Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hypospadias

  • Chapter
Pediatric Urology

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Urology ((CCU))

  • 231 Accesses

Abstract

Hypospadias is the result of abnormal development of the penis that leaves the urethral meatus proximal to its normal glanular position anywhere along the penile shaft, scrotum, or perineum. A spectrum of abnormalities, including ventral curvature of the penis (chordee), a hooded incomplete prepuce, and an abortive corpora spongiosum are commonly associated with hypospadias.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Devine CJ Jr, Horton CE. (1997) Hypospadias repair. J Urol 118: 188–193.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Willis RA. (1948) Pathology of Tumors, London Butterworth.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Allen TD, Griffin JE. (1984) Endocrine studies in patients with advanced hypospadias. J Urol 131: 310–314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Austin PF, Siow Y, Fallat ME, et al. (2002) The relationship between Mullerian inhibiting substance and androgens in boys with hypospadias. J Urol 168: 1784–1788.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Teixeira J, Maheswaran S, Donahoe PK. (2001) Mullerian inhibiting substance: an instructive developmental hormone with diagnostic and possible therapeutic applications. Endocr Rev 22: 657.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Baskin LS, Erol A, Li YW, et al. (2000) Hypospadias and urethral development. J Urol 163: 951–956.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Silver RI, Russell DW. (1999) 5 alpha-reductase type 2 mutations are present in some boys with isolated hypospadias. J Urol 162: 1142–1145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Goldman AS, Bongiovanni AM. (1967) Induced genital anomalies. Ann NY Acad Sci 142: 755–767.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Macnab AJ, Zouves C. (1991) Hypospadias after assisted reproduction incorporating in vitro fertilization and gamete intrafallopian transfer. Fertil Steril 56: 918–922.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Silver RI, Rodriguez R, Chang TS, et al. (1999) In vitro fertilization is associated with an increased risk of hypospadias. J Urol 161: 1954–1957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Fredell L, Lichenstein P, Pedersen NL, et al. (1998) Hypospadias is related to birth weight in discordant monozygotic twins. J Urol 160: 2197–2199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kallen B. (1988) Case control study of hypospadias, based on registry information. Teratology 38: 45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Pierik FH, Burdorf A, Nijman JMR, et al. (2002) A high hypospadias rate in Netherlands. Hum Reprod 17 (4):l112–1115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Sweet RA, Schrott HG, Kurlan R, et al. (1974) Study of the incidence of hypospadias in Rochester, Minnesota, 1940–1970, and a case-controlled comparison of possible etiological factors. Mayo Clin Proc 49: 52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Paulozzi LJ, Erickson JD, Jackson RJ. (1997) Hypospadias trends in two US surveillance systems. Pediatrics 100: 831.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Dolk H. (1998) Rise in prevalence of hypospadias. Lancet 351: 770.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gatti JM, Kirsch AJ, Troyer WA, et al. (2001) Increased incidence of hypospadias in small-for-gestational age infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. BJU Int 87 (6): 548–550.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Fredell L, Kockum I, Hansson E, et al. (2002) Heredity of hypospadias and the significance of low birth weight. J Urol 167: 1423–1427.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Fisch H, Golden RJ, Libersen GL, et al. (2001) Maternal age as a risk factor for hypospadias. J Urol 165: 934–936.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Roberts CJ, Lloyd S. (1973) Observations on the epidemiology of simple hypospadias. BMJ 1: 768–770.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kaplan GW, Lamm DL. (1975) Embryogenesis of chordee. J Urol 114: 769–772.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Glenister JW. (1954) The origin and fate of the urethral plate in man. J Anat 288: 413–418.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Snodgrass W, Patterson K, Plaire JC, et al. (2000) Histology of the urethral plate: implications for hypospadias repair. J Urol 164: 988–990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Baskin LS, Erol A, Li YW, et al. (1998) Anatomical studies of hypospadias. J Urol 160: 1108–1115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Devine, CJ Jr, Horton CE. (1973) Chordee without hypospadias. J Urol 110: 264–271.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Khuri FJ, Hardy BE, Churchill BM. (1981) Urologic anomalies associated with hypospadias. Urol Clin North Am 8: 565–571.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Sorber M, Feitz WF, De Vries JD. (1997) Short and mid-term outcome of different types of one-stage hypospadias corrections. Eur Urol 32: 475–479.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cerasaro TS, Brock WA, Kaplan GW. (1986) Upper urinary tract anomalies associated with congenital hypospadias: is screening necessary? J Urol 135: 537–538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Yamaguchi T, Kitada S, Osada Y. (1991) Chromosomal anomalies in cryptorchidism and hypospadias. Urol Int 147: 60–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Moreno-Garcia M, Miranda EB (2002) Chromosomal anomalies in cryptorchidism and hypospadias. J Urol 168: 2170–2172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kaefer M, Diamond D, Hendren WH, et al. (1999) The incidence of intersexuality in children with cryptorchidism and hypospadias: stratification based on gonadal palpability and meatal position. J Urol 162: 1003–1006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Rajfer J, Walsh PC. (1976) The incidence of intersexuality in patients with hypospadias and cryptorchidism. J Urol 116: 769–770.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Glenister TW. (1962) The development of the utricle and of the so called “middle” or “median” lobe of the human prostate. J Anat 96: 443.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Shima H, Ikoma F, Terakawa T, et al. (1992) Testicular function in patients with hypospadias associated with enlarged prostatic utricle. Br J Urol 69: 192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ikoma F, Shima H, Yabumoto H. (1985) Classification of enlarged prostatic utricle in patients with hypospadias. Br J Urol 57: 334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Ikoma F, Shima H, Yabumoto H, et al. (1986) Surgical treatment of enlarged pro-static utricle and vagina masculina in patients with hypospadias. Br J Urol 58: 423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Devine CJ Jr, Gonzales-Serva L, Stecker JF Jr, et al. (1980) Utricle configuration in hypospadias and intersex. J Urol 123: 407.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Duckett JW, Baskin LS. (1996) Hypospadias. In: Gillenwater JY, et al., eds., Adult and Pediatric Urology, ed 3, St. Louis, MO: Mosby, pp. 2549–2590.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Duckett JW. (1998) Hypospadias. In Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED Jr, et al., eds. Campbell’s Urology, vol 2, Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp. 2093–2119.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Duckett JW. (1992) Successful hypospadias repair. Cont Urol 4: 42–55.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Aarskog D. (1970) Clinical and cytogenetic studies in hypospadias. Acta Paediatr Scand 203 (Suppl): 1–61.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Koff SA, Jayanthi VR. (1999) Preoperative treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin in infancy decreases the severity of proximal hypospadias and chordee. J Urol 162: 1435–1439.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kass E, Kogan SJ, Manley C. (1996) Timing of elective surgery on the genitalia of male children with particular reference to the risks, benefits, and psychological effects of surgery and anesthesia. Pediatrics 97: 590–594.

    Google Scholar 

  44. DiSandro M, Palmer JM. (1996) Stricture incidence related to suture material in hypospadias surgery. J Pediatr Surg 31: 881–884.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Cromie WJ, Bellinger MF. (1981) Hypospadias dressings and diversion. Urol Clin N Am 8: 545–548.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Van Savage JG, Palanca LG, Slaughenhoupt BL (2000) A prospective randomized trial of dressings versus no dressings for hypospadias repair. J Urol 164: 981–983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Hakim S, Merguerian PA. Rabinowitz R, et al. (1996) Outcome analysis of the modified Mathieu hypospadias repair: comparison of stented and unstented repairs. J Urol 156:836–838.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Montagnino B, Gonzales ET Jr, Roth DR. (1988) Open catheter drainage after urethral surgery. J Urol 140: 1250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Rich MA, Keating MA, Snyder HM, et al. (1989) Hinging the urethral plate in hypospadias meatoplasty. J Urol 142: 1551–1553.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Snodgrass W, Nguyen MT (2002) Current technique of tubularized incised plate hypospadias repair. Urology 60: 157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Snodgrass W. (1994) Tubularized, incised plate urethroplasty for distal hypospadias. J Urol 151: 464.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Snodgrass W, Koyle M, Manzoni G, et al. (1996) Tubularized incised plate hypospadias repair for proximal hypospadias: results of a multicenter experience. J Urol 156: 839.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Snodgrass W, Koyle M, Manzoni G, et al. (1998) Tubularized incised plate hypospadias repair for proximal hypospadias. J Urol 159: 21–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Horton CE, Devine CJ, Baran N. (1973) Pictorial history of hypospadias repair techniques. In: Horton CE, ed., Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of the Genital Area, Boston: Little Brown, pp. 237–248.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Asopa HS, Elhence IP, Atri SP, et al. (1971) One stage correction of penile hypospadias using a foreskin tube. Int Surg 55: 435.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Duckett JW. (1980) Transverse preputial island flap technique for repair of severe hypospadias. Urol Clin N Am 7: 423.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Baskin LS, Duckett JW, Ueoka K, et al. (1994) Changing concepts of hypospadias curvature lead to more onlay island flap procedures. J Urol 151: 191–196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Avellan L, Knuttson F. (1980) Microscopic studies of curvature-causing structures in hypospadias. Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg 14: 249–258.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Retik AB, Bauer SB, Mandell J, et al. (1994) Management of severe hypospadias with a stage repair. J Urol 152: 749.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Gershbaum MD, Stock JA, Hanna MK (2002) A case for 2-stage repair of perineoscrotal hypospadias with severe chordee. J Urol 168: 1727.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Metro MJ, Wu HY, Snyder HM, et al. (2001) Buccal mucosal grafts: lessons learned from an 8-year experience. J Urol 166: 1459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Hendren WH, Keating MA. (1988) Use of a dermal graft and free urethral graft in penile reconstruction. J Urol 140: 1259–1264.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Baskin LS, Duckett JW. (1994) Mucosal grafts in hypospadias and stricture management. AUA Update Series 13: 270.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Duckett JW, Coplen D, Ewalt D, et al. (1995) Buccal mucosal urethral replacement. J Urol 153: 1660.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Baskin LS, Duckett JW. (1995) Buccal mucosa grafts in hypospadias surgery. Br J Urol 76: 23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Hensle TW, Kearney MC, Bingham JB (2002) Buccal mucosa grafts for hypospadias surgery: long-term results. J Urol 168: 1734.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Cooper CS, Noh PH, Snyder HM (2001) Presentation of urethral plate spongiosum technique to reduce hypospadias fistulas. Urology 57: 351.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Aseem R. Shukla MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rakesh P. Patel MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Douglas A. Canning MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University Hospital and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    John P. Gearhart MD, FAAP, FACS

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shukla, A.R., Patel, R.P., Canning, D.A. (2003). Hypospadias. In: Gearhart, J.P. (eds) Pediatric Urology. Current Clinical Urology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-421-4_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-421-4_5

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-364-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-421-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation