Skip to main content

Molecular Diagnoses of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus

  • Chapter
Principles of Molecular Pathology

Abstract

Molecular diagnostic applications promise to revolutionize the practice of medical microbiology. Identification of many microorganisms can be made more rapidly using molecular techniques than can be achieved by traditional culture methods. Molecular techniques are particularly useful for rapid detection of slow-growing organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or organisms that cannot be conveniently grown such as viruses. Detection of microbial virulence or antibiotic resistance factors is also an area that is amenable to molecular approaches.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. UNAIDS. Aids Epidemic Update, December, 2001 http://www.unaids.org

  2. Gelmann EP, Popovic M, Blayney D, et al. Proviral DNA of a retrovirus, human T-cell leukemia virus, in two patients with AIDS. Science 1983; 220: 862–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Laurence J, Brun-Vezinet F, Schutzer SE, et al. Lymphadenopathy-associated viral antibody in AIDS. Immune correlations and definition of a carrier state. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 1269–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bock PJ, Markovitz DM. Infection with HIV-2. AIDS 2001; 15 (suppl 5): S35–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Dow BC. ‘Noise’ in microbiological screening assays. Transfus Med 2000;10:97–106.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Celum CL, Coombs RW, Jones M, et al. Risk factors for repeatedly reactive HIV-1 EIA and indeterminate western blots. A population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 1129–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Wai CT, Tambyah PA. False-positive HIV-1 ELISA in patients with hepatitis B. Am J Med 2002; 112: 737.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Anonymous. Report of the NIH Panel to Define Principles of Therapy of HIV Infection. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 1057–78.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Holmes H, Davis C, Heath A, Hewlett I, Lelie N. An international collaborative study to establish the 1st international standard for HIV-1 RNA for use in nucleic acid-based techniques. J Virol Methods 2001; 92: 141–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hahn BH, Shaw GM, De Cock KM, Sharp PM. AIDS as a zoonosis: scientific and public health implications. Science 2000; 287: 607–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Burgisser P, Vernazza P, Flepp M, et al. Performance of five different assays for the quantification of viral load in persons infected with various subtypes of HIV-1. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000; 23: 138–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hirsch MS, Brun-Vezinet F, D’Aquila RT, et al. Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in adult HIV-1 infection: recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA Panel. JAMA 2000; 283: 2417–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Tisdale M, Kemp SD, Parry NR, Larder BA. Rapid in vitro selection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistant to 3’-thiacytidine inhibitors due to a mutation in the YMDD region of reverse transcriptase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 5653–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Shafer RW, Jung DR, Betts BJ, Xi Y, Gonzales MJ. Human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and protease sequence database. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28: 346–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hanna GJ, Caliendo AM. Testing for HIV-1 drug resistance. Mol Diagn 2001; 6: 253–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Durant J, Clevenbergh P, Halfon P, et al. Drug-resistance genotyping in HIV-1 therapy: the VIRADAPT randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 2195–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Baxter JD, Mayers DL, Wentworth DN, et al. A randomized study of antiretroviral management based on plasma genotypic antiretroviral resistance testing in patients failing therapy. CPCRA 046 Study Team for the Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. AIDS 2000; 14: F83–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Davenport MP, Zaunders JJ, Hazenberg MD, Schuitemaker H, van Rij RP. Cell turnover and cell tropism in HIV-1 infection. Trends Microbiol 2002; 10: 275–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Samson M, Libert F, Doranz BJ, et al. Resistance to HIV-1 infection in Caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene. Nature 1996; 382: 722–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Liu R, Paxton WA, Choe S, et al. Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell 1996; 86: 367–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Martinson JJ, Chapman NH, Rees DC, Liu YT, Clegg JB. Global distribution of the CCR5 gene 32-basepair deletion. Nat Genet 1997; 16: 100–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Zimmerman PA, Buckler-White A, Alkhatib G, et al. Inherited resistance to HIV-1 conferred by an inactivating mutation in CC chemokine receptor 5: studies in populations with contrasting clinical phenotypes, defined racial background, and quantified risk. Mol Med 1997; 3: 23–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Berger EA, Murphy PM, Farber JM. Chemokine receptors as HIV-1 coreceptors: roles in viral entry, tropism, and disease. Annu Rev Immunol 1999; 17: 657–700.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zein NN. Clinical significance of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13: 223–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Barrett S, Goh J, Coughlan B, et al. The natural course of hepatitis C virus infection after 22 years in a unique homogenous cohort: spontaneous viral clearance and chronic HCV infection. Gut 2001; 49: 423–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Robertson B, Myers G, Howard C, et al. Classification, nomenclature, and database development for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and related viruses: proposals for standardization. International Committee on Virus Taxonomy. Arch Virol 1998; 143: 2493–503.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Tobler LH, Lee SR, Stramer SL, et al. Performance of second-and third-generation RIBAs for confirmation of third-generation HCV EIA-reactive blood donations. Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study. Transfusion 2000; 40: 917–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Saldanha J, Lelie N, Heath A. Establishment of the first international standard for nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) assays for HCV RNA. WHO Collaborative Study Group. Vox Sang 1999; 76: 149–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Jorgensen PA, Neuwald PD. Standardized hepatitis C virus RNA panels for nucleic acid testing assays. J Clin Virol 2001; 20: 35–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bukh J, Miller RH, Purcell RH. Genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis C virus: quasi-species and genotypes. Semin Liver Dis 1995; 15: 41–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Zein NN, Rakela J, Krawitt EL, Reddy KR, Tominaga T, Persing DH. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in the United States: epidemiology, pathogenicity, and response to interferon therapy. Collaborative Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 634–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Benvegnu L, Pontisso P, Cavalletto D, Noventa F, Chemello L, Alberti A. Lack of correlation between hepatitis C virus genotypes and clinical course of hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. Hepatology 1997; 25: 211–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Poynard T, Bedossa P, Opolon P. Natural history of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The OBSVIRC, METAVIR, CLINIVIR, and DOSVIRC groups. Lancet 1997; 349: 825–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Fontaine H, Nalpas B, Poulet B, et al. Hepatitis activity index is a key factor in determining the natural history of chronic hepatitis C. Hum Pathol 2001; 32: 904–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hwang SJ, Lee SD, Lu RH, et al. Hepatitis C viral genotype influences the clinical outcome of patients with acute posttransfusion hepatitis C. J Med Virol 2001; 65: 505–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, Schiff ER, et al. Interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1485–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Davis GL, Esteban-Mur R, Rustgi V, et al. Interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin for the treatment of relapse of chronic hepatitis C. International Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1493–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 358: 958–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ferenci P, Brunner H, Nachbaur K, et al. Combination of interferon induction therapy and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2001; 34: 1006–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Anonymous. Interpretation and use of the western blot assay for serodiagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infections. MMWR 1989; 38: 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Killeen, A.A. (2004). Molecular Diagnoses of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus. In: Principles of Molecular Pathology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-431-3_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-431-3_11

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-348-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-431-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics