Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Vesicoureteral Reflux

  • Chapter
Pediatric Urology

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Urology ((CCU))

  • 216 Accesses

Abstract

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) continues to define the practice of pediatric urology. VUR, or retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the kidney, was identified in humans more than 100 years ago by Pozzi (1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Godley ML. (2001) Vesicoureteral reflux: pathophysiology and experimental studies. In: Gearhart JP, Rink RC, Mouriquand PDE, eds., Pediatric Urology, Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp. 359–381.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Lich RJ, Howerton LW, Goode LS, et al. (1964) The ureterovesical junction in the newborn. J Urol 92: 436.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Peters PC, Johnson DE, Jackson JH Jr. (1967) The incidence of vesicoureteral reflux in the premature child. J Urol 97: 259–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bailey RR. (1979) Vesicoureteric reflux in healthy infants and children. In: Hodson J, Kincaid-Smith P (eds), Reflux Nephropathy, New York: Masson, pp. 59–61.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kunin C, Deutscher R, Paquin AJ. (1964) Urinary tract infection in school children: an epidemiological, clinical and laboratory study. Medicine (Baltimore) 43: 91–130.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Smellie JM, Normand IC (1966) Clinical features and significance of urinary tract infection in children. Proc R Soc Med 59: 415–416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Wein AJ, Schoenberg HW. (1972) A review of 402 girls with recurrent urinary tract infection. J Urol 107: 329–331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Winberg J, Anderson H, Bergstrom T, et al. (1974) Epidemiology of symptomatic urinary tract infection in childhood. Acta Paediatr Scand 252: 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Abbott G. (1972) Neonatal bacteriuria: a prospective study in 1460 infants. BMJ 1: 267–269.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Savage DC, Wilson MI, McHardy M, et al. (1973) Covert bacteriuria of childhood: a clinical and epidemiological study. Arch Dis Child 48: 8–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Smellie J. (1972) Do urinary tract infections really matter in children? Proc R Soc Med 65: 513, 514.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Govan DE, Fair WR, Friedland et al. (1975) Management of children with urinary tract infections: the Stanford experience. Urology 6: 273–286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Belman AB. (1981) Urinary tract infection and reflux (editorial). JAMA 246: 74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Thomas D. (1998) Prenatally detected uropathy: epidemiological considerations. Br J Urol 81: 8–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Noe HN. (1992) The long-term results of prospective sibling reflux screening. J Urol 148: 1739–1742.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Noe H, Wyatt R, Peeden JJ, et al. (1992) The transmission of vesicoureteral reflux from parent to child. J Urol 148: 1869.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wan J, Greenfield SP, Ng M, et al. (1996) Sibling reflux: a dual center retrospective study. J Urol 156: 677–679.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Burger RH, Burger SE. (1974) Genetic determinants of urologie disease. Urol Clin North Am 1: 419–440.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Torres M, Gomex-Pardo E, Dressler GR, et al. (1995) Pax-2 controls multiple steps of urogenital development. Development 121: 4057–4065.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Sanyanusin P, Schimmenti LA, McNoe LA, et al. (1995) Mutation of the PAX2 gene in a family with optic nerve colobomas, renal anomalies and vesicoureteral reflux. Nat Genet 9: 358–363.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kunin CM. (1970) The natural history of recurrent bacteruria in school girls. N Engl J Med 282: 1443–1448.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kuntz DH. (1977) Does ureteric reflux protect against calculus formation? Br J Urol 49: 80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Askari A, Belman AB. (1982) Vesicoureteral reflux in black girls. J Urol 127: 747–748.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Horowitz M, Gershbein AB, Glassberg KI. (1999) Vesicoureteral reflux in infants with prenatal hydronephrosis confirmed at birth: Racial differences. J Urol 161: 248–250.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Skoog SJ, Belman AB. (1991) Primary vesicoureteral reflux in the black child. Pediatrics 87 (4): 538–543.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Baker R, Masted W, Maylath J, et al. (1966) Relation of age, sex, and infection to reflux: data indicating high spontaneous cure rate in pediatric patients. J Urol 95: 26.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Smellie J, Edwards D, Hunter N, et al. (1975) Vesico-ureteric reflux and renal scarring. Kidney Int 4 (Suppl): 65–72.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Bellinger MF, Duckett JW. (1984) Vesicoureteral reflux: a comparison of nonsurgical and surgical management. Contrib Nephrol 39: 81–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Goldraich NP, Goldraich IH. (1992) Followup of conservatively treated children with high and low grade vesicoureteral reflux: a prospective study. J Urol 148: 1688–1692.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Merguerian PA, Jamal MA, Agarwal SK, et al. (1999) Utility of SPECT DMSA renal scanning in the evaluation of children with primary vesicoureteral reflux. Urology 53: 1024–1028.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. el Khatib MT, Becker GJ, Kincaid Smith PS. (1990) Reflux nephropathy and primary vesicoureteric reflux in adults (see comments). QJ Med 77: 1241–1253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Yeung CK, Godley ML, Dhillon HK, et al. (1997) The characteristics of primary vesico-ureteric reflux in male and female infants with prenatal hydronephrosis. Br J Urol 80: 319–327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Sheridan M, Jewkes F, Gough DCS. (1991) Reflux nephropathy in the 1st year of life: the role of infection. Pediatr Surg Int 6: 214–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Burge DM, Griffiths MD, Malone PS, et al. (1992) Fetal vesicoureteral reflux: outcome following conservative postnatal management. J Urol 148: 1743–1745.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ring E, Petritsch P, Riccabona M, et al. (1993) Primary vesicoureteral reflux in infants with a dilated fetal urinary tract. Eur J Pediatr 152: 523–525.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Marra G, Barbieri G, dell’ Angola CA, et al. (1994) Congenital renal damage associated with primary vesicoureteral reflux detected prenatally in male infants. J Pediatr 124: 726–730.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Oliveira EA, Diniz JS, Silva JM, et al. (1998) Features of primary vesicoureteric reflux detected by investigation of fetal hydronephrosis. Int Urol Nephrol 30: 535–541.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Herndon CD, McKenna PH, Kolon TF, et al. (1999) A multicenter outcomes analysis of patients with neonatal reflux presenting with prenatal hydronephrosis. J Urol 162: 1203–1208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Chandra M, Maddix H. (2000) Urodynamic dysfunction in infants with vesicoureteral reflux. J Pediatr 136: 754–759.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hinman F. (1993) The ureter. In: Atlas of Urosurgical Anatomy, Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp. 284–289.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Notley RG. (1969) The innervation of the upper ureter in man and in the rat: an ultrastructural study. J Anat 105: 393.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Notley RG. (1970) The musculature of the human ureter. Br J Urol 42: 724.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. McCormack LU, Anson BJ. (1950) The arterial supply of the ureter. Q Bull Northwest Univ Med School 24: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Hutch JA. (1961) Theory of maturation of the intravesical ureter. J Urol 86: 534–538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Tanagho EA, Hutch JA, Meyers, FH, et al. (1965) Primary vesicoureteral reflux: experimental studies of its etiology. J Urol 93: 165, 176.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Mackie GG, Stephens FD. (1975) Duplex kidneys: a correlation of renal dysplasia with position of the ureteral orifice. J Urol 144: 274–280.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Hanna MC, Jeffs RD, Sturgess JM, et al. (1976) Ureteral structure and ultrastructure. Part II. Congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction and primary obstructive megaureter. J Urol 116: 725.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hanna MK, Jeffs RD, Sturgess JM, et al. (1976) Ureteral structure and ultrastructure. Part I. The normal human ureter. J Urol 116: 725.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Bailey RR. (1973) The relationship of vesico-uretol reflux to urinary tract infection and chronic pyelonephritis-reflux nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1: 132–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Farhat W, McLorie G, Geary D, et al. (2000) The natural history of neonatal vesicoureteral reflux associated with antenatal hydronephrosis. J Urol 164 (3 pt 2): 1057–1060.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Polito C, La Manna A, Rambaldi PF, et al. (2000) High incidence of a generally small kidney and primary vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 164 (2): 479–482.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Nguyen HT, Bauer SB, Peters CA, et al. (2000) 99m Technetium dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy abnormalities in infants with sterile high grade vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 164(5): 1674–1679.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Bachelard M, Sillen U, Hansson S, et al. (1999) Urodynamic pattern in asymptomatic infants: siblings of children with vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 162 (5): 1733–1738.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Sillen U, Hellstrom AL, Holmdahl G, Solsnes E. (1999) The voiding pattern in infants with dilating reflux. BJU Im 83 (1): 83–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Elder JS. (2000) Urinary tract infection. In: Behrman RE, Kleigman RM, Jenson HB, eds., Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 16th ed., Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp. 1621–1624.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Travis LB, Brouhard BH. (1995) Infections of the urinary tract. In: Rudolph A, ed., Rudolph’s Pediatrics, 20th ed., Stamford CT: Appleton and Lange, pp. 1388, 1389.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Craig JC, Knight JF, Sureshkumar P, et al. (1997) Vesicoureteric reflux and timing of micturating cystourethrography after urinary tract infection. Arch Dis Child 76: 275.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Asscher AW, McLachlan MS, Jones RV, et al. (1973) Screening for asymptomatic urinary-tract infection in schoolgirls: a two-centre feasibility study. Lancet 2: 1–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Anonymous. (1975) Asymptomatic bacteruria in schoolchildren in Newcastle upon Tyne. Arch Dis Child 50: 90–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Anonymous. (1978) Sequelae of covert bacteruria in schoolgirls: a four-year follow-up study. Lancet 1: 889–893.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Savage DC, Wilson MI, McHardy M, Dewar DA, Fee WM. (1973) Covert bacteruria of childhood: a clinical and epidemiological study. Arch Dis Child 48: 8–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kunin CM. (1970) A ten-year study of bacteruria in schoolgirls: final report of bacteriologic, urologic, and epidemiologic findings. J Infect Dis 122: 382, 393.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Skoog SJ, Belman AB. (1991) Primary vesicoureteral reflux in the black child. Pediatrics 87: 538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Zerin M, Ritchey ML, Chang ACH. (1993) Incidental vesicoureteral reflux in neonates with antenatally detected hydronephrosis and other renal anomalies. Radiology 187: 157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Burge DM, Griffiths MD, Malone PS, Atwell JD. (1992) Fetal vesicoureteral reflux: outcome following conservative postnatal management. J Urol 148: 1743.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Jaswon MS, Dibble L, Puri S, et al. (1999) Prospective study of outcome in antenatally diagnosed renal pelvis dilation. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 80: 135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Tibballs JM, DeBruyn R. (1996) Primary vesicoureteric reflux-How useful is postnatal ultrasound? Arch Dis Child 75: 444.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Najmaldin A, Burge DM, Atwell JD. (1990) Fetal vesicoureteric reflux. Br J Urol 65: 403–406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Gordon AC, Thomas DF, Arthur RJ, Irving HC, Smith SE. (1990) Prenatally diagnosed reflux: a follow-up study. Br J Urol 65: -407–412.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Anderson PA, Rickwood AM. (1991) Features of primary vesicoureteric reflux detected by prenatal sonography. Br J Urol 67: 267–271.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Greenfield SP, Wan J. (2001) The diagnosis and medical management of primary vesicoureteral reflux. In: Gearhart JP, Rink RC, Mouriquand PDE, eds., Pediatric Urology, Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp. 382–410.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Wan J, Greenfield SP, Ng M, et al. (1996) Sibling reflux: a dual center retrospective study. J Urol 156: 677.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Jerkins GR, Noe HN. (1982) Familial vesicoureteral reflux: a prospective study. J Urol 128: 774.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Peeden JN, Noe HN. ( 1992 Is it practical to screen for familial vesicoureteral reflux within a private pediatric practice? Pediatrics 89: 758.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Mulcahy JJ, Kelalis PP, Stickler GB, Burke EC. (1970) Familial vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 104: 762.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Sirota L, Hertz M, Laufer J, et al. (1986) Familial vesicoureteral reflux: a study of 16 families. Urol Radiol 8: 22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Kenda RB, Fettich JJ. (1992) Vesicoureteric reflux and renal scars in asymptomatic siblings of children with reflux. Arch Dis Child 67: 506.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Noe HN, Wyatt RJ, Peeden JN Jr, Rivas ML. (1992) The transmission of vesicoureteral reflux fromparent to child. J Urol 148: 1869–1871.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Parekh DJ, Pope JC, Adams MC, Brock JW. (2002) Outcome of sibling vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 167(1): 203, 204.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Song JT, Ritchey ML, Zerin JM, et al. (1995) Incidence of vesicoureteral reflux in children with unilateral renal agenesis. J Urol 153: 1249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Selzman AA, Elder JS. (1995) Contralateral vesicoureterall reflux in children with a multicystic kidney. J Urol 153: 1252.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Zerin JM, Leiser J. (1998) The impact of vesicoureteral reflux on contralateral renal length in infants with multicystic dysplastic kidney. Pediatr Radiol 28: 683.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Smellie JM, Normand ICS. (1979) Reflux nephropathy in childhood. In: Hodson J, Kincaid-Smith P, eds., Reflux Nephropathy, New York: Masson.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Flack CE, Bellinger MF. (1993) Multicystic dysplastic kidney and contralateral vesicoureteral reflux: protection of the solitary kidney. J Urol 150: 1873.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Kass EJ, Kernen KM, Carey JM. (2000) Paediatric urinary tract infection and the necessity of complete urological imaging. BJU International 86 (1): 94–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Paltiel HJ, Rupich RC, Kiruluta HG. (1992) Enhanced detection of vesicoureteral reflux in infants and children with use of cyclic voiding cystourethrography. Radiology 184: 753–755.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Polito C, Moggio G, La Manna A, et al. (2000) Cyclic voiding cystourethrography in the diagnosis of occult vesicoureteric reflux. Pediatr Nephrol 14 (1): 39–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Gelfand MJ, Koch BL, Elgazzar AH, et al. (1999) Cyclic cystography: diagnostic yield in selected pediatric populations. Radiology 213 (1): 118–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Bisset GS III, Strife JL, Dunbar JS. (1987) Urography and voiding cystourethrography: findings in girls with urinary tract infection. AJR 148: 479–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Polito C, Rambaldi PF, La Manna A, Mansi L, Di Toro R. (2000) Enhanced detection of vesicoureteral reflux with isotopic cystography. Pediatr Nephrol 14 (8–9): 827–830.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Conway IT, King LR, Belman AB, Thorson T Jr. (1972) Detection of vesicoureteral reflux with radionuclide cystography. A comparison study with roentgenographic cystography. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 115: 720–727.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Kleinman PK, Diamond DA, Karellas A, et al. (1994) Tailored low-dose fluoroscopic voiding cystourethrography for the reevaluation of vesicoureteral reflux in girls. AJR Am J Roentgenol 162: 1151–1154; discussion 1155, 1156.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Blomley MJ, Cooke JC, Unger EC, Monaghan MJ, Cosgrove DO. (2001) Microbubble contrast agents: a new era in ultrasound. BMJ 322 (7296): 1222–1225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Radmayr C, Klauser A, Pallwein L, et al. (2002) Contrast enhanced reflux sonography in children: a comparison to standard radiological imaging. J Urol 167 (3): 1428–1430.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Darge K. (2002) Diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux with ultrasonography. Pediatr Nephrol 17 (2): 52–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Darge K, Zieger B, Rohrschneider W, Ghods S, Wunsch R. (2001) Contrast-enhanced harmonic imaging for the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux in pediatric patients. AJR 177 (6): 1411–1415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Darge K, Ghods S, Zieger B, Rohrschneider W, Trooger J. (2001) Reduction in voiding cystourethrographics after the introduction of contrast enhanced sonographic reflux diagnosis. Pediatr Radiol 31: 790–795.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. McDonald A, Scranton M, Gillespie R, Mahajan V, Edwards GA. (2000) Voiding cystourethrograms and urinary tract infections: how long to wait? Pediatrics 105 (4): E50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Valentini AL, Salvaggio E, Manzoni C, et al. (2001) Contrast-enhanced gray-scale and color Doppler voiding urosonography versus voiding cystourethrography in the diagnosis and grading of vesicoureteral reflux. J Clin Ultrasound 29 (2): 65–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Joseph DB, Young DW. (1989) Nuclear renography and SPECT imaging in infants and children with vesicoureteral reflux. Paper presented at the Southeastern Section AUA, April 8–11, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Levtchenko EN, Lahy C, Levy J, Ham HR, Piepsz A. (2001) Role of Tc-99m DMSA scintigraphy in the diagnosis of culture negative pyelonephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 166 (6): 503–506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Anonymous. (1 981) Medical versus surgical treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux: a prospective international reflux study in children. J Urol 125: 277–283.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Heikel PE, Parkkulainen KV. (1966) Vesico-ureteric reflux in children: a classification and results of conservative treatment. Ann Radiol 9: 37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Dwoskin JY, Perlmutter AD. (1973) Vesicoureteral reflux in children: a computerized review. J Urol 109: 888–890.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. WilliU,Treves S. (1983) Radionuclide voiding cystography.UrolRadio15: 161–173, 175.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Birmingham Reflux Study Group (1987) Prospective trial of operative versus non-operative treatment of severe vesicoureteric reflux in children: five years’ observation. BMJ 295: 237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. White RH, Winterborn MH, Taylor CM, et al. (1984) A prospective trial of operative versus non-operative treatment of severe vesico-ureteric reflux: 2 years’ observation in 96 children. Contrib Nephrol 39: 169.

    Google Scholar 

  108. International Reflux Study Committee. (1981) Medical versus surgical treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux: a prospective international reflux study in children. J Urol 125: 277.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Smellie JM, Jodal U, Lax H, et al. (2001) Outcome at 10 years of severe vesicoureteral reflux managed medically: report of the International Reflux Study in Children. J Pediatr l39 (5): 656–663

    Google Scholar 

  110. Tamminen-Mobius T, Brunier E, Ebel KD, et al. (1992) Cessation of vesicoureteral reflux for 5 years in infants and children allocated to medical treatment. The International Reflux Study in Children. J Urol 148: 1662.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Smellie JM. (1992) Management of children with severe vesicoureteral reflux (Commentary). J Urol 148: 1676.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Weiss R, Duckett J, Spitzer A. (1992) Results of a randomized clinical trial of medical versus surgical management of infants and children with grades III and IV primary vesicoureteral reflux (United States). The International Reflux Study in Children. J Urol 148: 1667.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Olbing H, Claesson I, Ebel KD, et al. (1992) Renal scars and parenchymal thinning in children with vesicoureteral reflux: a 5-year report of the International Reflux Study in Children ( European Branch ). J Urol 148: 1653.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Jodal U, Koskimies O, Hanson E, et al. (1 992) Infection pattern in children with vesicoureteral reflux randomly allocated to operation or long-term antibacterial prophylaxis. The International Reflux Study in Children. J Urol 148: 1650.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Weiss R, Tamminen-Mobius T, Koskimies O, et al. (1992) Characteristics at entry of children with severe primary vesicoureteral reflux recruited for a multicenter, international therapeutic trial comparing medical and surgical management. The International Reflux Study in Children. J Urol 148: 1644.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Smellie JM, Tamminen-Mobius T, Olbing H, et al (1992) Five-year study of medical or surgical treatment in children with severe reflux: radiological renal findings. Pediatr Nephrol 6: 223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Smellie JM, Barratt TM, Chantier C, et al. (2001)Medical versus surgical treatment in children with severe bilateral vesicoureteral reflux and bilateral nephropathy: a randomised trial. Lancet 357(9265): 1329–1333.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Craig JC, Irwig LM, Knight JF, Roy LP. (2000) Does treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in childhood prevent end-stage renal disease attributable to reflux nephropathy? Pediatrics 105 (6): 1236–1241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Canning DA. (2000) Five-year study of medical or surgical treatment in children with severe vesico-ureteral reflux: dimercaptosuccinic acid findings. J Urol 163 (1): 380.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Piepsz A, Tamminen-Mobius T, Reiners C, et al. (1998) Five-year study of medical or surgical treatment in children with severe vesico-ureteral reflux dimercaptosuccinic acid findings. International Reflux Study Group in Europe. Eur J Pediatr 157 (9): 753–758.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Choi H, Oh SJ, So Y, et al. (1999) No further development of renal scarring after antireflux surgery in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux: review of the results of 99mtechnetium dimercapto-succinic acid renal scan. J Urol 162 (3 pt 2): 1189–1192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Webster RI, Smith G, Farnsworth RH, et al. (2000) Low incidence of new renal scars after ureteral reimplantation for vesicoureteral reflux in children: a prospective study. J Urol 163 (6): 1915–1918.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Edwards D, Normand IC, Prescod N, et al. (1977) Disappearance of vesicoureteric reflux during long-term prophylaxis of urinary tract infection in children. BMJ 2: 285–288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Murnaghan GF, Williams HBL, Jeremy D. (1965) Urological survey of chronic pyelonephritis and recurrent urinary infection without obstruction. B J Urol 37: 79–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Smellie JM, Prescod NP, Shaw PJ, et al. (1998) Childhood reflux and urinary infection: a followup of 10–41 years in 226 adults. Pediatr Nephrol 12: 727–736.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Belman AB, Skoog SJ. (1989) Nonsurgical approach to the management of vesicoureteral reflux in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 8: 556.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Greenfield SP, Ng M, Wan J. (1997) Experience with vesicoureteral reflux in children: clinical characteristics. J Urol 158: 574.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Neel KF, Shillinger JF. (2000) The prevalence of persistent vesicoureteral reflux after 1 negative nuclear medicine cystogram. J Urol 164 (3 pt 2): 1067–1069.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Weaver E, Craswell P. (1987) Pregnancy outcome in women with reflux nephropathy - A review of experience at the Royal Women’s Hospital: Brisbane, 1977–1986. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 27: 106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Kincaid-Smith P, Fairley KF. (1987) Renal disease in pregnancy. Three controversial areas: mesangial IgA nephropathy, focal glomerular sclerosis (focal and segmental hyalinosis and sclerosis), and reflux nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 9: 328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Shapiro E, Elder JS. (1998) The office management of recurrent urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux in children. Urol Clin N Am 25: 725.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. El-Khatib M, Packham DK, Becker GJ, et al. (1994) Pregnancy-related complications in women with reflux nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 41: 50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Jungers P, Houillier P, Chauveau D, et al. (1996) Pregnancy in women with reflux nephropathy. Kidney Int 50: 593.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Mattingly RF, Borkowf HI. (1978) Clinical implications of ureteral reflux in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 21: 863.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Jungers P, Houillier P, Forget D. (1987) Reflux nephropathy and pregnancy. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynecol 1: 955.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Sweeney LE, Thomas PS. (1987) Evaluation of sub-ureteric Teflon injection as an antireflux procedure. Ann Radio] 30: 478–481.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Kass EH. (1960) Bacteriuria and pyelonephritis of pregnancy. Arch Intern Med 105: 194–198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Martine11 J, Jodal U, Lidin-Janson G. (1990) Pregnancies in women with and without renal scarring after urinary infection in childhood. BMJ 300: 840–844.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Sacks SH, Roberts R, Verrier Jones K, Asscher AW. (1987) Effect of symptomatic bacteriuria in childhood on subsequent pregnancy. Lancet 2: 991–994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Elder JP, Peters CA, Arant BS, Ewalt DH. (1997) The management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. Clinical practice guidelines. The American Urological Association, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Fryczkowski J, Maruszewska A, Paradysz A, Maruszewski W. (1991) Evaluation of the course of pregnancy. delivery and the condition of the newborn infant in women operated on for vesicoureteral reflux in childhood. Int Urol Nephrol 23: 231–236.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Mansfield JT, Snow BS, Cartwright PC, Wadsworth K. (1995) Complications of pregnancy in women after childhood reimplantation for vesicoureteral reflux: an update with 25 years of followup. J Urol 154: 787–790.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Belman AB. (1997) Vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 158: 578 (editorial).

    Google Scholar 

  144. Thompson RH, Chen JJ, Pugach J, Naseer S, Steinhardt GF. (2001) Cessation of prophylactic antibiotics for managing persistent vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 166 (4): 1465–1469.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Perez LM, Rushton HG. (2001) Evaluation and management of non-neuropathie daytime voiding disorders. In: Gearhart JP, Rink RC, Mouriquand PDE, eds., Pediatric Urology, Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp. 470–495.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Lenaghan D, Whitaker JG, Jensen F, Stephens FD. (1976) The natural history of reflux and long-term effects of reflux on the kidney. J Urol 115: 728–730.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Brendstrup L, Hjelt K, Petersen KE, et al. (1990) Nitrofurantoin versus trimethoprim prophylaxis in recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Acta Paediatr Scand 79: 1225–1234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Mackie GG, Awang H, Stephens FD. (1975) The ureteric orifice: the embryologic key to radiologie status of duplex kidneys. J Pediatr Surg 10473–481.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Lopes JF, Cendren M, Ellsworth PI. (2001) Cystoscopy at the time of ureteral reimplantation for primary vesicoureteral reflux: is it necessary? Incidence of undetected anomalies and cost. Urology 57 (6): 1156–1158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Soygur T, Arikan N, Yesilli C, Gogus O. (1999) Relationship among pediatric voiding dysfunction and vesicoureteral reflux and renal scars. Urology 54 (5): 905–908.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Greenfield SP, Wan J. (2000) The relationship between dysfunctional voiding and congenital vesicoureteral reflux. Curr Opin Urol 10 (6): 607–610.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Barroso U, Jednak R, Barthold JS. Gonzalez R. (2001) Outcome of ureteral reimplantation in children with the urge syndrome. J Urol 166(3): 1031–1035.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Burbige KA. (1991) Ureteral reimplantation: a comparison of results with the cross-trigonal and Politano-Leadbetter techniques in 120 patients. J Urol 146: 1352–1353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Steffens J, Langen PH, Haben B, et al. (2000) Politano-Leadbetter ureteroneocystostomy: a 30-year experience. Urol Int 65 (1): 9–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Glenn JF, Anderson EE. (1967) Distal tunnel ureteral reimplantation. J Urol 97: 623–626.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Gonzales ET, Glenn JF, Anderson EE. (1972) Results of distal tunnel ureteral reimplantation. J Urol 107: 572–575.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Politano V. (1963) One hundred reimplantations and five years. J Urol 90: 696–701.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Glenn JF, Anderson EE. (1978) Technical considerations in distal tunnel ureteral reimplantation. J Urol 119: 194–198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Cohen S. (1975) Ureterozystoneostomie. Eine neue antirefluxtechnik. Akt Urol 6: 1–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Ehrlich RM. (1982) Success of the transvesical advancement technique for vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 128: 554–557.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Ahmed S. (1978) Ureteral reimplantation by the transverse advancement technique. J Urol 119: 547–550.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. McCool AC, Perez LM, Joseph DB. (1997) Contralateral vesicoureteral reflux after simple and tapered unilateral ureteroneocystostomy revisited. J Urol 158: 12–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Heimbach D, Bruhl P, Mallmann R. (1995) Lich-Gregoir anti-reflux procedure: indications and results with 283 vesicoureteral units. Scand J Urol Nephrol 29: 311–316.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Marberger M, Altwein JE, Straub E, Wulff SH, Hohenfellner R. (1978) The LichGregoir antireflux plasty: experiences with 371 children. J Urol 120: 216–219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Linn R, Ginesin Y, Bolkier M, Levin DR. (1989) Lich-Gregoir anti-reflux operation: a surgical experience and 5–20 years of follow-up in 149 ureters. Eur Urol 16: 200–203.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Lich R, Howerton L, Goode L, et al. (1 964) The uretero-vesical junction of the newborn. J Urol 92: 436.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Gregoir W, Van Regermorter G. (1964) Le reflux vesico-ureteral congenital. Urology Int 18: 122.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Zaontz M, Maizels M, Sugar EC, Firlit CF. (1987) Detrusorrhaphy: extravesical ureteral advancement to correct vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol 138: 950.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Wacksman J, Gilbert A, Sheldon C. (1992) Results of the renewed extravesical reimplant for surgical correction of vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 148: 359.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Houle A, McLorie GA, Heritz DM, et al. (1992) Extravesical nondismembered ureteroplasty with detrusorrhaphy: a renewed technique to correct vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol 148: 704.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Marotte JB, Smith DP. (2001) Extravesical ureteral reimplantations for the correction of primary reflux can be done as outpatient procedures. J Urol 165 (6 pt 2): 2228–2231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Barrieras D, Lapointe S, Reddy PP, et al. (1999) Urinary retention after bilateral extravesical ureteral reimplantation: does dissection distal to the ureteral orifice have a role? J Urol: 162 (3 pt 2): 1197–2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Minevich E, Aronoff D, Wacksman J, Sheldon CA. (1998) Voiding dysfunction after bilateral extravesical detrusorrhaphy. J Urol 160 (3 pt 2): 1004–1006.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Puri P, Granata C. (1998) Multicenter survey of endoscopie treatment of vesicoureteral reflux using polytetrafluoroethylene. J Urol 160 (3 pt 2): 1007–1011.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. O’Donnell B, Puri P. (1984) Treatment of vesicoureteric reflux by endoscopie injection of Teflon. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 289: 7–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. Frey P, Lutz N. Jenny P, Herzog B. (1995) Endoscopie subureteral collagen injection for the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in infants and children. J Urol 154: 804–807.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Puri P. (1995) Ten year experience with subureteric Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) injection (STING) in the treatment of vesicoureteric reflux. Br J Urol 75: 126–131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Malizia A, Reiman H, Myers R, et al. (1984) Migration and granulomatous reaction after periurethral injection of polytef ( Teflon ). JAMA 251: 3277.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Herz D, Hafez A, Bagli D, et al. (2001) Efficacy of endoscopic subureteral polydimethylsiloxane injection for treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children: a North American clinical report. J Urol 166 (5): 1880–1886.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Tsuboi N, Horiuchi K, Osawa S, et al. (2000) Endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children with glutaraldehyde cross-linked bovine dermal collagen: short-term results. J Nippon Med Sch 67 (1): 9–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Caldamone AA, Diamond DA. (2001) Long-term results of the endoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux in children using autologous chondrocytes. J Urol 165 (6 pt 2): 2224–2227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Kershen RT, Fefer SD, Atala A. (2000) Tissue-engineered therapies for the treatment of urinary incontinence and vesicoureteral reflux. World J Urol 18 (1): 51–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Lackgren G, Wahlin N, Skoldenberg E, Stenberg A. (2001) Long-term followup of children treated with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer for vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 166 (5): 1887–1892.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Gill IS, Ponsky LE, Desai M, Kay R, Ross JH. (2001) Laparoscopie cross-trigonal Cohen ureteroneocystostomy: novel technique. J Urol 166 (5): 1811–1814.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Hendren WH. (1969) Operative repair of megaureter in children. J Urol 101: 491.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Hanna MK. (1979) New surgical method for one-stage total remodeling of massively dilated and tortuous ureter. Urology 14: 453.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Daher P, Diab N, Ghorayeb Z, Korkmaz G. (1999) The Kalicinski ureteral folding technique for megaureter in children. Experience in 23 cases. Eur J Pediatr Surg 9 (3): 163–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Starr A. (1979) Ureteral plication: a new concept in ureteral tapering for megaureter. Invest Urol 17: 153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Kalicinski ZH, Kansy J, Kotarbinska B, Joszt W. (1977) Surgery of megauretersmodification of the Hendren’s operation. J Pediatr Surg 12: 183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Joseph DB (2001) Ureterovesical junction anomalies-megaureters. In: Gearhart JP, Rinn MC, Mouriquand PDE, eds., Pediatric Urology, Philadelphia: WB Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Anderson C, Kevorkian T. (1998) Perioperative ketoralac in the pediatric patient. Society for Pediatric Urology Newsletter 1: 1, available at.

    Google Scholar 

  192. McCool AC, Joseph DB. (1995) Postoperative hospitalization of children undergoing cross-trigonal ureteroneocystostomy. J Urol 154: 794–796.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Peters CA, Mandell J, Lebowitz RL, et al. (1989) Congenital obstructed megaureters in early infancy: diagnosis and treatment. J Urol 142: 641.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Perdynski W, Kalicinski ZH. (1996) Long-term results after megaureter folding in children. J Pediatr Surg 31: 1211–1217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  195. Ehrlich RM. (1985) The ureteral folding technique for megaureter surgery. J Urol 134: 668, 670.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Parrot TS, Woodard JR, Wolpert JJ. (1990) Ureteral tailoring: a comparison of wedge resection with infolding. J Urol 144: 328, 329.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Bjordal RI, Eek S, Knutrud O. (1978) Early reconstruction of wide ureter in children. Urology 11: 325–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  198. Bjordal RI, Stake G, Knutrud O. (1980) Surgical treatment of megaureters in the first few months of life. Ann Chir Gynaecol 69: 10–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Hendren WH. (1975) Complications of megaureter repair in children. J Urol 113: 238–254.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Sripathi V, King PA, Thompson MR, et al. (1991) Primary obstructive megaureter. J Pediatr Surg 26: 826–829.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Diamond DA, Parulkar BG. (1998) Ureteral tailoring in situ: a practical approach to persistent reflux in the dilated reimplanted ureter. J Urol 160: 998–1000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Coleman JW, McGovern JH. (1979) A 20-year experience with pediatric ureteral reimplantation: surgical results in 701 children. In: Hodson J, Kincaid-Smith P, eds., Reflux Nephropathy, New York: Masson, pp. 299–305.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Liu C, Chin T, Wei C. (1999) Contralateral reflux after unilateral ureteral reimplantation: preexistent rather than new-onset reflux. J Pediatr Surg 34 (11): 1661–1664.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Sparr KE, Balcom AH, Mesrobian HG. (1998) Incidence and natural history of contralateral vesicoureteral reflux in patients presenting with unilateral disease. J Urol 160 (3 pt 2): 1023–1025.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. El-Ghoneimi A, Odet E, Lamer S, et al. (1999) Cystography after the Cohen ureterovesical reimplantation: is it necessary at a training center? J Urol 162 (3 pt 2): 1201–1202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Barrieras D, Lapointe S, Reddy PP, et al. (2000) Are postoperative studies justified after extravesical ureteral reimplantation. J Urol 164 (3 pt 2): 1064–1066.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Lavine MA, Siddiq FM, Cahn DJ, et al. (2001) Vesicoureteral reflux after ureteroneocystostomy: indications for postoperative voiding cystography. Tech Urol 7 (1): 50–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Crossklaus DJ, Pope JC, Adams MC, Brock JW. (2001) Is postoperative cystography necessary after ureteral reimplantation? Urol 58 (6): 1041–1045.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  209. Joseph DB. (2001) Survey results on medical and surgical followup of vesicoureteral reflux (editorial). J Urol 165: 563.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. David B. Joseph MD, FACS, FAAP
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University Hospital and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    John P. Gearhart MD, FAAP, FACS

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Joseph, D.B. (2003). Vesicoureteral Reflux. In: Gearhart, J.P. (eds) Pediatric Urology. Current Clinical Urology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-421-4_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-421-4_3

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-364-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-421-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation