Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neonatal Nutrition and Immunity

  • Chapter
Diet and Human Immune Function

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

  • 396 Accesses

Abstract

The adaptive immune system is formed throughout embryonic life, and although intact in cellular content and lymphoid infrastructure (1–6) it is antigenically naive at birth (2,4,5,7–9). Structural components of the innate arm of the immune system are in place from the first few weeks of gestation (2,5–7,10–14) and provide, along with maternally derived immunoglobulins (Igs), the bulk of host protection for the otherwise susceptible infant during the first few hours, days, and months of life outside the womb (see Table 1). However, an absolute biological priority for the neonatal immune system is antigenic exposure and the concomitant expansion and maturation of the immune system. If the newborn is to thrive, then the developing innate and adaptive immune system must mount adequate and appropriate immune responses to both pathogenic and beneficial microbial and dietary antigens that are encountered at and immediately after birth.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Raveche ES. Possible immunoregulatory role for CD5+ B cells. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1990;56:135–150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Smith DJ, Taubman MA. Ontogeny of immunity to oral microbiota in humans. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1992;3:109–133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Thilaganathan B, Nicolaides KH, Mansur CA, Levinsky RJ, Morgan G. Fetal B lymphocyte subpopu-lations in normal pregnancies. Fetal Diagn Ther 1993;8:15–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Silverstein AM. From the forehead of Zeus: the ontogeny of the immune response. Eye 1995;9:147–151.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Noia G, Romano D, De Santis M, et al. Ontogeny of the fetal immune system: study on pregnancies with Rh-isoimmunization and nonimmune fetal hydrops. Clin Immunol 1999;90:115–118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gurevich P, Ben-Hur H, Moldavsky M, Szvalb S, Shperling I, Zusman I. An immunohistochemical study of the secretory immune system in human fetal endocrine glands and their precursors. Early Pregnancy 2001;5:191–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Garcia AM, Fadel SA, Cao S, Sarzotti M. T cell immunity in neonates. Immunol Res 2000;22:177–190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Cummins AG, Thompson FM. Postnatal changes in mucosal immune response: a physiological perspective of breast feeding and weaning. Immunol Cell Biol 1997;75:419–429.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Walker WA. Role of nutrients and bacterial colonization in the development of intestinal host defense. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000;30(Suppl 2):S2-S7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Thrane PS, Rognum TO, Brandtzaeg P. Ontogenesis of the secretory immune system and innate defense factors in human parotid glands. Clin Exp Immunol 1991;86:342–348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Thilaganathan B, Abbas A, Nicolaides KH. Fetal blood natural killer cells in human pregnancy. Fetal DiagnTher 1993;8:149–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Mallow EB, Harris A, Salzman N, et al. Human enteric defensins. Gene structure and developmental expression. J Biol Chem 1996;23:4038–4045.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Fusunyan RD, Nanthakumar NN, Baldeon ME, Walker WA. Evidence for an innate immune response in the immature human intestine: toll-like receptors on fetal enterocytes. Pediatr Res 2001;49:589–593.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Steinborn A, Sohn C, Sayehli C, Niederhut A, Schmitt E, Kaufmann M. Preeclampsia, a pregnancy-specific disease, is associated with fetal monocyte activation. Clin Immunol 2001;100:305–313.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Chandra RK. Nutrition and immune responses. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1983;61:290–294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Chandra S, Chandra RK. Nutrition, immune response, and outcome. Prog Food Nutr Sci 1986; 10:1–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Erickson KL, Medina EA, Hubbard NE. Micronutrients and innate immunity. J Infect Dis 2000; 182 (Suppl 1):S5–S10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. McDade TW, Beck MA, Kuzawa CW, Adair LS. Prenatal undernutrition and postnatal growth are associated with adolescent thymic function. J Nutr 2001;131:1225–1231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Meydani SN, Erickson KL. Nutrients as regulators of immune function: introduction. FASEB J 2001;15:2555.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Field CJ, Johnson IR, Schley PD. Nutrients and their role in host resistance to infection. J Leukoc Biol 2002;71:16–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Singh R, Gopalan S, Sibal A. Immunonutrition. Indian J Pediatr 2002;69:417–419.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Koletzko B, Aggett PJ, Bindels JG, et al. Growth, development and differentiation: a functional food science approach. Br J Nutr 1998;80(Suppl 1):S5-S45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Sanderson IR. Dietary regulation of genes expressed in the developing intestinal epithelium. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:999–1005.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Paronen J, Vaarala O, Savilahti E, Saukkonen T, Akerblom HK. Soluble adhesion molecules and oral antigen feeding in infants. Pediatr Res 1996;40:276–279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Suen Y, Lee SM, Qian J, van de Ven C, Cairo MS. Dysregulation of lymphokine production in the neonate and its impact on neonatal cell mediated immunity. Vaccine 1998;16:1369–1377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Elliott SR, Roberton DM, Zola H, Macardle PJ. Expression of the costimulator molecules, CD40 and CD154, on lymphocytes from neonates and young children. Human Immunol 2000;61:378–388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Fadel S, Sarzotti M. Cellular immune responses in neonates. Int Rev Immunol 2000;19:173–193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Giannaki G, Rizos D, Xyni K, et al. Serum soluble E- and L-selectin in the very early neonatal period. Early Human Dev 2000;60:149–155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Press JL. Neonatal immunity and somatic mutation. Int Rev Immunol 2000;19:265–287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Liu E, Tu W, Law HK, Lau YL. Decreased yield, phenotypic expression and function of immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells in cord blood. Br J Haematol 2001;113:240–243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Brandtzaeg PE. Current understanding of gastrointestinal immunoregulation and its relation to food allergy. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002;964:13–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Delespesse G, Yang LP, Ohshima Y, et al. Maturation of human neonatal CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes into Thl/Th2 effectors. Vaccine 1998;16:1415–1419.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Husby S. Sensitization and tolerance. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;1:237–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ganschow R, Broering DC, Nolkemper D, et al. Th2 cytokine profile in infants predisposes to improved graft acceptance after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2001;15;72:929–934.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Langrish CL, Buddie JC, Thrasher AJ, Goldblatt D. Neonatal dendritic cells are intrinsically biased against Th-1 immune responses. Clin Exp Immunol 2002;128:118–123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Marodi L. Down-regulation of Thl responses in human neonates. Clin Exp Immunol 2002;128:1–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Chipeta J, Komada Y, Zhang XL, Azuma E, Yamamoto H, Sakurai M. Neonatal (cord blood) T cells can competently raise type 1 and 2 immune responses upon polyclonal activation. Cell Immunol 2000;205:110–119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Field CJ, Clandinin MT, Van Aerde JE. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and T-cell function: implications for the neonate. Lipids 2001;36:1025–1032.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Herz U, Ahrens B, Scheffold A, Joachim R, Radbruch A, Renz H. Impact of in utero Th2 immunity on T cell deviation and subsequent immediate-type hypersensitivity in the neonate. Eur J Immunol 2000;30:714–718.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Rainsford E, Reen DJ. Interleukin 10, produced in abundance by human newborn T cells, may be the regulator of increased tolerance associated with cord blood stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2002;116:702–709.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Adkins B, Bu Y, Cepero E, Perez R. Exclusive Th2 primary effector function in spleens but mixed Thl/ Th2 function in lymph nodes of murine neonates. J Immunol 2000;164:2347–2353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Duffy LC, Zielezny MA, Carrion V, et al. Bacterial toxins and enteral feeding of premature infants at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001;501:519–527.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Butel MJ, Waligora-Dupriet AJ, Szylit O. Oligofructose and experimental model of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. Br J Nutr 2002;87(Suppl 2):S213-S219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Claud EC, Walker WA. Hypothesis: inappropriate colonization of the premature intestine can cause neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. FASEB J 2001;15:1398–1403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kirjavainen PV, Gibson GR. Healthy gut microflora and allergy: factors influencing development of the microbiota. Ann Med 1999;31:288–292.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Kalliomaki M, Kirjavainen P, Eerola E, Kero P, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Distinct patterns of neonatal gut microflora in infants in whom atopy was and was not developing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:129–134.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hoyos AB. Reduced incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis associated with enteral administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium infantis to neonates in an intensive care unit. Int J Infect Dis 1999;3:197–202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Dai D, Walker WA. Protective nutrients and bacterial colonization in the immature human gut. Adv Pediatr 1999;46:353–382.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Caplan MS, Jilling T. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: possible role of probiotic supplementation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000;30(Suppl 2):S18-S22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Bengmark S, Garcia de Lorenzo A, Culebras JM. Use of pro-, pre- and synbiotics in the ICU—future options. Nutr Hosp 2001;16:239–256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Pickering LK. Biotherapeutic agents and disease in infants. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001;501:365–373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Nelson M. Childhood nutrition and poverty. Proc Nutr Soc 2000;59:307–315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Chandra RK. Interactions between early nutrition and the immune system. Ciba Found Symp 1991;156:77–89; discussion 89–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Levy O, Martin S, Eichenwald E, et al. Pediatrics impaired innate immunity in the newborn: newborn neutrophils are deficient in bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein. 1999;104:1327–1333.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Rondini G, Chirico G. Haematopoietic growth factor levels in term and preterm infants. Curr Opin Hematol 1999;6:192–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Nesin M, Cunningham-Rundles S. Cytokines and neonates. Am J Perinatol 2000;17:393–404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Cohen SB, Dominguez E, Lowdell M, Madrigal J A. The immunological properties of cord blood: overview of current research presented at the 2nd EUROCORD workshop. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998;22(Suppl 1):S22-S25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Dominguez E, Madrigal J A, Lavrisse Z, Cohen SB. Fetal natural killer cell function is suppressed. Immunology 1998;94:109–114.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kallman J, Schollin J, Schalen C, Erlandsson A, Kihlstrom E. Impaired phagocytosis and opsonisation towards group B streptococci in preterm neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1998;78:F46-F50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Nesin M, Cunningham-Rundles S. Cytokines and neonates. Am J Perinatol 2000;17:393–404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Hodge S, Hodge G, Flower R, Han P. Cord blood leucocyte expression of functionally significant molecules involved in the regulation of cellular immunity. Scand J Immunol 2001;53:72–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Grimble RF. Nutritional modulation of immune function. Proc Nutr Soc 2001;60:389–397.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Pierro A. Metabolism and nutritional support in the surgical neonate. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:811–822.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Andrews FJ, Griffiths R. Glutamine: essential for immune nutrition in the critically ill. Br J Nutr 2002;87(Suppl 1):S3-S8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Wu G, Meininger CJ, Knabe DA, Bazer FW, Rhoads JM. Arginine nutrition in development, health and disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2000;3:59–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Delvin EE, Salle BL, Reygrobellet B, Mellier G, Claris O. Vitamin A and E supplementation in breastfed newborns. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000;31:562–565.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Oppenheimer SJ. Iron and its relation to immunity and infectious disease. J Nutr 2001; 131:616s-633s.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Thurnham DI, Northrop-Clewes CA, McCullough FS, Das BS, Lunn PG. Innate immunity, gut integrity, and vitamin A in Gambian and Indian infants. J Infect Dis 2000;182(Suppl 1):S23-S28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Stephensen CB. Vitamin A, infection, and immune function. Annu Rev Nutr 2001;21:167–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Fawzi WW, Mbise R, Spiegelman D, Fataki M, Hertzmark E, Ndossi G. Vitamin A supplements and diarrheal and respiratory tract infections among children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. J Pediatr 2000;137:660–667.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Villamor E, Fawzi WW. Vitamin A supplementation: implications for morbidity and mortality in children. J Infect Dis 2000;182(Suppl 1):S122-S133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Lie C, Ying C, Wang EL, Brun T, Geissler C. Impact of large-dose vitamin A supplementation on childhood diarrhoea, respiratory disease and growth. Eur J Clin Nutr 1993;47:88–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Valdes-Ramos R. Zinc: a perinatal point of view. Prog Food Nutr Sci 1992;16:279–306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Wellinghausen N. Immunobiology of gestational zinc deficiency. Br J Nutr 2001;85(Suppl 2):S81–S86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Fan PC, Teng RJ, Chou CC, Wu TJ, Tsou Yau KI, Hsieh KH. Impaired immune function in a premature infant with zinc deficiency after total parenteral nutrition. Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui ZaZhi 1996;37:364–369.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Schlesinger L, Arevalo M, Arredondo S, Diaz M, Lonnerdal B, Stekel A. Effect of a zinc-fortified formula on immunocompetence and growth of malnourished infants. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:491–498.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Koletzko B, Demmelmair H, Socha P. Nutritional support of infants and children: supply and metabolism of lipids. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1998;12:671–696.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Friedman Z. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the low-birth-weight infant. Semin Perinatol 1979;3: 341–361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Field CJ, Clandinin MT, Van Aerde JE. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and T-cell function: implications for the neonate. Lipids 2001;36:1025–1032.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Sweeney B, Puri P, Reen DJ. Polyunsaturated fatty acids influence neonatal monocyte survival. Pediatr Surg Int 2001;17:254–258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Van Buren CT, Rudolph F. Dietary nucleotides: a conditional requirement. Nutrition 1997; 13:470–472.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Sanchez-Pozoz A, Gill A. Nucleotides as semiessential nutritional components. Br JNutr 2002;87(Suppl 1):S135-S137.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Yamamoto S, Wang MF, Adiei AA, Amecho CK. Role of nucleosides and nucleotides in the immune system, gut reparation after injury, and brain function. Nutrition 1997;13:372–374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Cosgrove M. Perinatal and infant nutrition. Nucleotides. Nutrition 1998;14:748–751.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Carver JD. Dietary nucleotides: effects on the immune and gastrointestinal systems. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1999;88:83–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Lerner A, Shamir R. Nucleotides in infant nutrition: a must or an option. Isr Med Assoc J 2000;2: 772–774.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Schlimme E, Martin D, Meisel H. Nucleosides and nucleotides: natural bioactive substances in milk and colostrum. Br J Nutr 2000;84(Suppl 1):S59-S68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Maldonado J, Navarro J, Narbona E, Gil A. The influence of dietary nucleotides on humoral and cell immunity in the neonate and lactating infant. Early Human Dev 2001;65(Suppl):S69-S74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Grimble GK, Westwood OM. Nucleotides as immunomodulators in clinical nutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2001;4:57–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Krishnaraj R. Negative modulation of human NK cell activity by purinoceptors. 1. Effect of exogenous adenosine triphosphate. Cell Immunol 1992;141:306–322.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Alarcon B, Redondo JM, Bugany H, Carrasco L, Fresno M. Inhibition of natural killer cytotoxicity by extracellular ppp(A2’p5’)nA oligonucleotides. Int J Immunopharmacol 1988;10:73–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Telemo E, Hanson LA. Antibodies in milk. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1996;1:243–249.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Oddy WH. Breastfeeding protects against illness and infection in infants and children: a review of the evidence. Breastfeed Rev 2001;9:11–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Hanson LA, Korotkova M, Haversen L, et al. Breast-feeding, a complex support system for the offspring. Pediatr Int 2002;44:347–352.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Nagao AT, Friedlander-Del Nero D, Arslanian C, Carneiro-Sampaio MM. Elevated levels and different repertoire profile of colostral anti-LPS antibodies may have a significant role in compensating newborn immunity. Scand J Immunol 2001;53:602–609.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Wold AE, Adlerberth I. Breast feeding and the intestinal microflora of the infant—implications for protection against infectious diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000;478:77–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Hawkes JS, Gibson RA. Lymphocyte subpopulations in breast-fed and formula-fed infants at six months of age. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001;501:497–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Rondini G, Chirico G. Haematopoietic growth factor levels in term and pre-term infants. Curr Opin Hematol 1999;6:192–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Donnet-Hughes A, Due N, Serrant P, Vidal K, Schiffrin EJ. Bioactive molecules in milk and their role in health and disease: the role of transforming growth factor-beta. Immunol Cell Biol 2000;78:74–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Kalliomaki M, Ouwehand A, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Isolauri E. Transforming growth factor-beta in breast milk: a potential regulator of atopic disease at an early age. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:1251–1257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Gronlund MM, Nuutila J, Pelto L, et al. Mode of delivery directs the phagocyte functions of infants for the first 6 months of life. Clin Exp Immunol 1999;116:521–526.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Dahlgren UI, Hanson LA, Telemo E. Maturation of immunocompetence in breast-fed vs. formula-fed infants. Adv Nutr Res 2001;10:311–325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Xyni K, Rizos D, Giannaki G, Sarandakou A, Phocas I, Creatsas G. Soluble form of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E- and L-selectin in human milk. Mediators Inflamm 2000;9:133–140.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Hamosh M. Bioactive factors in human milk. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001;48:69–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Putnam JD, Carlson SE, De Voe PW, Barness LA. The effect of variations in dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in human infants. Am J Clin Nutr 1982;36:106–114.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Pita ML, Fernandez MR, De-Lucchi C, et al. Changes in the fatty acids pattern of red blood cell phospholipids induced by type of milk, dietary nucleotide supplementation, and postnatal age in preterm infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1988;7:740–747.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Farquharson J, Cockburn F, Patrick WA, Jamieson EC, Logan RW. Infant cerebral cortex phospholipid fatty acid composition and diet. Lancet 1992;340:810–813.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Deborah O’Neil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Denise Kelly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Nutrition Division, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, UK

    David A. Hughes PhD, RNutr

  2. Epsom and St. Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Surrey, UK

    L. Gail Darlington MD, FRCP

  3. GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, NJ, USA

    Adrianne Bendich PhD, FACN

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

O’Neil, D., Kelly, D. (2004). Neonatal Nutrition and Immunity. In: Hughes, D.A., Darlington, L.G., Bendich, A. (eds) Diet and Human Immune Function. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-652-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-652-2_4

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-422-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-652-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation