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and wasting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 4051–4058.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Linden CP, Allen S, Serufilira A, et al. Predictors of mortality among HIV-infected women in Kigali, Rwanda. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 320–325.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gunter PA, Mourahainen N, Cohen GR, et al. Relationship between nutritional status. CD4 counts and survival in HIV infection. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 56: 762–799.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bhasin S, Bremner WJ. Emerging issues in androgen replacement therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 3–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Sokol RZ, Palacios A, Campfield LA, Saul C, Swerdloff RS. Comparison of the kinetics of injectable testosterone in eugonadal and hypogonadal men. Fertil Steril 1982; 37: 425–430.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Snyder PJ, Lawrence DA Treatment of male hypogonadism with testosterone enanthate. J Clin Endocrinal Metab 1980; 51: 1335–1339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Matsumoto AM. Effects of chronic testosterone administration in normal men: safety and efficacy of high dose testosterone and parallel dose-dependent suppression of LH, FSH and sperm production. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 70: 282.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Meikle AW, Mazer NA, Moellmer JF, et al. Enhanced transdermal delivery of testosterone across the nonscrotal skin produces physiological concentrations of testosterone and its metabolites in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 623–628.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wilson JD. Androgen abuse by athletes. Endocr Rev 1988; 9: 181–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bardin CW. The anabolic action of testosterone. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 52, 53.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Casaburi R, Storer T, Bhasin S. Androgen effects on body composition and muscle performance. In: Bhasin S, Gabelnick H, Spieler JM, Swerdloff RS, Wang C, eds. Pharmacology, Biology, and Clinical Applications of Androgens: Current Status and Future Prospects. Wiley-Liss, New York, NY, 1996, pp. 283–288.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Mooradian AD, Morley JE, Korenman SG. Biological actions of androgens. Endocr Rev 1987; 8: 1–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, Callegari C, Clevenger BA, Phillips J, Bunnell T, Tricker R, Shirazi A, Casaburi R. The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in men. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kenyon AT, Knowlton K, Sandiford I, Kock FC, Lotwin G. A comparative study of the metabolic effects of testosterone propionate in normal men and women and in eunuchoidism. Endocrinology 1940; 26: 26–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kochakian CD. Comparison of protein anabolic properties of various androgens in the castrated rat. Am J Physiol 1950; 60: 553–558.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, Yarasheski K, Phillips J, Clevenger B, Lee WP, Casaburi R. A replacement dose of testosterone increases fat-free mass and muscle size in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 407–413.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Brodsky IG, Balagopal P, Nair KS. Effects of testosterone replacement on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis in hypogonadal men-a Clinical Research Center Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 3469–3475.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wang C, Eyre DR, Clark R, Kleinberg D, Newman C, Iranmanesh A, Veldhuis J, Dudley RE, Berman N, Davidson T, Barstow TJ, Sinow R, Alexander G, Swerdloff RS. Sublingual testosterone replacement improves muscle mass and strength, decreases bone resorption, and increases bone resorption markers in hypogonadal men-a Clinical Research Center Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 3654–3662.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Katznelson L, Finkelstein JS, Schoenfeld DA, Rosenthal DI, Anderson EJ, Klibanski A. Increase in bone density and lean body mass during testosterone administration in men with acquired hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 4358–4365.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bhasin S, Tenover JS. Sarcopenia: issues in testosterone replacement of older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 1659, 1660.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Forbes GB, Porta CR, Herr B, Griggs RC. Sequence of changes in body composition induced by testosterone and reversal of changes after the drug is stopped. JAMA 1992; 267: 397–399.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Griggs RC, Kingston W, Josefowicz RF, Herr BE, Forbes G, Halliday D. Effect of testosterone on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol 1989; 66: 498–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Griggs RC, Pandya S, Florence JM, Brooke MH, Kingston W, Miller JP, Chutkow J, Herr BE, Moxley RT. Randomized controlled trial of testosterone in myotonic dystrophy. Neurology 1989; 39: 219–222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Urban RJ, Bodenburg YH, Gilkison C, Foxworth J, Coggan AR, Wolfe RR, Ferrando A. Testosterone administration to elderly men increases skeletal muscle strength and protein synthesis. Am J Physiol 1995; 269: E820 - E826.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Young NR, Baker HWG, Liu G, Seeman E. Body composition and muscle strength in healthy men receiving testosterone enanthate for contraception. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 1028–1032.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Dobs AS, Dempsey MA, Ladenson PW, Polk BF. Endocrine disorders in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Med 1988; 84: 611–615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Meremich JA, McDermott MT, Asp AA, Harrison SM, Kidd GS. Evidence of endocrine involvement early in the course of human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 70: 566–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Villete JM, Bourin P, Dornel C, Mansour I, Boudou P, Dreux C, Rone R, Debord M, Leu F. Circadian variations in plasma levels of hypophyseal, adrenocortical, and testicular hormones in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Endorinol Metab 1990; 70: 572–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Aron DC. Endocrine complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 330–333.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Croxon TC, Chapman WE, Miller LK, Levitt CD, Senie R, Zumoff B. Changes in the hypothalamic pituitary-gonadal axis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68: 317–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Raffi F, Brisseau J-M, Planchon B, Remi JP, Barrier JH, Grolleau J-Y. Endocrine function in 98 HIV-infected patients: a prospective study. AIDS 1991; 5: 729–733.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. DePaepe ME, Vuletin JC, Lee MH, Rojas-Corona RR, Waxman M. Testicular atrophy in homosexual AIDS patients. Hum Pathol 1989; 20: 572–578.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Meyer-Bahlburg FH et al. HIV positive gay men: sexual dysfunction. Proc VI International Conference on AIDS 1989; 701.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Coodley GO, Loveless MO, Nelson HD, Coodley MK. Endocrine function in HIV wasting syndrome. J Acquir Immune Def Retrovirol 1994; 7: 46–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Laudet A, Blum L, Guechot J, et al. Changes in systematic gonadal and adrenal sterods in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected men: relationship with CD4 counts. Euro J Endocrin 1995; 133: 418–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Casaburi R, Goren S, Bhasin S. Substantial prevalence of low anabolic hormone levels in COPD patients undergoing rehabilitation. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1996;153:Al28.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Handelsman DJ, Dong Q. Hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis in chronic renal failure. Endocrin Metab Clinics N Am 1993; 22: 145–161.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Rabkin JG, Rabkin R, Wagner GJ. Testosterone treatment of clinical hypogonadism in patients with HIV AIDS. Int J STD AIDS 1997; 8: 537–545.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Beal JE, Oldson R, Laubenstein L, et al. Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995; 10: 89–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Von Roenn JH, Armstrong D, Kotler DP, et al. Megastrol acetate in patients with AIDS-related cachexia. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 393–399.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Schambelan M, Mulligan K, Grunfeld C, et al. Recombinant growth horone in patients with HIV-associated wasting. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 873–882.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Waters D, Danska J, Hardy K, Koster F. Recombinant growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and combination therapy in AIDS-associated wasting. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 865–872.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Bucher G, Berger DS, Fields-Gardner C, Jones R, Reiter WM. A prospective study on the safety and effect of nandrolone decanoate in HIV positive patients [abstract #Mo.B. 423] Int Conf AIDS 1996; 11: 26.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Gold J, High HA, Li Y, Michelmore H, Bodsworth NJ, Finlayson R, Furner VL, Allen BJ, Oliver CJ. Safety and efficacy of nandrolone decanoate for treatment of wasting in patients with HIV infection. AIDS 1996; 10: 745–752.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Berger JR, Pall L, Hall CD, Simpson DM, Berry PS, Dudley R. Oxandrolone in AIDS-wasting myopathy. AIDS 1996; 10: 1657–1662.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Hengge UR, Baumann M, Maleba R, Brockmeyer NH, Goos M. Oxymetholone promotes weight gain in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection. Br J Nutr 1996; 75 (1): 129–138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Berger JR, Pall L, Winfield D. Effect of anabolic steroids on HIV-related wasting myopathy. South Med J 1993;86(8):865,866.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Rabkin JG, Rabkin R, Wagner JG. Testosterone treatment of clinical hypogonadism in patients with HIV AIDS. Int J STD AIDS 1997; 8: 537–545.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Engelson ES, Rabkin JG, Rabkin R, Kotler DP. Effects of testosterone upon body composition. J Acquir Immune Defic Synd 1996; 11: 510, 511.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Coodley GO, Coodley MK. A trial of testosterone therapy for HIV-associated weight loss. AIDS 1997; 11: 1347–1352.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Bhasin S, Storer TW, Kilbourne A, Hays R, Arver S, Sinha-Hikim I, Shen R, Guerrero M, Beall G. Effects of physiologic testosterone replacement in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men with low testosterone levels., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Pape GS, Friedman M, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR. The effect of growth hormone on weight gain and pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Chest 1991; 99: 1495–1500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Pichard C, Kyle U, Chevrolet JC. Lack of effects of recombinant growth hormone on muscle function in patients requiring prolonged mechaniscal ventilation: a prospective randomized controlled study. Crit Care Med 1996; 24: 403–413.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Reid IR, Wattie DJ, Evans MC, Stapleton JP. Testosterone therapy in glucocorticoid-treated men. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1173–1177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Reid IR, Ibbertson HK, France JT, Pybus J. Plasma testosterone concentrations in asthmatic men treated with glucocorticoids. Br Med J 1985; 291: 574–577.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. McAdams MR, White RH, Chipps BE. Reduction of serum testosrone levels during chronic glucocorticoid therapy. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 648–651.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Chopp RT, Mendez R. Sexual function and hormonal abnormalities in uremic men on chronic dialysis and after renal transplantation. Fertil Steril 1978; 29: 661–666.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Barton CH, Mirahmadi MK, Vaziri ND. Effects of long term testosterone administration on pituitary-testicular axis in end-stage renal failure. Nephron 1982; 31: 61–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Jones RWA, El Bishti MM, Bloom SR, et al. The effects of anabolic steroids on growth, body composition, and metabolism in boys with chronic renal failure on regular hemodialysis. J Pediatrics 1980; 97: 559–566.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kassmann Km Rappaport R, Broyer M. The short term effect of testosterone on growth in boys on hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 1992; 37: 148–154.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Berns JS, Rudnick MR, Cohen RM. A controlled trial of recombinant erythropoieitin and nandrolone decanoate in the treatment of anemia in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 1992; 37: 264–267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Buchwald D, Argyres S, Easterling RE, et al. Effect of nandrolone decanoate on the anemia of chronic hemodialysis patients. Nephron 1977; 18: 232–238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Williams JL, Stein JH, Ferris TF. Nandrolone decanoate therapy for patients receiving hemodialysis. A controlled study. Arch Intern Med 1974; 134: 289–292.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Hendler ED, Goffinet JA, Ross S, et al. Controlled study of androgen therapy in anemia of patients on maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 1974; 291: 1046–1051.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Neff MS, Goldberg J, Slifkin RF, et al. A comparison of androgens for anemia in patients on hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 871–875.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Schols AMW, Soeters PB, Mostert R. Physiologic effects of nutritional support and anabolic steroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 1268–1274.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Seidell J, Bjorntorp P, Sjostrom L, Kvist H, Sannerstedt R. Visceral fat accumulation in men is positively associated with insulin, glucose and C-peptide levels, but negatively with testosterone levels. Metabolism 1990; 39: 897–901.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Barrett-Connors E, Khaw K-T. Endogenous sex-hormones and cardiovascular disease in men. A prospective population-based study. Circulation 1988; 78: 539–545.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Marin P, Krotkiewski M, Bjorntorp P. Androgen treatment of middle-aged, obese men: effects on metabolism, muscle, and adipose tissues. Eur J Med 1992; 1: 329–336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Marin P, Oden B, Bjorntorp P. Assimilation and mobilization of triglycerides in subcutaneous abdominal and femoral adipose tissue in vivo in men: effects of androgens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 239–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Bartsch W, Krieg M, Voigt KD. Quantitation of endogenous testosterone, 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5-alpha-androstane-3-alpha, 17-beta-diol in subcellular fractions of the prostate, bulbocavernosus levator ani muscle, skeletal muscle, and heart muscle of the rat. J Steroid Biochem 1980; 13: 259–267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Sattler FR, Antonipillai I, Allen J, Horton R (1996) Wasting and sex hormones: evidence for the role of dihydrotestosterone in AIDS patients with weight loss. Abstract Tu.B.2376 presented at the X I International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Dahlberg E, Snochowski M, Gustaffsson JA Regulation of the androgen and glucocorticoid receptors in the rat and mouse muscle cytosol. Endocrinology 1981; 108: 1431–1436.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Michel G, Bauheu EE. Androgen receptor in skeletal muscle: characterization and physiologic variations. Endocrinology 1980; 107: 2088.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Saartok T, Dahlberg E, Gustaffsson JA. Relative binding affinity of anabolic-androgenic steroids, comparison of the binding to the androgen receptors in skeletal muscle and in prostate as well as sex hormone binding globulin. Endocrinology 1984; 114: 2100–2107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Konagaya M, Max SR. A possible role for endogenous glucocorticoid in orchiectomy-induced atrophy of the rat levator ani muscle: studies with RU38486, a potent glucocorticoid antagonist. J Steroid Biochem 1986; 25: 305–311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Mayer M, Rosen F. Interaction of anabolic steroids with glucocorticoid receptor sites in rat muscle cytosol. Am J Physiol 1975; 229: 1381–1386.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Fryburg DA, Weltman A, Jahn LA, Weltman J, Samojlik E, Hintz RL, Veldhuis JD. Short-term modulation of the androgen milieu alters pulsatile, but not exercise-or growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-stimulated GH secretion in healthy men: impact of gonadal steroid and GH secretory changes on metabolic outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 3710–3719.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Leslie M, Forger NG, Breedlove SM. Sexual dimorphism and androgen effects on spinal motoneurons innervating the rat felxor digitorum brevis. Brain Res 1991; 561: 269–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Blanco CE, Popper P, Micevych P. Anabolic-androgenic steroid induced alterations in choline acetyltransferase messenger RNA levels of spinal cord motoneurons in the male rat. Neuroscience 1997; 78: 973–882.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Zumoff B, Strain GW, Miller Lk, et al. Twenty-four hour mean plasma testosterone concentrations declines with age in norma premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol metab 1995; 80: 1429–1430.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Sherwin B, Gelfand MM, Brender W. Androgen enhances sexual motivation in females: a prospective, crossover study of sex steroid administration in surgical menopause. Psychosom Med 1997; 47: 339–351.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Burger HG, Hailes J, Nelson J, et al. Effect of combined implants of estradiol and testosterone on libido in postmenopausal women. Br Med J 1987; 294: 936–937.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Raisz LG, Wiita B, Anis A, et al. Comparison of the effects of estrogen alone and estrogen plus androgen on biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 81: 37–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Watts NB, Notelovitz M, Timmons MC. Comparison of oral estrogens and estrogens plus androgen on bone mineral density, menopausal symptoms and lipid-lipoprotein profile in surgical menopause. Obstet Gynecol1995; 85: 529–537.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Sinha-Hikim I, Arver S, Beall G, et al. The use of a sensitive equilibrium dialysis method for the measurement of free testosterone levels in healthy, cycling women and in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 1312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Grinspoon S, Corcoran C, Miller K, et al. Body composition and endocrine function in women with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome wasting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 1332–1337.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Shalender Bhasin MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marjan Javanbakht MPH
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Endocrinology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    A. Wayne Meikle MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bhasin, S., Javanbakht, M. (1999). Applications of Androgen Therapy for Muscle Wasting Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infection and Other Chronic Diseases. In: Meikle, A.W. (eds) Hormone Replacement Therapy. Contemporary Endocrinology, vol 13. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-700-0_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-700-0_19

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-092-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-700-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation