Abstract
Current surgical treatment for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is based on the surgical procedure of pancreaticoduodenectomy as first described by Whipple et al. (1). However, because of tumor relapse in the liver, peritoneum, and the bed of the resected pancreas, surgery alone cures no more than 25% of patients who undergo resection (2–5). In fact, local recurrence has been documented in 50 to 90% of patients after pancreaticoduodenectomy (6–10). Attempts to improve local control and survival by performing extended lymphatic resection have met with conflicting results (8, 11–14) and in some centers have been associated with unacceptable morbidity and mortality (15–17). In a series from Japan, extended resection did not prevent local recurrence unless combined with intra-operative irradiation (IORT) (13,14).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Whipple AO, Parsons WV, and Mullin CR. Treatment of carcinoma of the ampulla of vater, Ann. Surg., 102 (1935) 763–779.
Crist DW, Sitzman JV, and Cameron JL. Improved hospital mobidity, mortality, and survival after the Whipple procedure, Ann. Surg., 206 (3) (1987) 358–365.
Martin FM, Rossi RL, Dorrucci V, Silverman ML, and Braasch JW. Clinical and pathologic correlations in patients with periampullary tumors, Arch. Surg., 125 (6) (1990) 723–726.
Pellegrini CA, Heck CF, Raper S, and Way LW. An analysis of the reduced morbidity and mortality rates after pancreaticoduodenectomy, Arch. Surg., 124 (7) (1989) 778–781.
Trede M, Schwall G, and Saeger HD. Survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy, 118 consecutive resections without an operative mortality, Ann. Surg., 211 (4) (1990) 447–458.
Andrèn-Sandberg A, Ahren B, Tranberg KG, and Bengmark S. Surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer. The Swedish experience, Int. J. Pancreatology, 9 (1991) 145–151.
Griffin JF, Smalley SR, Jewell W, et al. Patterns of failure after curative resection of pancreatic carcinoma, Cancer, 66 (1990) 56–61.
Ishikawa O, Ohhigashi H, Sasaki Y, et al. Practical usefulness of lymphatic and connective tissue clearance for the carcinoma of the pancreas head, Ann. Surg., 208 (2) (1988) 215–220.
Ozaki H, Kinoshita T, Kosuge T, Egawa S, and Kishi K. Effectiveness of multimodality treatment for resectable pancreatic cancer, Int. J. Pancreatology, 7 (1–3) (1990) 195–200.
Tepper J, Nardi G, and Suit H. Carcinoma of the pancreas: review of MGH experience from 1963 to 1973. Analysis of surgical failure and implications for radiation therapy, Cancer,37(3) (1976) 15191524.
Fortner JG. Regional pancreatectomy for cancer of the pancreas, ampulla, and other related sites. Tumor staging and results, Ann. Surg., 199 (4) (1984) 418–425.
Gall FP and Kockerling F. The problem of radical surgery in pancreatic cancer and its implications for a combined-treatment approach, Recent Results Cancer Res., 110 (1988) 79–86.
Hiraoka T. Extended radical resection of cancer of the pancreas with intraoperative radiotherapy, Baillieres Clin. Gastroenterol., 4 (4) (1990) 985–993.
Hiraoka T, Uchino R, Kanemitsu K, et al. Combination of intraoperative radiation with resection of cancer of the pancreas, Int. J. Pancreatology, 7 (1990) 201–207.
Fortner JG, Kim DK, Cubilla A, Turnbull A, Pahnke LD, and Shils ME. Regional pancreatectomy: en bloc pancreatic, portal vein and lymph node resection, Ann. Surg., 186 (1) (1977) 42–50.
Nagakawa T, Konishi I, Ueno K, et al. Surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer. The Japanese experience, Int. J. Pancreatology, 9 (1991) 135–143.
Sindelar WF. Clinical experience with regional pancreatectomy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, Arch. Surg., 124 (1) (1989) 127–132.
Gunderson LL, Nagorney DM, Martenson JA, et al. External beam plus intraoperative irradiation for gastrointestinal cancers, World J. Surg., 19 (1995) 191–197.
Gunderson LL, Willett C. Pancreas and hepatobiliary tract cancer. In Perez CA and Brady LW, (eds.), Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology,3rd ed. J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 14671488.
Whittington R, Solin L, and Mohiuddin M. Multimodality therapy of localized unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma, Cancer, 54 (1984) 1991–1998.
Gunderson LL, Martin JK, Kvols LK, et al. Intraoperative and external beam irradiation ±5-FU for locally advanced pancreatic cancer, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 13 (3) (1987) 319–329.
Roldan GE, Gunderson LL, Nagorney DM, et al. External beam versus intraoperative and external beam irradiation for locally advanced pancreatic cancer, Cancer, 61 (1988) 1110–1116.
Wood WC, Shipley WU, Gunderson LL, Cohen AM, and Nardi GL. Intraoperative irradiation for unresectable pancreatic carcinoma, Cancer, 49 (1982) 1272–1275.
Shipley WU, Wood WC, Tepper JE, et al. Intraoperative electron beam irradiation for patients with unresectable pancreatic carcinoma, Ann. Surg., 200 (1984) 289–296.
Staley CA, Lee JE, Cleary KA, et al. Preoperative chemoradiation, pancreaticoduodenectomy, and intraoperative radiation therapy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head, Ann. Surg., 171 (1) (1996) 118–125.
Evans DB, Abbruzzese JL, and Rich TA. Cancer of the pancreas, in DeVita VT, Hellman S, and Rosenberg SA, (eds). Cancer, Principles and Practice of Oncology, J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 1054–1087.
Fuhrman GM, Charnsangavej C, Abbruzzese JL, et al. Thin-section contrast-enhanced computed tomography accurately predicts the resectability of malignant pancreatic neoplasms, Am. J. Surg., 167 (1) (1994) 104–113.
Robinson EK, Lee JE, Lowy AM, Fenoglio CJ, Pisters PW, and Evans DB. Reoperative pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary carcinoma, Am. J. Surg., 172 (5) (1996) 432–438.
Spitz FR, Abbruzzese JL, Lee JE, et al. Preoperative and postoperative chemoradiation strategies in patients treated with pancreaticoduodenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas [Review], J. Clin. Oncol., 15 (3) (1997) 928–937.
Fuhrman GM, Leach SD, Staley CA, et al. Rationale for en-bloc vein resection in the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma adherent to the superior mesenteric-portal vein confluence. Pancreatic Tumor Study Group, Ann. Surg., 223 (2) (1996) 154–162.
Mills MD, Almond RR, Boyer AL, et al. Shielding considerations for an operating room based intraoperative electron radiotherapy unit, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 18 (5) (1990) 1215–1221.
Hogstrom KR, Boyer AL, Shiu AS, et al. Design of metallic electron beam cones for an intraoperative therapy linear accelerator, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 18 (5) (1990) 1223–1232.
Nyerick CE, Ochran TG, Boyer AL, and Hogstrom KR. Dosimetry characteristics of metallic cones for intraoperative radiotherapy, Mt. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 21 (2) (1991) 501–510.
Abe M and Takahashi M. Intraoperative radiotherapy: the Japanese experience, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 7 (1981) 863–868.
Tepper JE, Shipley WU, Warshaw AL, Nardi GL, Wood WC, and Orlow EL. The role of misonidazole combined with intraoperative radiation therapy in the treatment of pancreatic carcinoma, J. Clin. Oncol., 5 (4) (1987) 579–584.
Tuckson WB, Goldson AL, Ashayeri E, Halyard-Richardson M, DeWitty RL, and Leffall LD. Intraoperative radiotherapy for patients with carcinoma of the pancreas. The Howard University Hospital experience, 1978–1986, Ann. Surg., 207 (6) (1988) 648–654.
Manabe T, Baba N, Nonaka A, et al. Combined treatment using radiotherapy for carcinoma of the pancreas involving the adjacent vessels, Int. Surg., 73 (1988) 153–156.
Nishimura A, Sakata S, Iida K, et al. Evaluation of intraoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the pancreas: prognostic factors and survival analyses, Radiat. Med., 6 (2) (1988) 85–91.
Willich N, Denecke H, Krimmel K, and Grab J. The Munich experience in intraoperative irradiation therapy of pancreatic cancer, Ann. Radiol., 32 (6) (1989) 484–486.
Cromack DT, Maher MM, Hoekstra H, Kinsella TJ, and Sindelar WF. Are complications in intraoperative radiation therapy more frequent than in conventional treatment?, Arch. Surg., 124 (1989) 229–234.
Gilly FN, Romestaing PJ, Gerard JP, et al. Experience of three years with intraoperative radiation therapy using the Lyon intra-operative device, Int. Surg., 75 (1990) 84–88.
Abe M, Shibamoto Y, Ono K, and Takahashi M. Intraoperative radiation therapy for carcinoma of the stomach and pancreas. In Vaeth JM and Meyer JL, (eds.), The Role of High Energy Electrons in the Treatment of Cancer, Front. Radiat. Ther. Oncol., 25 (1991) 258–269.
Calvo FA, Santos M, Abuchaibe O, et al. Intraoperative Radiotherapy in gastric and pancreatic carcinoma: a European experience. In Vaeth JM and Meyer JL, (eds.), The Role of High Energy Electrons in the Treatment of Cancer Front. Radiat. Ther. Oncol., 25 (1991) 270–283.
Dobelbower RR Jr, Konski AA, Merrick HW III, Bronn DG, Schifeling D, and Kamen C. Intraoperative electron beam radiation therapy (IOEBRT) for carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 20 (1991) 113–119.
Kojima Y, Kimura T, Yasukawa H, et al. Radiotherapy-centered multimodal treatment of unresectable pancreatic carcinoma, Mt. Surg., 76 (1991) 87–90.
Garton GR, Gunderson LL, Nagorney DM, et al. High-dose preoperative external beam and intraoperative irradiation for locally advanced pancreatic cancer, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 27 (1993) 1153–1157.
Okamoto A, Tsuruta K, Isawa T, Kamisawa T, Tanaka Y, and Onodera T. Intraoperative radiation therapy for pancreatic carcinoma: the choice of treatment modality, Int. J. Pancreatology, 16 (2–3) (1994) 157–164.
Kasperk R, Klever P, Andreopoulos D, and Schumpelick V. Intraoperative radiotherapy for pancreatic carcinoma, Br. J. Surg., 82 (1995) 1259–1261.
Fossati V, Cattaneo GM, Zerbi A, et al. The role of intraoperative therapy by electron beam and combination of adjuvant chemotherapy and external radiotherapy in carcinoma of the pancreas, Tumori, 81 (1995) 23–31.
Mohiuddin M, Regine WF, Stevens J, et al. Combined intraoperative radiation and perioperative chemotherapy for unresectable cancers of the pancreas, J. Clin. Oncol., 13 (11) (1995) 2764–2768.
Shibamoto Y, Nishimura Y, and Abe M. Intraoperative radiotherapy and hyperthermia for unresectable pancreatic cancer, Hepato-Gastroenterology, 43 (1996) 326–332.
Shibamoto Y, Manabe T, Baba N, et al. High dose, external beam and intraoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 19 (1990) 605–611.
Ozaki H, Kinoshita T, Kosuge T, Shimada K, Yamamoto J, and Egawa, S. Evidence of effective multidisciplinary treatment for resectable pancreatic cancer from the viewpoint of the CA19–9 level, Int. J. Pancreatology, 9 (1991) 159–163.
Gotoh M, Monden M, Sakon M, et al. Intraoperative irradiation in resected carcinoma of the pancreas and portal vein, Arch. Surg.,127 (1992) 1213–1215.
Johnstone PA and Sindelar WF. Patterns of disease recurrence following definitive therapy of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas using surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy: correlations of a clinical trial, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 27 (1993) 831–834.
Zerbi A, Fossati V, Parolini D, et al. Intraoperative radiation therapy adjuvant to resection in the treatment of pancreatic cancer, Cancer, 73 (1994) 2930–2935.
Farrell TJ Barbot DJ, and Rosato FE. Pancreatic resection combined with intraoperative radiation therapy for pancreatic cancerAnn. Surg. 226(1) (1997) 66–69.
Coquard R, Ayzac L, Gilly F-N, et al. Intraoperative radiotherapy in resected pancreatic cancer: feasibility and results, Radiother. Oncol., 44 (1997) 271–275.
Goldson AL, Ashaveri E, Espinoza MC, et al. Single high dose intraoperative electrons for advanced stage pancreatic cancer: phase I pilot study, Int. J. Radias. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 7 (1981) 869–874.
Ohara K and Takeshima T. Tolerance of canine portal vein anastomosis to intraoperative X-irradiation, Acta. Oncol., 26 (6) (1987) 459–462.
Sindelar WF, Hoekstra H, Restrepo C, and Kinsella TJ. Pathological tissue changes following intraoperative radiotherapy, Am. J. Clin. Oncol., 9 (6) (1986) 504–509.
Ahmadu-Suka F, Gillette EL, Withrow SJ, Husted PW, Nelson AW, and Whiteman CE. Exocrine pancreatic function following intraoperative irradiation of the canine pancreas, Cancer, 62 (6) (1988) 1091–1095.
Poulakos L Elwell JH, Osborne JW, et al. The prevalence and severity of late effects in normal rat duodenum following intraoperative irradiationInt. J. Radias. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 18(4) (1990) 841–848.
Evans DB, Termuhlen PM, Byrd DR, Ames FC, Ochran TG, and Rich TA. Intraoperative radiation therapy following pancreaticodudenectomy, Ann. Surg., 218 (1) (1993) 54–60.
Evans DB, Rich TA, Byrd DR, et al. Preoperative chemoradiation and pancreaticoduodenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, Arch. Surg., 127 (11) (1992) 1335–1339.
Ishikawa O, Ohigashi H, Imaoka S, et al. Concomitant benefit of preoperative irradiation in preventing pancreas fistula formation after pancreatoduodenectomy, Arch. Surg., 126 (7) (1991) 885–889.
Lowy AM, Lee JE, Pisters PWT, et al. Prospective, randomized trial of octreotide to prevent pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy for malignant disease, Ann. Surg., 226 (1997) 632–641.
Evans DB, Lee JE, and Pisters PWT. Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple Operation) and total pancreatectomy for cancer. In Nyhus LM, Baker RJ, and Fischer JF, (eds.), Mastery of Surgery, Little, Brown, Boston, 1997, pp. 1233–1249.
Leach SD, Lee JE, Charnsangavej C, et al. Patient survival following pancreaticoduodenectomy with resection of the superior mesenteric-portal vein confluence for adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head, Br. J. Surg., 85 (1998) 611–617.
Kalser MH and Ellenberg SS. Pancreatic cancer. Adjuvant combined radiation and chemotherapy following curative resection, Arch. Surg., 120 (1985) 899–903.
Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Further evidence of effective adjuvant combined radiation and chemotherapy following curative resection of pancreatic cancer, Cancer, 59 (1987) 2006–2010.
Whittington R, Bryer MP, Haller DG, Solin LJ, and Rosato EF. Adjuvant therapy of resected adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 21 (1991) 1137–1143.
Foo ML, Gunderson LL, Nagorney DM, et al. Patterns of failure in grossly resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma treated with adjuvant irradiation +/− 5 fluorouracil, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 26 (3) (1993) 483–489.
Yeo CJ, Abrams RA, Grochow LB, et al. Pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: postoperative adjuvant chemoradiation improves survival. A prospective, single-institution experience, Ann. Surg., 225 (5) (1997) 621–633.
Hoffman JP, Lipsitz S, Pisansky T, Weese J, Solin L, and Benson AB. Phase II trial of preoperative radiation therapy and chemotherapy for patients with localized, resectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study, J. Clin. Oncol., 16 (1998) 317–323.
Pisters PWT, Abbruzzese JL, Janjan NA, Cleary KR, Charnsangavej C, Goswitz MS, Rich TA, Raijman I, Wolff RA, Lenzi R, Lee JE, Evans D. Rapid-fractionation preoperative chemoradiation, pancreaticoduodenectomy, and intraoperative radiation therapy for resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J. Clin Oncol.,in press.
Barton M. Tables of equivalent dose in 2 Gy fractions: a simple application of the linear quadratic formula, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. Phys., 31 (2) (1995) 371–378.
Meyn RE. Apoptosis and response to radiation: implications for radiation therapy, Oncology, 11 (1997) 349–356.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Termuhlen, P.M., Evans, D.B., Willett, C.G. (1999). IORT in Pancreatic Carcinoma. In: Gunderson, L.L., Willet, C.G., Harrison, L.B., Calvo, F.A. (eds) Intraoperative Irradiation. Current Clinical Oncology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-696-6_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-696-6_12
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5576-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-696-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive